暖通空調(diào)應(yīng)用冷媒的安全課件

RefrigerantSafety

inHVACApplications

暖通空調(diào)應(yīng)用制冷劑安全SafetyRiskswithRefrigerants

制冷劑安全風(fēng)險Chronictoxicity-Long-termeffects長期毒性影響Acutetoxicity-Theeffectofasingle,short-termexposure單一短期毒性影響PotentialforExposure-Dependenton…

暴露可能性取決于Applicationoftherefrigerant制冷劑應(yīng)用Propertiesoftherefrigerant制冷劑屬性ChronicToxicity

長期毒性影響Long-termtoxicityeffects,generallyassessedoverthelifetimeoftestanimals,togaugelate-in-lifesignsoftoxicity

以動物做實驗了解毒性對生命末期的影響CommonRatingsforChronicToxicity

毒性長期影響的一般分級

AEL-AcceptableExposureLimit

容許暴露濃度限額

PEL-PermissibleExposureLimit

準許暴露濃度限額

REL-RecommendedExposureLimit

建議暴露濃度限額

WEEL-WorkplaceEnvironmentalExposureLimit

工作場所環(huán)境的暴露濃度限額AEL&WEEL

容許暴露濃度限額及工作場所環(huán)境的暴露濃度限額Safeconcentrationlimit(PPM)ofachemicalforanexposurelevelof:

對化學(xué)物質(zhì)暴露程度的安全濃度限額8Hours/day

一天八小時40Hours/week

一周四十小時Foranentirelifetime

終身RefrigerantSafetyDataSummary

制冷劑安全資料一覽常見制冷劑安全值濃度安全分類AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影響Theeffectofasingle,short-termexposure,asmightoccurduringanaccidentalrelease一次短時間暴露的影響，諸如意外排放CommonRatingsforAcuteToxicity

毒性短期影響的一般分級

LC50

致命濃度

CardiacSensitization心臟感受度

AnestheticEffects

麻醉影響

RCL

制冷劑濃度限額LC50-Lethalconcentrationatwhich50%oftestanimalsperishinagivenperiodoftime.Commonexposuretimesare1or4hours

致命濃度-

一般暴露時間在1或4小時，50%的實驗動物死亡CardiacSensitization-Concentrationthatcausescardiacarrhythmiaunderstress

心臟感受度-

濃度壓迫使得心律不整AnestheticEffects-Concentrationthatwillcausedrowsinessintestanimals

麻醉影響-

濃度使得實驗動物昏睡AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影響RCL-Refrigerantconcentrationlimit.Maximumsafeconcentrationforanoccupiedspaceovera30minuteperiod.RCLcombinesseveraleffectsincludingLC50,Anestheticeffects,CardiacSensitizationandFlammability

制冷劑濃度限額-

在密閉空間中三十分鐘最大安全濃度，其中包含了致命濃度、麻醉影響、心臟感受度及易燃性AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影響AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影響Acutetoxicityisabetterindicatorofsafetyforrefrigerantsascomparedtochronictoxicitygiventhatmostservicetechniciansspendrelativelylittletimeintheequipmentroom比起長期毒性影響，短期毒性影響是一個較佳的安全指標，因為大部份的維修技術(shù)人員花相當(dāng)少的時間在設(shè)備機房內(nèi)RefrigerantSafetyDataSummary

制冷劑安全資料一覽常見制冷劑安全值PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性Thelikelihoodthatchronicandacutetoxicitylimitscanbereached

長期與短期毒性限額達到的可能性WhatImpactspotentialexposure?

什么會影響暴露可能性？

Refrigerantproperties

制冷劑屬性

Applicationoftherefrigerant

制冷劑應(yīng)用PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

RefrigerantProperties

制冷劑屬性Normalboilingpoint

常態(tài)沸點Chilleroperatingpressure

冷凍機運行壓力NormalBoilingPoint(NBP)常態(tài)沸點DegF

華氏DegC

攝氏R-1174.723.7R-12382.027.8R-12-21.6-29.8R-134a-15.0-26.1R-22-41.4-40.8R-410A-60.9-51.6ChillerOperatingPressure冷凍機運行壓力-10.030.070.0110.0150.0190.0230.0270.0310.0R-11R-123R-12R-134aR-22R-410AOperatingPressure(psig)Evaporator(38F)

蒸發(fā)器OffLine(72F)

停機Condenser(100F)

冷凝器Example:500TonChiller

舉例說明：500冷噸冷凍機

Accidentallyopena1-1/4”Hole

意外開出1-1/4英寸的洞口R-134aHoleonthecondenser,entirechargelostinlessthan4minutes

洞口在冷凝器，4分鐘內(nèi)全部制冷劑泄漏完畢Holeontheevaporator,entirechargelostinlessthan7minutes

洞口在蒸發(fā)器，7分鐘內(nèi)全部制冷劑泄漏完畢R-123Airwillleakintothemachineduetolowpressureoperation

因為低壓操作，空氣將滲入機器中500tonR-134aChiller冷凍機500Tons(噸)x3lbs./tonofrefrigerant=1500lbs(磅)R-134aPotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

HighPressureRefrigerant

高壓制冷劑25ft

7.6m30ft(英尺)

9.14m(公尺)7ft2.1m1,000,0000parts/million(PPM)(100%Refrigerant

制冷劑)PotentialforExposure暴露可能性

ApplicationofRefrigerants

制冷劑應(yīng)用Refrigerantcontainedinchiller

將制冷劑控制于冷凍機中Leakratelessthan0.5%

泄漏率降低于0.5%Intentionalreleaseprohibitedbylaw

由法律來禁止任何故意的排放ASHRAEStandard15equipmentrooms

美國空調(diào)協(xié)會標準15設(shè)備機房“Typicalexposuresarelessthanfiveminutes”

“典型的暴露時間低于5分鐘”PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

MeasuredData

量測數(shù)據(jù)Typicalbackgroundlevels

典型背景水平Duringnormaloperation

一般運作狀態(tài)Duringservicework

維護保養(yǎng)狀態(tài)SiteLocation

工作地點Abilene,TXAustin,TXBlacksburg,SCCarson,CACharleston,SCIndianapolis,INLosAngeles,CAOmaha,NEOrlando,FLRootstown,OHSt.Peters,MOMeasuredppm量測值

<0.38<0.38<0.350.49<0.33<0.40<0.39<0.40<0.50<0.39<0.39TypicalExposuresIntheField

機房典型暴露Concentration(PPMTWA)05101520253035404550OperationServiceTransferLeaksAELR123Concentration濃度運行維護置換泄漏容許暴露濃度限額PotentialforExposure暴露可能性ASHRAEStandard15MechanicalEquipmentRoom

美國空調(diào)協(xié)會標準15

機械設(shè)備房RequiredforALLrefrigerants

HCFC-123,HFC-134aandHCFC-22

所有制冷劑都必須遵守RequiredforALLrefrigerants:

所有制冷劑必須遵守：RefrigerantSensor

檢測器AlarmsinandoutsideEquipmentRoom

室內(nèi)外警報裝置MechanicalVentilation

機械通風(fēng)Self-ContainedBreathingApparatustobewornafterrefrigerantalarm

警報響起必需戴起防毒面具Purgeandreliefdevicediskpipedoutdoors

清除及釋放解除設(shè)備管線需要連接到室外PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

ASHRAEStandard15-2004EquipmentRoomDesign機房設(shè)計ToxicitySummary

毒性總結(jié)ALowerAELisanindicationofrelativetoxicity,notrelativesafety

低的AEL是相對毒性指標，非相對安全指標Refrigerantscomparedtoothermaterials制冷劑與其他物質(zhì)相比較OSHAToxicityScale

職場安全與健康管理局毒性評量HodgeandSternerToxicityScale

HodgeandSterner毒性評量ToxicityLevels

毒性水平

OSHADefinition

定義Inhalation-LC50

1hr,ppm(吸入量-LC50

1小時,ppm)Toxic

毒性 <2,000ppmHighlyToxic

高毒性 <200ppmHCFC-123 64,000ppmHCFC-123’sLC50,OSHA’skeyindicatoroftoxicity,isover32timeslessthanwhatOSHAdefinesastoxicandover320timeslessthanOSHA’sdefinitionofhighlytoxic!HodgeandSternerToxicityScale

HodgeandSterner毒性評量ToxicityRating毒性等級OralLD50(mg/kg)

口服量InhalationLC50(ppm)

吸入量Probablelethaldoseforman致命量ExtremelyToxic極毒性1orless10orless1grain(atasteordrop)HighlyToxic

高毒性1to5010to1004ml(1tsp)ModeratelyToxic

中等毒性50to500100to1,00030ml(1floz)SlightlyToxic

輕微毒性500to5,0001,000to10,000600ml(1pint)PracticallyNon-toxic

近乎無毒5,000to50,00010,000to100,0001litre(or1quart)RelativelyHarmless

相對無害50,000ormore100,000ormore1litre(or1quart)ExtremelyToxic

極毒性MustardGas(LC50=4ppm)芥子氣PhosgeneGas(LC50=5ppm)光氣ModeratelyToxic

中等毒性-Drano(LD50<500)PracticallyNon-Toxic

近乎無毒Sugar(LD50=29,700)糖PropyleneGlycol(LD50=20,000)丙二醇

Whiskey(LD50=14,200)威士忌酒

R-123(LC50=64,000ppm,LD50=3,725)R-11(LC50=26,200,LC50=3,725)HighlyToxic

高毒性Strychnine(LD50=2.5ppm)Arsenic(LD50-48)砷,砒霜SlightlyToxic

輕微毒性Vinegar(LD50=3,310)醋Carbonmonoxide(LC50=3,760ppm)一氧化碳Aspirin(LD50-1,000)阿斯匹林BakingSoda(LD50=4,220)蘇打粉EthyleneGlycol(LD50=7,700)次乙基乙二醇Windex(LD50-5,000)RelativelyHarmless

相對無害R-22(LC50=220,000)R-134a(LC50=567,000)HodgeandSternerToxicityScaleRefrigerantSafetySummary

制冷劑安全總結(jié)Allcommonfluorocarbonsinusetodayaresafetouse(HCFC-22,HFC-134a,HCFC-123,HFC-410A,HFC-407C)

現(xiàn)今使用的所有碳氟化合物均可安全使用Thebiggestriskwithanyoftheserefrigerantsisasphyxiation

制冷劑最大的危險是窒息Safehandlingpracticesshouldbeusedforallrefrigerants

所有制冷劑都應(yīng)采用安全處理措施ASHRAE15Guidelinesmustbefollowed

必須遵照美國暖通空調(diào)協(xié)會標準15的指導(dǎo)方針制冷劑安全美國空調(diào)協(xié)會雜志環(huán)境保護署新的制冷劑比被替代的

制冷劑更安全“Thealternativerefrigerantsareactuallysaferthantherefrigerantstheyreplace.”

“新的制冷劑比被替代的

制冷劑更安全”U.S.EPA美國環(huán)保署AreToxicityandSafetytheSameThing?1lblead(Pb)1lblead(Pb)IndenticalToxicity1LbleadBlock1LbleadPowderVerydifferentsafetyrisksASHRAEStandard34ClassificationsOnlyuseschronictoxicitytodeterminesafetyDoesnotindicatethat“B”chemicalsaretoxicLikelihoodofreachingthe400ppmisnotconsideredAmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociation

WorkplaceEnvironmentalExposureLimit(WEEL)

setat50ppmforR-123R-123’sAEL10ppm30ppm50ppm199119931997RefrigerantSafetyDataSummaryRefrigerantSelection“Hereasonedifhecouldfindasuitableorganiccompound,whichwasaliquidatordinarytemperaturesandatmosphericpressure,thesystemwouldoperateunderavacuumandanyleakagewouldbeairintothemachineinsteadofrefrigerantout.Suchamachinewouldbesafetooperateintheatresandotherareaswherepeoplecongregate,andtheneedforcoolingisgreat.”R-11,R-123“RecollectionsofWillisH.Carrier,”

ASHRAEJournal,October1994,

CarlyleM.AshleylliedSignalHoneywellGSACodeWritingAgenciesU.S.AIRFORCEDUPONTCHEMICALNava