國外認(rèn)知心理學(xué)課件CogPsychLecture

國外認(rèn)知心理學(xué)課件CogPsychLecture國外認(rèn)知心理學(xué)課件CogPsychLecture國外認(rèn)知心理學(xué)課件CogPsychLectureCognitivePsychologyLecture3:LongTermMemorySeptember2007JohnToner12021/2/21CognitivePsychologyLecture3:LongTermMemorySeptember2007JohnTonerSchacter&Tulving(1994)Declarative:{Non-declarative:{OverviewofLectureSemanticMemoryEpisodicMemoryPerceptualRepresentationsProceduralMemoryVowelCountingappleVowelCountingchairVowelCountinglightVowelCountingsyrupVowelCountingswordVowelCounting!DigitTaskCountingbackwardsfrom70in8’sListthenext5numbersinthissequence70,62,54,__,__,__,__,__Anagrams(5seconds)bianrAnagrams(5seconds)ciarhAnagrams(5seconds)atlpnAnagrams(5seconds)gtilhAnagrams(5seconds)enotsAnagrams(5seconds)purysAnagrams(5seconds)STOPbianrbrianciarhchairatlpnplantgtilhlightenotsstonepuryssyrupDesignFirstandlastvowelcountingwordsnotusedDistractiontaskAnagramsforbothprimedandunprimedwordsassimilaraspossibleExplicit&ImplicitMemoryExplicitmemoryinvolvesconsciousrecollectionofpreviousexperience.Itiswhatmostpeoplegenerallyrefertoas‘memory’ImplicitMemoryisanunintentional,non-consciousformofretention.ItcanberevealedwhenperformanceonataskisfacilitatedwithoutconsciousrecollectionExplicit&ImplicitMemoryExamplesofImplicitMemory:FindingakeyquicklyandturningitefficientlyinalockDecidingthat‘doctor’isawordhappensfasterafterpresentationof‘nurse’ratherthan‘north’Explicit&ImplicitMemoryRuleofThumb:Explicitmemoryisoftenassociatedwithincreasedbrainactivity,whileimplicitmemoryisassociatedwithdecreasedactivationCanweprovethatanyexperimentaltaskdoesnotuseexplicitmemory?LongTermMemorySystemsProposedbySchacter&Tulving(1994)Memorysystemshandleinformationwithinagivenclassordomain(e.g.episodicmemorydealswithmemoryofevents)Propertiesofasystem:Rulesofoperation,neuralsubstratesandfunctionofasystemdistinguishitConvergentdissociations:Agivenmemorysystemshouldbedifferentfromotherssystemsinclear,welldefinedwaysEpisodicMemory(Declarative)ThisreferstothestorageandretrievalofspecificeventsorepisodesoccurringinaparticularplaceataparticulartimeSemanticMemory(Declarative)Thisreferstoinformationaboutourstockofknowledgeabouttheworld2+2=4“Moo”EpisodicvSemanticWheeleretal1997:episodicmemoryinvolvesthesubjectiveawarenessorrelivingofexperiencesbutsemanticmemorydoesnot.PETscanstudies(seeWheeleretal1997)haveshownthatthereismoreactivityintherightprefrontalcortexwhenparticipantsaretryingtoretrieveepisodicmemoriesthanwhentheyaretryingtoretrieveotherkindsofmemoriessuchassemanticmemories.EpisodicvSemantic“Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith.Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval” -Wheeleretal(1997,pp348-349)EpisodicvSemantic“Themajordistinctionbetweenepisodicandsemanticmemoryisnolongerbestdescribedintermsofthetypeofinformationtheyworkwith.

Thedistinctionisnowmadeintermsofthenatureofsubjectiveexperiencethataccompaniestheoperationsofthesystematencodingandretrieval” -Wheeleretal(1997,pp348-349)EpisodicvSemanticButalso:“Themannerinwhichinformationisregisteredintheepisodicandsemanticsystemsishighlysimilar-thereisnoknownmethodofreadilyencodinginformationintoanadultssemanticmemorywithoutputtingcorrespondinginformationinepisodicmemoryorviceversa” -Wheeleretal(1997,p.333)EpisodicvSemanticButalso:“Episodicmemoryisarecentlyevolved,latedeveloping,andearly-deterioratingpastorientedmemorysystem,morevulnerablethanothermemorysystemstoneuronaldysfunction” -Tulving(2002,p.5)EpisodicvSemanticThecaseof‘KC”Havingsufferedbraindamagethepatienthadatotalinabilitytorememberanyevents,circumstances,orsitationsfromhislife.Hisepisodicamnesiacoveredhiswholelifefrombirthtopresent.Yethecouldslowlyacquirenewsemanticmemories(phraseassociation),evenifhecouldnotrememberthehoursspentinthelaboratorylearningtheassociationsSemanticMemory(Declarative)Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.Warrington&Shallice(1984)reportapatient‘JBR’whohadhugeproblemsidentifyingpicturesoflivingthings,butfewproblemsnamingnon-livingthings(successrate6%vs90%)Theoppositedifficultieshavealsobeenreported,althoughitisamuchrareraffliction(Martin&Caramazza,2003)SemanticMemory(Declarative)Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.Damasioetal.(1996)Objectnamingtaskgiventohealthysubjects.PETdatashoweddifferentareasactiveifobjectswerefamousfaces(lefttemporalpole),animals(leftinferotemporalregion)ortools(posterolateralinferotemporalregion)Damasioetal.(1996)alsofoundthatpeoplewithdamageinthesespecificareashadproblemswithnamingtheassociatedcategoriesofitems!SemanticMemory(Declarative)Evidenceforhowinformationisorganised.TheoreticalFarah&McClelland(1991)putforwardatheorybasedonthefollowingassumptions:1:Livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponvisualproperties.(Whattheylooklike)2:Non-livingthingsareprimarilycategorisedbasedlargelyuponfunctionalproperties.(Whattheyareusedfor)3:Dictionaryanalysisshowedthatratioofvisualtofunctionaldescriptorswas7.7:1forlivingobjects,butonly1.4:1fornon-living.ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative)Proceduralmemoryismemorythatallowsustoacquiremotorandcognitiveskills.Itis“knowinghow”memory(Ryle1949).ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative)Evidencethatisisaseparatesystem:Corkin(1968)reportedthatpatient‘HM’showedevidenceoflearningonamirrordrawingtask,andonthepursuitrotor,despitehavingdifficultieswiththemostbasicepisodicandsemanticmemoriesOtherstudiesonamnesiacscorroboratethisProceduralMemory(Non-declarative)Methodsused:Serialreactiontimetask:

Visualtargetappearsinoneoffourlocationsandanappropriatebuttonhastobepressed.Aspecificsequenceisrepeatedandiflearningishappening,reactiontimesreduce.Thisskillisgenerallyintactinamnesiacs(e.g.Nissen&Bullemer,1987)ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative)BrainAreas?Sensorymotorskilllearninglinkedwiththebasalganglia(oftendamagedinsufferersofParkinson’sandHuntington’s)Poorperformanceonmirrortracingbypeoplewithlesionstocerebellum.ProceduralMemory(Non-declarative)BrainAreas.Difference?Gabrieli(1998)proposesthatactionssuchasthemirrortracingtask,whichinvolvecontinuousadjustmentbasedonvisualfeedback,willrelyonthecerebellum.Whiletasksinvolvingplannedmovementsanddelayedfeedbackinvolvethebasalganglia

Illustratedinthedifferencebetweencyclinginastraightline(continuousfeedback)andhoppingoffthebicycle(plannedmovementofwholebody)PerceptualRepresentationOperates

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