2022年 - 考研英語(yǔ)二真題及答案解析

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2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)二)試題

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificant

weightfluctuations.1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmore

thanit2.

Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmetoshiftmyfocusfrombeing

generallyhealthyandphysicallyactive,tofocusing3onthescale.Thatwas

badtomyoverallfitnessgoals.Ihadgainedweightintheformofmusclemass,but

thinkingonlyof4thenumberonthescale,Ialteredmytrainingprogram.

That

conflictedwithhowIneededtotrainto5mygoals.

Ialsofoundthatweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccurate6

ofthe

hardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonth

tonoticesignificantchangesinyourweight7alteringyourtrainingprogram.

Themost8changeswillbeobservedinskilllevel,strengthandincheslost.

Forthese9,Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoabimonthly

weighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal,itislessimportant

formeto11myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsmetoobserve

and12anysignificantweightchanges.ThattellsmewhetherIneedto13my

trainingprogram.

Iusemybimonthlyweigh-in14togetinformationaboutmynutritionaswell.

Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI'mconstantly15anddropping

weight,thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.

The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformyoverall

health,fitnessandwell-being.I'mexperiencingincreasedzealforworkingoutsince

Inolongercarrytheburdenofa18morningweigh-in.I'vealsoexperienced

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greatersuccessinachievingmyspecificfitnessgoals,

accordingtothosegoals,notthenumbersonascale.

19

I'mtraining

Ratherthan20overthescale,turnyourfocustohowyoulook,feel,how

yourclothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.

1.[A]Besides

[B]Therefore

[C]Otherwise

[D]However

[D]reduces

2.[A]helps

3.[A]initially

4.[A]recording

5.[A]modify

[B]cares

[B]solely

[C]warns

[C]occasionally

[D]formally

[D]accepting

[B]lowering

[B]set

[B]depiction

[C]explaining

[C]review

[C]distribution

[C]asidefrom

[C]precise

[C]reasons

[D]reach

6.[A]definition

7.[A]dueto

8.[A]orderly

9.[A]claims

[D]prediction

[D]alongwith

[D]immediate

[D]methods

[B]regardlessof

[B]rigid

[B]judgments

10.[A]instead

[B]though

[C]again

[C]conceal

[D]indeed

[D]report

[D]accountfor

11.[A]track

12.[A]dependon

[B]overlook

[B]approveof

[C]holdonto

[C]confirm

13.[A]share

14.[A]results

[B]adjust

[D]prepare

[B]features

[B]anxious

[C]rules

[C]hungry

[C]belief

[D]tests

[D]sick

[D]sign

[D]wish

[D]consuming

[D]because

15.[A]bored

16.[A]principle

17.[A]request

18.[A]disappointing

[B]secret

[B]necessity

[C]decision

[C]restricting

[C]until

[B]surprising

[B]unless

19.[A]if

20.[A]obsessing

[B]dominating

[C]puzzling

[D]triumphing

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SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsaftereachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,anger,guiltemerges

and

alittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.

Childrenaren'tbornknowinghowtosay"I'msorry〞;rather,theylearnovertime

thatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends-andtheirownconsciences.This

iswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,to

beagoodthing.

Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeply

uncomfortable-it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwith

stones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated."Therehasbeenakindofrevivalor

arethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,〞saysAmrishaVaish,

apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalis

partofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary-feelingsthatmaybe

advantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,

mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbe

destructive.

Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencourage

humanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelp

holdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.

Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychology

professorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforan

emotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguilt

andsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharing.Somekids

whoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,

whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathycansubstitute

forlowguilt.

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Ina2022study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children.Usingcaregiver

assessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sheratedeachchild'soverall

sympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoral

transgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetoshare

themwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappeared

toturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonessharedmore,

eventhoughtheyhadn'tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild's

deprivation.

"That'sgoodnews,〞Maltisays."Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharm

andwefeelregret.〞

21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp.

[A]regulateachild'sbasicemotions

[B]improveachild'sintellectualability

[C]fosterachild'smoraldevelopment

[D]intensifyachild'spositivefeelings

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobe.

[A]deceptive

[B]burdensome

[C]addictive

[D]inexcusable

23.Vaishholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawarenessthat.

[A]emotionsarecontext-independent

[B]emotionsaresociallyconstructive

[C]emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth

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[D]anemotioncanplayopposingroles

24.Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing.

[A]mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficiencies

[B]canresultfromeithersympathyorguilt

[C]canbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction

[D]maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts

25.Theword"transgressions〞(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto.

[A]teachings

[B]discussions

[C]restrictions

[D]wrongdoings

Text2

Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthefightagainst

climatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthe

carbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimate

changewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbon

thantheyabsorb.

Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butitinvolvesstrikingasubtle

balance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable"carbonsinks〞longintothefuture

mayrequirereducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.Californiaisleadingthe

way,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.

Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoung

treesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carrying

capacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,

sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfromthe

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air.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrendered

lesseasilyburnable.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.

Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2022,drought

andinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2022

alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.

Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2022,and60,000by

2030-financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'

sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillion

acresinall,soitwillbevitaltoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireor

drought.

Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromthe

forestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehicles

thatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.Newresearchontransportationbiofuels

isalreadyunderway.

Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionally

they'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.Only

recentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoring

carbon.California'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernornext

year,shouldserveasamodel.

26.Bysaying"oneoftheharderchallenges,〞theauthorimpliesthat.

[A]globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol

[B]peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming

[C]extremeweatherconditionsmayarise

[D]forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreat

27.Tomaintainforestsasvaluable"carbonsinks,〞wemayneedto.

[A]preservethediversityofspeciesinthem

[B]acceleratethegrowthofyoungtrees

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[C]strikeabalanceamongdifferentplants

[D]lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity

28.California'sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto.

[A]cultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees

[B]reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests

[C]findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects

[D]restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires

29.WhatisessentialtoCalifornia'splanaccordingtoParagraph5

[A]Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.

[B]Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2022.

[C]Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.

[D]Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport.

30.Theauthor'sattitudetoCalifornia'splancanbestbedescribedas.

[A]ambiguous

[B]tolerant

[C]supportive

[D]cautious

Text3

Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyears.The

complaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarm

workers.

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Congresshasobstructedeffortstocreateamorestraightforwardvisafor

agriculturalworkersthatwouldletforeignworkersstaylongerintheU.S.andchange

jobswithintheindustry.Ifthisdoesn'tchange,Americanbusinesses,communities,

andconsumerswillbethelosers.

PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.Asfewersuch

workersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforceare

changing.Today'sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremore

likelytobesettledratherthanmigratingandmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.

They'realsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkers

wereovertheageof35.Nowmorethanhalfare.Andpickingcropsishardonolder

bodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleas

it'

sbeenallalong:NativeU.S.workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.

Mechanizationisn'ttheanswer,either-notyet,atleast.Productionofcorn,

cotton,rice,soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargelymechanized,manyhigh-value,

but

labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,where

robotsdoasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforethey'reautomated.

Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkers

usingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Startingaround2022,requests

forthevisasrosesharply;from2022to2022thenumberofvisasissuedmorethan

doubled.TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagricultural

work,whichislimitedto66,000ayear.Evenso,employerscomplaintheyaren't

givenalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensive,andunreliable.

OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledtheaverageH-2Aworkertoarriveon

thejob22dayslate.Theshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,which

removesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.

Ina2022survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandalmost80percentofraisin

andberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.Somewesternfarmershaveresponded

bymovingoperationstoMexico.From1998to2022,14.5percentofthefruitAmericans

consumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportswas25.8

percent.

Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.

31.Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs

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[A]DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.

[B]BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.

[C]FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

[D]DeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.

32.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis.

[A]therisingnumberofillegalimmigrants

[B]thehighmobilityofcropworkers

[C]thelackofexperiencedlaborers

[D]theagingofimmigrantfarmworkers

33.Whatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.S.farming

[A]Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.

[B]TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.

[C]Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.

[D]Tostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.

34.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits.

[A]slowgrantingprocedures

[B]limitondurationofstay

[C]tightenedrequirements

[D]controlofannualadmissions

35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext

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[A]U.S.AgricultureinDecline

[B]ImportFoodorLabor

[C]AmericaSavedbyMexico

[D]Manpowervs.Automation

Text4

ArnoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhavea

messageforyou:It'

seasytobeatplastic.They'repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanew

videoforWorldEnvironmentDay-encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyour

single-useplasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.

ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoinclude

acallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.Butthe

overarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.

Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsense

ofwhatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystore

orquittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequirevery

littleofus.Theycouldevenbedetrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave

"doneour

bit〞withouteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions-akind

of"morallicensing〞thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandasking

moreofthoseincharge.

Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowardit

remainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we'reignoringthebalanceofpower

thatimpliesthatas"consumers〞wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas"citizens〞

holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.

It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn'teveryone'spriority

-orevenmostpeople's.Weshouldn'texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,Why

GoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings,WellesleyCollegeprofessorElizabethR.

DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbers

ofpeopleisforthechangetobestructural.

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Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacostto

environmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.India

hasjustannounceditwill"eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022.〞

Therearealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,

suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.

DeSombreisn'tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.It's

justthatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,oreven

primary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.

Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It'sjustaboutputtingthings

intoperspective.Wedon'thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressivepoliciesthatshape

collectiveaction(andreininpollutingbusinesses),alongsideengagedcitizens

pushingforchange.

36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto.

[A]demandnewlawsontheuseofplastics

[B]urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics

[C]invitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisis

[D]disclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis

37.Theauthorisconcernedthat"morallicensing〞may.

[A]misleadusintodoingworthlessthings

[B]preventusfrommakingfurtherefforts

[C]weakenoursenseofaccomplishment

[D]suppressourdesireforsuccess

38.Bypointingoutouridentity"citizens〞,theauthorindicatesthat.

[A]ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfare

[B]ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimproving

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[C]wehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrights

[D]weshouldpressourgovernmenttoleadthecombat

39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe.

[A]awin-winarrangement

[B]aself-drivenmechanism

[C]acost-effectiveapproach

[D]atop-downprocess

40.Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts.

[A]canbetooaggressive

[B]canbetooinconsistent

[C]arefarfromsufficient

[D]arefarfromrational

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsinthe

leftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.There

aretwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

Inchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain'skidshaveasingledemand:abackyard.

McClain'slittleonesaren'ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenitcomes

tohousing,andinmanycasesyoungsters'viewsweighheavilyonparents'realestate

decisions,accordingtoa2022HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.

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Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsinthedark

aboutrealestatedecisions,realtyagentsandpsychologistshavemixedviewsabout

thefinancial,personalandlong-termeffectskids'opinionsmayhave.

Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseitcan

helpthemfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,

saidRyanHooper,clinicalpsychologistinChicago.

"Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,

especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupportsystem,〞hesaid.

GregJaroszewski,realestatebrokerwithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,saidhe'

snotconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome-buttheiropinions

shouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsandsocialactivities,if

possible.

Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey'rechoosingtheirhome-without

actuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,realestateattorneybased

inNewYork.

Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofapotentialhome

willmakethemfeellikethey'rebeingincludedinthedecision-makingprocess,Bailey

said.

Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'taconsiderationforchildren,saidTracey

Hampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacingtoomuch

emphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase.

"Speakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisioniswise,

butIwouldn'tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions.〞Hampsonsaid.

Theotherissueisthatmanychildren-especiallyolderones-maybasetheir

realstateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupinRiverside,

Calif.

"TheyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,〞hesaid.

"HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It'snotshelter,it'

salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeseriousmoneyconsequences.〞

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Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitstothem

personally,Norrissaid.

Parentsneedtoremindtheirchildrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmaychange

overtime,saidJulieGurner,arealestateanalystwithFitSmallBusiness

.

"Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,〞Gurnersaid."Harshasitmaybetosay,

thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild'sopinions,butrather

madeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest

-andgivethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheirown.〞

Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmoreparentswantto

embracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.

[A]remarksthatsignificantmovesmayposechallengesto

children.

41.RyanHooper

[B]saysthatitiswisetoleavekidsinthedarkaboutreal

estatedecisions.

42.AdamBailey

[C]advisesthathomepurchasesshouldnotbebasedonlyon