文體學-Varieties資料課件

3.VarietiesofLanguageQuestions1.InwhatwaycanstylisticstudyhelpusCultivateaSenseofAppropriateness2.Inwhatwaycanstylisticstudyhelpussharpentheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworks?3.Inwhatwaycanstylisticstudyhelpusachieveadaptationintranslation?LeadinPoliceman:What’syourname,boy?Blackpsychiatrist:DrPoussaint.Iamaphysician.Policeman:What’syourfirstname,boy?Blackpsychiatrist:AlvinOutline

1.DifferentviewsonVarieties2.TwoKindsofVarieties3.TheMutualDependencebetweentwovarieties4.TheSocialmeaningofLanguagevarieties5.Summary1.DifferentviewsonVarietiesClassificationaccordingtouser,useandsocialrelations—SociolinguistJoshuaFishamansuggestedthatweconsider“whospeaks(orwrites)whatlanguage(orwhatlanguagevariety)towhomandwhenandtowhatend.”(1972:46)Classification1User:historicalvarieties,regionaldialect,socialdialectUse:legal,journalistic,business,scientific,literarySocialrelations:medium—oral/writtenandstatus/attitudeQuirketal(GrammarofContemporaryEnglish,1972:14):Thefactthat…the“CommonCore”dominatesallthevarietiesmeansthat,howeveresotericorremoteavarietymaybe,ithasrunningthroughitasetofgrammaticalandothercharacteristicsthatarepresentinallothers.Itispresumablythisfactthatjustifiestheapplicationofthename“English”.Classification2(張德祿)Personalletters,touristguide,foreigntradewriting,newsreporting,comments,advertising,scientificwriting,officialdocument,biography,practicalspeeches,legaldocuments,religiouswritingsClassification3(侯維瑞)*情景變體：語域*地方變體：地域方言*社會變體：社會方言—社會階層、民族、性別、年齡、行業(yè)團體、俚語（社會變體與情景變體的混合）*功能變體：功能文體—文學、廣告、新聞、科技、法律*時間變體：歷代文體

5.美國語言學家MartinJoos根據(jù)語體的正式程度把語言分為五類(1)熟近(intimate)(2)隨便(casual)(3)商榷(consultative)(4)正式(formal)

(5)僵化(frozen)PartingsFrozen: Farewell,andGodspeed.Formal: Goodbye.Welookforwardtoseeingyouagain.Consultative: Goodbye.Haveagoodweekend.Casual: Byenow–takecare.Intimate: later,darlin’.2.TwokindsofVarieties2.1DialectalVarieties:Dialects2.2DiatypicVarieties:Registers(P25)2.1.DialectsIndividualDialectsIdiolectTemporalDialect：OldEnglish/MiddleEnglish/ModernEnglishRegionalDialectSocialDialectSocialEconomicStatusVarieties;EnthicVarieties;GenderVarieties;AgeVarietiesRangeofintelligibility(可理解性的范圍）standard；non-satandard1)IndividualDialectsIdiolectP.26

2)TemporalDialect：

OldEnglish(450-1150)MiddleEnglish(1150-1450)(G.Chaucer)ModernEnglish(1450-present)

EarlyModernEnglish(1450-1650

thelanguageofShakespeare)

AuthoritarianEnglish(1650-1800)

MatureModernEnglish(1800-1920)

LateModernEnglish(1920-present)3)RegionalDialect

BrE/AmE(PP.27-28)AmEPacificnorthwest(Oregon,Montana…)Pacificsouthwest(California,Nevada…)Centralplains(Nebraska,Kansas…)Northcentral(Minnesota,Dakotas…)Southcentral(Kentucky,Tennessee…)Southern(Louisiana,Alabama…)NewEngland(Maine,NewHampshire…)NewYorkCityMid-Atlantic(NewJersey,Delaware…)WesternPennsylvaniaAppalachian(Virgina,NorthCarolina…)AlsoGeneralAmerican(StandardAmerican)PacificNW,PacificSW,Central,NorthCentralEasternAmericanNewEngland,NewYorkCity,Mid-Atlantic,WesternPennsylvaniaSouthernAmericanSouthCentral,Southern,AppalachianChinese：Cantonese方言4)SocialDialecta)SocialeconomicStatusVarieties;b)EthnicVarieties;c)GenderVarieties;d)AgeVarietiesa)SocialeconomicStatusVarieties/r/(P.29)InUK，whileeconomiccriteriaareoneimportantaspectindeterminingclass,itseemsthatdifferencesintasteandbehaviorareatleastassignificantforpeopleindecidingwhethertheyandothersbelongtoaparticularclass.b)EthnicVarietiesHispanicEnglishAffectedbyfirstlanguageAsianEnglishAffectedbyfirstlanguageAfrican-AmericanDialectBlackEnglish(P.30)c)GenderVarietiesP.31Languagemayhaveadirectrelationshipwithgender,butlanguageformsgenerallyhavearangeofassociations(forinstancewithstatusandpower)whichmayinturnberelatedtogender.Differencesbetweenmaleandfemalespeech(Tenfeaturesofwomen'slanguageuse)(Lakoff,1975):

1.hedge

(sortof,kindof);

2.use(super)politeforms,indirect(wouldyouplease?I'dreallyappreciate...);3.usetagquestions

(...aren’tyou?...isn'tit?);4.speakinitalics(emphatic

so

and

very,

intonational

emphasis);

5.useredundantadjectives(terrific,

charming,divine,sweet,adorable);6.usehypercorrectgrammarandpronunciation(includingungrammaticalforms,likebetweenyouandI[standardsyntax=betweenyouandme]);7.arepooratrecountingjokes;8.usedirectquotation;9.usespecificlexicalterms(e.g.ofcolour);10.useintonationforquestionsindeclarativecontexts.d)AgeVarietiesDifferenceinvocabulary5)standard；non-standardP.31StandardAmEStandardBrERP2.2RegistersWhatisRegister?Distinctivevarietiesoflanguageusedindifferenttypesofsituation.FieldofDiscourse(differentsocialactivities)ModeofDiscourse(medium)TenorofDiscourse(attitude)語域(register)就是指語言隨著使用場合環(huán)境不同而區(qū)分的語言變體,是指在特定的語言環(huán)境中使用的、有一定的語言特征的語言變體。(侯瑞德,1988:9)語域指語言使用場合、環(huán)境不同而區(qū)分的語言變體，指在特定的語言環(huán)境中使用的、有一定語言特征的語言變體。Akindofsituationalfactorconcernedwiththeuser’sandreceiver’srelationshipsto(i)experience,(ii)toeachotherand(iii)tothemediumoftransmission.韓禮德將決定情景語境（語域）的因素歸納為三個變項：語場、語旨和語式。語場指語言發(fā)生的時間、地點、話題和交際目的等，根據(jù)話題可分為不同學科、領(lǐng)域、行業(yè)的語域。語旨指交際參與者之間的角色關(guān)系，包括他們的社會地位和交際態(tài)度等。語式指語言交際的渠道或媒介以及修辭方式，可分為書面語體和口語體、正式語體和非正式語體、自然語和人工語等。語域三變量中任一發(fā)生改變，都會導致語域發(fā)生變化。語域并非虛無縹緲，而是在任何一個語篇中都可以找到具體的語域標志。這些標志主要蘊涵于詞法語法層。語域:我們講的和寫的語言將隨著情景的變化而變化(胡壯麟等)2.2RegisterFieldofDiscourseModeofDiscourseTenorofDiscourseFieldofDiscourse(differentsocialactivitiesLinguisticreflectionofthepurposiveroleofthelanguage,thetypeofsocialactivityinwhichlanguageplaysapart,eg:gardening,footballplaying,achatoveracupoftea,aseminaraboutrelativity,abookonyogaetc.Subjectmatter:technicaltonon-technicalLanguageFunctionsignosemio/jakobson/a_fonctions.aspLanguageservesanumberoffunctionsinsocialactivities.Linguistshavecomeupwithdifferentnumbersoffunctions.Thewidelyacceptedfunctionsare:referential,expressive,conative,phatic,metalinguisticandpoetic.PurposethatlanguageservesinasocialmatterFunctiona.ToconveyinformationaboutasubjectmatterReferentialfunctionb.Toexpresstheaddresser’sfeelingsandemotionsExpressivefunctionc.Toinfluencetheaddressee’sbehaviororattitudeConativefunctiond.Toestablish/maintainorcontinuesocialrelationsbetweentheaddresserandtheeePhaticfunctionTodefineconceptMetalinguisticfunctionTofocusonthemessageitselfPoeticfunctionThefunctionofthefollowing?Eg:1)Weather:Asia:TypoonWarrenmoves850mileseastofManila.Europe:Cloudy,coolwithsomeshowersincentral,North.U.S.A:ThunderstormsfromTexasPlainstoNewEngland.Heatcontinues.Colormaps.PAGE10.(USAToday)2)My,whatathunderstorm!”3)“Mummy,mayIgoswimmingthisafternoon?”“Athunderstormiscomingup,John”4)Thunderstormreferstoastormcausedbystrongrisingaircurrentsandcharacterizedbythunderandlightningandusuallyheavyrainorhail.6)Afleaandaflyinafluewereimprisioned,sowhatcouldtheydo?Saidthefly“l(fā)etusflee,”Saidtheflea,”Letusfly”Sotheyflewthroughaflawintheflue.7)Thecakesmellsnice!FieldFunctionDominantSubordinateJournalismReferentialExpressive,ConativeAdvertisingConativeReferential,PoeticReligionExpressiveConative,PoeticLawReferentialMetalinguistic,ConativeLiteraturePoeticExpressive,ReferentialConversationPhaticReferential,ExpressiveModeofDiscourse(media)

Linguisticreflectionoftherelationshipthatlanguageuserhastothemediumofcommunication.SpokenEnglishWrittenEnglish:textswrittentobespokentextswrittentobereadTenorofDiscourse(attitude)Thelinguisticreflectionofthepersonalrelationshipsbetweenspeaker/writerandhearer/reader--calledPersonaltenorandofwhattheuseristryingtodowithlanguagefor/tohisorheraddresseescalledFunctionalTenorTENOROFDISCOURSEisthelinguistic inflectionofthepersonalrelationships

PERSONALTENOR:

linguisticreflectionofthepersonalrelationshipsbetweenspeaker/writerandhearer/readerFUNCTIONALTENOR:linguisticreflectionofthepersonalrelationshipsofwhattheuseristryingtodowithlanguagefor/tohisorheraddressee(s)PersonalTenor

DegreeofFormality(p36)GreetingsFarewellGoodmorningGoodmorningGoodafternoonGoodafternoonHi.(Bye-)byeSeeyouSolongWayofaddressingpeopleNumbers:22May,2009;p23;$88;80%;Chapter15;Melody,thanksforallthebeautifulpicturesofNiagaraFalls!Theyaretrulystunningtosee!!Theweatherhasturnedextremelycoldagainhere.Ithasbeenblowingfreezingcoldsnowandisabout-10degreestoday!OnWednesdayeveningwhenIcameoutofclass,Idiscoveredaboutagreatpileofsnowcoveringmycar!Whatashock!ApparentlytherewillbearadicalchangebySunday,anditissupposedtobeplus12!!Love,VirginiaSummary*Fieldofdiscourse話語范圍:user’sexperience實際發(fā)生的事情,包括語言發(fā)生的環(huán)境,談話的話題,以及參與講話者的整個活動,根據(jù)話題可分為不同學科,領(lǐng)域,行業(yè)的語域——談話題材，政治、科技、宗教、家庭事務(wù)*Modeofdiscourse話語方式:medium—spoken/w