可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓電源設(shè)計(jì)及外文翻譯-關(guān)于自動(dòng)變速器部分簡(jiǎn)介

成績(jī)課程設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)告題目可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓電源設(shè)計(jì)課程名稱模擬電子技術(shù)課程設(shè)計(jì)院部名稱專業(yè)電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化班級(jí)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)課程設(shè)計(jì)地點(diǎn)C208課程設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)時(shí)1周指導(dǎo)教師金陵科技學(xué)院教務(wù)處制目錄1、緒論·······································································31.1相關(guān)背景知識(shí)···························································31.2課程設(shè)計(jì)條件·····························································31.3課程設(shè)計(jì)目的····························································31.4課程設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)························································31.5課程設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)················································32、可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓電源的基本原理·············································42.1原理框圖·······································································42.2總體設(shè)計(jì)思路····························································43、所用元器件·························································54、各組成部分的工作原理·····················································54.1電源變壓器··································································54.2整流電路····································································54.2.1整流電路圖·········································································54.2.2整流電路的工作原理···············································································64.3濾波電路·······································································74.3.1濾波電路圖·············································································74.3.2濾波電路的工作原理···············································································74.4穩(wěn)壓電路···········································································84.4.1穩(wěn)壓電路圖·········································································84.4.2穩(wěn)壓電路的工作原理···············································································85、電路仿真結(jié)果····················································95.1可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓電源產(chǎn)生整流電路的仿真結(jié)果······································95.2整流電路到濾波電路轉(zhuǎn)換電路的仿真結(jié)果········································105.3濾波電路到穩(wěn)壓電路轉(zhuǎn)換電路的仿真結(jié)果········································116、參考文獻(xiàn)······················································117、設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果分析與總結(jié)························································12緒論1.1相關(guān)背景知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)電子技術(shù),不僅要求理解基本原理和計(jì)算公式，而且還要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)電路的分析、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)能力。在電子電路中，通常需要直流電源供電，本文設(shè)計(jì)了可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓電源，使用Multisim仿真軟件對(duì)電源設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程進(jìn)行仿真分析，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行電路改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)，最后進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試。通過(guò)此課程將設(shè)計(jì)，實(shí)驗(yàn)和仿真三相結(jié)合的模式，對(duì)了解電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)這門課有更深的了解。電子電路工作時(shí)都需要直流電源提供能量，電池因使用費(fèi)用高，一般只用于低功耗便攜式的儀器設(shè)備中。在電子電路中，通常都需要電壓穩(wěn)定的直流電源供電。小功率穩(wěn)壓電源由電源變壓器、整流、濾波和穩(wěn)壓電路等四部分組成。1.2課程設(shè)計(jì)條件1.對(duì)電路進(jìn)行分析，確定最合適的參數(shù)。在達(dá)到課題要求的前提下保證最經(jīng)濟(jì)、最方便、最優(yōu)化的設(shè)計(jì)策略；2.運(yùn)用仿真軟件Multisim對(duì)電路進(jìn)行仿真。觀察效果并與課題要求的性能指標(biāo)作對(duì)比。1.3課程設(shè)計(jì)目的1.了解集成穩(wěn)壓器的特性和使用方法；2.掌握集成穩(wěn)壓器主要性能指標(biāo)的測(cè)試；3.學(xué)會(huì)使用Multisim軟件。1.4課程設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)1.設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)直流穩(wěn)壓電源，要求輸入220V交流電壓；2.具有輸出電壓可調(diào)功能，輸出電壓范圍3～18V；3.電路具有自身保護(hù)功能，具有一定的帶負(fù)載能力。4.輸出電流>500mA；5.所設(shè)計(jì)的電路具有一定的抗干擾能力。1.5課程設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)1.示波器的調(diào)試;2.輸入交流電壓：U=220V，f=50HZ；3.輸出電壓在3～18V范圍內(nèi)，輸出波形圖；4.安裝調(diào)試與測(cè)量電路性能。二、直流穩(wěn)壓電源的基本原理2.1原理框圖1.電源變壓器:將交流電網(wǎng)電壓v1變?yōu)楹线m的交流電壓v2。2.整流電路:將交流電壓v2變?yōu)槊}動(dòng)的直流電壓v3。3.濾波電路:將脈動(dòng)直流電壓v3轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠交闹绷麟妷簐4。4.穩(wěn)壓電路:清除電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)及負(fù)載變化的影響,保持輸出電壓vo的穩(wěn)定。整整流電路濾波電路穩(wěn)壓電路v1v2v3v4vo2.2總體設(shè)計(jì)思路三、所用元器件元件型號(hào)/參數(shù)數(shù)量標(biāo)識(shí)備注交流源220V/50Hz1Vs變壓器220V—19V1T1二極管1N54066D1、D2、D3、D4、D5、D6四個(gè)做電橋，其余兩個(gè)保護(hù)電路電解電容120uF1C4電容80mF1C1150uF1C2520uF1C3220nF1C5電阻24Ω1R2限流電阻，防止負(fù)載短路可變電阻4.7KΩ1Rw固定在50%三端穩(wěn)壓器LM317A1U1開(kāi)關(guān)1J1Key=B1J2Key=A四、各組成部分的工作原理4.1電源變壓器電源變壓器的功能是功率傳送、電壓變換和絕緣隔離，作為一種主要的軟磁電磁元件，在電源技術(shù)中和電力電子技術(shù)中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。電源變壓器是將交流電網(wǎng)220V的電壓通過(guò)電源變壓器將變?yōu)槲覀冃枰碾妷褐?，然后通過(guò)整流電路將交流電壓變成脈動(dòng)的直流電壓。由于此脈動(dòng)的直流電壓還含有較大的紋波，必須通過(guò)濾波電路加以濾波，從而得到平滑的直流電壓。但這樣的電壓還是會(huì)隨電網(wǎng)電壓波動(dòng)、負(fù)載和溫度等的變化而變化。因而在整流、濾波電路之后，還須接穩(wěn)壓電路，保證輸出的直流電壓穩(wěn)定。工作原理：電源變壓器的基本原理是電磁感應(yīng)原理，:當(dāng)一次側(cè)繞組上加上電壓ú1時(shí)，流過(guò)電流í1，在鐵芯中就產(chǎn)生交變磁通?1，這些磁通稱為主磁通，在它作用下，兩側(cè)繞組分別感應(yīng)電勢(shì)é1，é2，由于二次繞組與一次繞組匝數(shù)不同，感應(yīng)電勢(shì)E1和E2大小也不同，當(dāng)略去內(nèi)阻抗壓降后，電壓ú1和ú2大小也就不同，從而達(dá)到降低電源電壓的目的。4.2整流電路4.2.1整流電路圖4.2.2整流電路的工作原理整流電路的任務(wù)：把交流電壓轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橹绷髅}動(dòng)的電壓。常見(jiàn)的小功率整流電路，有單相半波、全波、橋式和倍壓整流等。本課程設(shè)計(jì)選用的是單相橋式整流電路。單相橋式整流電路利用二極管的單向?qū)щ娦缘脑怼ｋ娫醋儔浩鞯秸麟娐忿D(zhuǎn)換電路的工作原理：橋式整流電路利用四個(gè)二極管，兩兩對(duì)接。輸入正弦波的正半部分是兩只管導(dǎo)通，得到正的輸出；輸入正弦波的負(fù)半部分時(shí)，另兩只管導(dǎo)通，由于這兩只管是反接的，所以輸出還是得到正弦波的正半部分。橋式整流器對(duì)輸入正弦波的利用效率比半波整流高一倍。橋式整流是交流電轉(zhuǎn)換成直流電的第一個(gè)步驟。在橋式整流電路中，每個(gè)二極管都只在半個(gè)周期內(nèi)導(dǎo)電，所以流過(guò)每個(gè)二極管的平均電流等于輸出電流的平均值的一半，即電路中的每只二極管承受的最大反向電壓為(U2是變壓器副邊電壓有效值)。4.3濾波電路4.3.1濾波電路圖4.3.2濾波電路的工作原理所用元件：電容濾波原理：利用儲(chǔ)能元件電容兩端的電壓(或通過(guò)電感中的電流)不能突變的特性,濾掉整流電路輸出電壓中的交流成份，保留其直流成份，達(dá)到平滑輸出電壓波形的目的。在大電流的情況下，由于負(fù)載電阻RL很小。若采用電容濾波電路，則電容容量勢(shì)必很大，而且整流二極管的沖擊電流也非常大，在此情況下應(yīng)采用電感濾波。由于電感線圈的電感量要足夠大，所以一般需要采用有鐵心的線圈。當(dāng)流過(guò)電感的電流變化時(shí)，電感線圈中產(chǎn)生的感生電動(dòng)勢(shì)將阻止電流的變化。當(dāng)通過(guò)電感線圈的電流增大時(shí)，電感線圈產(chǎn)生的自感電動(dòng)勢(shì)與電流方向相反，阻止電流的增加，同時(shí)將一部分電能轉(zhuǎn)化成磁場(chǎng)能存儲(chǔ)于電感之中；當(dāng)通過(guò)電感線圈的電流減小時(shí)，自感電動(dòng)勢(shì)與電流方向相同，阻止電流的減小，同時(shí)釋放出存儲(chǔ)的能量，以補(bǔ)償電流的減小。因此經(jīng)電感濾波后，不但負(fù)載電流及電壓的脈動(dòng)減小，波形變得平滑，而且整流二極管的導(dǎo)通角增大。在電感線圈不變的情況下，負(fù)載電阻愈小，輸出電壓的交流分量愈小。只有在RL>>ωL時(shí)才能獲得較好的濾波效果。L愈大，濾波效果愈好。另外，由于濾波電感電動(dòng)勢(shì)的作用，可以使二極管的導(dǎo)通角接近π，減小了二極管的沖擊電流，平滑了流過(guò)二極管的電流，從而延長(zhǎng)了整流二極管的壽命。4.4穩(wěn)壓電路4.4.1穩(wěn)壓電路圖4.4.2穩(wěn)壓電路的工作原理穩(wěn)壓電路（穩(wěn)壓器）是為電路或負(fù)載提供穩(wěn)定的輸出電壓的一種電子設(shè)備。穩(wěn)壓電路的輸出電壓大小基本上與電網(wǎng)電壓、負(fù)載及環(huán)境溫度的變化無(wú)關(guān)。理想的穩(wěn)壓器是輸出阻抗為零的恒壓源。實(shí)際上，它是內(nèi)阻很小的電壓源。其內(nèi)阻越小，穩(wěn)壓性能越好。穩(wěn)壓電路是整個(gè)電子系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)組成部分，也可以是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的電子部件。直流穩(wěn)壓電路課分為：一.穩(wěn)壓二極管穩(wěn)壓電路這種穩(wěn)壓電路中利用硅穩(wěn)壓二極管的穩(wěn)壓特性，實(shí)現(xiàn)直流工作電壓的穩(wěn)壓輸出。這種直流穩(wěn)壓電路的穩(wěn)壓特性一半，往往只用于穩(wěn)定局部的直流電壓。在整機(jī)電源電路中一般不用。二.串聯(lián)調(diào)整管穩(wěn)壓電路這種穩(wěn)壓電路利用了三極管集電極與發(fā)射極之間阻抗隨基極電流大小變化而變化的特性，進(jìn)行直流輸出電壓的自動(dòng)調(diào)整，實(shí)現(xiàn)直流輸出電壓的穩(wěn)定。在這種穩(wěn)壓電路中的三極管（調(diào)整管）一直處于導(dǎo)通狀態(tài)。三.開(kāi)關(guān)型穩(wěn)壓電路這是一種高性能的直流穩(wěn)壓電路，穩(wěn)壓原理比較復(fù)雜，在這種電路中的三極管（開(kāi)關(guān)管）處于導(dǎo)通、截止兩種狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換中，即工作在開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)，所以開(kāi)關(guān)型穩(wěn)壓電路由此得名。四.三端集成穩(wěn)壓電路這是一種集成電路的穩(wěn)壓電路，其功能是穩(wěn)定直流輸出電壓。這種集成電路只有三根引腳，使用很方便，在許多場(chǎng)合都有著廣泛應(yīng)用。五、電路仿真結(jié)果5.1可調(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓電源產(chǎn)生整流電路的仿真結(jié)果5.2整流電路到濾波電路轉(zhuǎn)換電路的仿真結(jié)果5.3濾波電路到穩(wěn)壓電路轉(zhuǎn)換電路的仿真結(jié)果參考文獻(xiàn)[1]康華光，《電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)》模擬部分(第五版)，北京：高等教育出版社，2006;[2]康光華,《電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)》數(shù)字部分(第五版)，北京：高等教育出版社，2006;[3]秦曾煌，《電工學(xué)》（下，電子技術(shù)），北京：高等教育出版社,2007七、設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果分析與總結(jié)通過(guò)這次的課程設(shè)計(jì)，我認(rèn)識(shí)到在此次課程設(shè)計(jì)電路中所存在的問(wèn)題，使我對(duì)模擬電路的設(shè)計(jì)有了更深的了解，通過(guò)不斷的努力去解決這些問(wèn)題，也讓我認(rèn)識(shí)到了學(xué)懂書本上的知識(shí)和能夠運(yùn)用書本上的知識(shí)的有所差別，學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用了Multisim軟件，這樣以后可以再電腦上就可以解決一些問(wèn)題。在仿真過(guò)程中，要看清仿真的是哪一部分，接線要正確?？烧{(diào)直流穩(wěn)壓源在實(shí)際中有很廣泛的應(yīng)用，它可以用在充電照明設(shè)備的充電器，手機(jī)等電子產(chǎn)品中，達(dá)到把交流電轉(zhuǎn)變成比較穩(wěn)定的直流電降低電壓的目的從而滿足人們的日常運(yùn)用。中文3275字附錄一外文翻譯AShortCourseonapartofAutomaticTransmissionsTheautomatictransmissiongearbox,asanimportantpartinautomobiledrivingsystemisusedtomakeuptheshortcomingofenginetorqueandrotaryspeed.Itcanchangethevehiclespeedandtyretorqueinabigscope,cutoffthepowertransferfromtheengine,andalsoprovidesareversetravelingdirectionforthevehicle.Therefore,thereasonabilityofthestructuredesignofatransmissiongearboxdirectlyaffectsthevehicle'sdynamicperformance.Itisusuallyrequiredshiftinggearsrapidlyandconveniently,savingforce,andhavingahigherworkingefficiencyandlowworkingnoises.Themodernautomatictransmissionisbyfar,themostcomplicatedmechanicalcomponentintoday'sautomobile.

Manualtransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,hydraulicsystems,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols,allworkingtogetherinperfectharmonywhichgoesvirtuallyunnoticeduntilthereisaproblem.Thisarticlewillhelpyouunderstandtheconceptsbehindwhatgoesoninsidethesetechnologicalmarvelsandwhatgoesintorepairingthemwhentheyfail.TransmissionThetransmissionisadevicethatisconnectedtothebackoftheengineandsendsthepowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels.AnautomobileenginerunsatitsbestatacertainRPM(RevolutionsPerMinute)rangeanditisthetransmission'sjobtomakesurethatthepowerisdeliveredtothewheelswhilekeepingtheenginewithinthatrange.Itdoesthisthroughvariousgearcombinations.Infirstgear,theengineturnsmuchfasterinrelationtothedrivewheels,whileinhighgeartheengineisloafingeventhoughthecarmaybegoinginexcessof70MPH.Inadditiontothevariousforwardgears,atransmissionalsohasaneutralpositionwhichdisconnectstheenginefromthedrivewheels,andreverse;whichcausesthedrivewheelstoturnintheoppositedirectionallowingyoutobackup.Finally,thereistheParkposition.Inthisposition,alatchmechanism(notunlikeadeadboltlockonadoor)isinsertedintoaslotintheoutputshafttolockthedrivewheelsandkeepthemfromturning,therebypreventingthevehiclefromrolling.Therearetwobasictypesofautomatictransmissionsbasedonwhetherthevehicleisrearwheeldriveorfrontwheeldrive.Onarearwheeldrivecar,thetransmissionisusuallymountedtothebackoftheengineandislocatedunderthehumpinthecenterofthefloorboardalongsidethegaspedalposition.Adriveshaftconnectstherearofthetransmissiontothefinaldrivewhichislocatedintherearaxleandisusedtosendpowertotherearwheels.Powerflowonthissystemissimpleandstraightforwardgoingfromtheengine,throughthetorqueconverter,thenthroughthetransmissionanddriveshaftuntilitreachesthefinaldrivewhereitissplitandsenttothetworearwheels.Onafrontwheeldrivecar,thetransmissionisusuallycombinedwiththefinaldrivetoformwhatiscalledatransaxle.Theengineonafrontwheeldrivecarisusuallymountedsidewaysinthecarwiththetransaxletuckedunderitonthesideoftheenginefacingtherearofthecar.Frontaxlesareconnecteddirectlytothetransaxleandprovidepowertothefrontwheels.Inthisexample,powerflowsfromtheengine,throughthetorqueconvertertoalargechainthatsendsthepowerthrougha180degreeturntothetransmissionthatisalongsidetheengine.Fromthere,thepowerisroutedthroughthetransmissiontothefinaldrivewhereitissplitandsenttothetwofrontwheelsthroughthedriveaxles.Thereareanumberofotherarrangementsincludingfrontdrivevehicleswheretheengineismountedfronttobackinsteadofsidewaysandthereareothersystemsthatdriveallfourwheelsbutthetwosystemsdescribedherearebyfarthemostpopular.Amuchlesspopularreardrivearrangementhasthetransmissionmounteddirectlytothefinaldriveattherearandisconnectedbyadriveshafttothetorqueconverterwhichisstillmountedontheengine.ThissystemisfoundonthenewCorvetteandisusedinordertobalancetheweightevenlybetweenthefrontandrearwheelsforimprovedperformanceandhandling.Anotherreardrivesystemmountseverything,theengine,transmissionandfinaldriveintherear.ThisrearenginearrangementispopularonthePorsche.TransmissionComponentsThemodernautomatictransmissionconsistsofmanycomponentsandsystemsthataredesignedtoworktogetherinasymphonyofclevermechanical,hydraulicandelectricaltechnologythathasevolvedovertheyearsintowhatmanymechanicallyinclinedindividualsconsidertobeanartform.ThecyeloiddriveThecyeloiddrivehastheessentialadvnatagessuehasWidernageoftranmsissionratio，eompactsurtcture，highrelibailitynadlongwokrniglief，SoItgetsboradapplicationanditsrsearchgoesdeepeonstnatly.Thedrivehasbeennotonlyappliedtotraditionaltrnasmissionfieldbutalsohasalluringapplieationintheaspeetsofmicromachine，robotgear,preeisionmachinetaansmission，superminicycloiddrive，asrtonautcquipment，measurmentapparatus，tenementintelligenceandhigh-techequipment.Inthefamilyofthecycloiddrive，theAFcycloid一pinwheelplnaetarydrivereducerisanew.Trnasmissiondevice.Comparedwiththecommoncycloiddrive，ithasaseriesofadvantagessuchassmallvolume，lihgtweight，widerangeoftranmsission，diversitytransmission，longlieftime，highrigidiyt，highslewingprecision，stbalepreeision，higheffieiencyandstabletransmission.Thedesignofthedrivedaoptsalotofadvnacedtheoriesandtechnologymethoodsandusesakindofinnovationstureurte，sotheFAdrivehasovercomethedefectofthetraditionalsurtcture，enhnaccdthetransmissinefficency，volume,andthetransmissionprecision.Automatictransmissionscontainmanygearsinvariouscombinations.Inamanualtransmission,gearsslidealongshaftsasyoumovetheshiftleverfromonepositiontoanother,engagingvarioussizedgearsasrequiredinordertoprovidethecorrectgearratio.Inanautomatictransmission,however,thegearsareneverphysicallymovedandarealwaysengagedtothesamegears.Thisisaccomplishedthroughtheuseofplanetarygearsets.Oneexampleofawaythatthissystemcanbeusedisbyconnectingtheringgeartotheinputshaftcomingfromtheengine,connectingtheplanetcarriertotheoutputshaft,andlockingthesungearsothatitcan'tmove.Inthisscenario,whenweturntheringgear,theplanetswill"walk"alongthesungear(whichisheldstationary)causingtheplanetcarriertommtheoutputshaftinthesamedirectionastheinputshaftbutataslowerspeedcausinggearreduction(similartoacarinfirstgear).Ifweunlockthesungearandlockanytwoelementstogether,thiswillcauseallthreeelementstoturnatthesamespeedsothattheoutputshaftwillmmatthesamerateofspeedastheinputshaft.Thisislikeacarthatisinthirdorhighgear.AnotherwaythatwecanuseaPlanetarygearsetisbylockingtheplanetcarrierfrommoving,thenapplyingpowertotheringgearwhichwillcausethesungeartoturnintheoppositedirectiongivingusreversegear.Theclutchpackisused,inthisinstance,tolocktheplanetcarrierwiththesungearforcingbothtoturnatthesamespeed.Ifboththeclutchpackandthebandwerereleased,thesystemwouldbeinneutral.Turningtheinputshaftwouldturntheplanetgearsagainstthesungear,butsincenothingisholdingthesungear,itwilljustspinfreeandhavenoeffectontheoutputshaft.Toplacetheunitinfirstgear,thebandisappliedtoholdthesungearfrommoving.Toshiftfromfirsttohighgear,thebandisreleasedandtheclutchisappliedcausingtheoutputshafttoturnatthesamespeedastheinputshaft.Manymorecombinationsarepossibleusingtwoormoreplanetarysetsconnectedinvariouswaystoprovidethedifferentforwardspeedsandreversethatarefoundinmodemautomatictransmissions.Someoftheclevergeararrangementsfoundinfourandnow,five,sixandevenseven-speedautomaticsarecomplexenoughtomakeatechnicallyastutelayperson'sheadspintryingtounderstandtheflowofpowerthroughthetransmissionasitshiftsfromfirstgearthroughtopgearwhilethevehicleacceleratestohighwayspeed.Onnewervehicles,thevehicle'scomputermonitorsandcontrolstheseshiftssothattheyarealmostimperceptible.ComputerControlsThecomputerusessensorsontheengineandtransmissiontodetectsuchthingsasthrottleposition,vehiclespeed,enginespeed,engineload,brakepedalposition,etc.tocontrolexactshiftpointsaswellashowsoftorfirmtheshiftshouldbe.Oncethecomputerreceivesthisinformation,itthensendssignalstoasolenoidpackinsidethetransmission.Thesolenoidpackcontainsseveralelectricallycontrolledsolenoidsthatredirectthefluidtotheappropriateclutchpackorservoinordertocontrolshifting.Computerizedtransmissionsevenlearnyourdrivingstyleandconstantlyadapttoitsothateveryshiftistimedpreciselywhenyouwouldneedit.Becauseofcomputercontrols,sportsmodelsarecomingoutwiththeabilitytotakemanualcontrolofthetransmissionasthoughitwereastickshift,allowingthedrivertoselectgearsmanually.Thisisaccomplishedonsomecarsbypassingtheshiftleverthroughaspecialgate,thentappingitinonedirectionortheotherinordertoup-shiftordown-shiftatwill.Thecomputermonitorsthisactivitytomakesurethatthedriverdoesnotselectagearthatcouldoverspeedtheengineanddamageit.HydraulicSystemTheHydraulicsystemisacomplexmazeofpassagesandtubesthatsendstransmissionfluidunderpressuretoallpartsofthetransmissionandtorqueconverter.Thenewersystemsaremuchmorecomplexandarecombinedwithcomputerizedelectricalcomponents.Transmissionfluidservesanumberofpurposesincluding:shiftcontrol,generallubricationandtransmissioncooling.Unliketheengine,whichusesoilprimarilyforlubrication,everyaspectofatransmission'sfunctionsaredependantonaconstantsupplyoffluidunderpressure.Thisisnotunlikethehumancirculatorysystem(thefluidisevenred)whereevenafewminutesofoperationwhenthereisalackofpressurecanbeharmfulorevenfataltothelifeofthetransmission.Inordertokeepthetransmissionatnormaloperatingtemperature,aportionofthefluidissentthroughoneoftwosteeltubestoaspecialchamberthatissubmergedinanti-freezeintheradiator.Fluidpassingthroughthischamberiscooledandthenreturnedtothetransmissionthroughtheothersteeltube.Atypicaltransmissionhasanaverageoftenquartsoffluidbetweenthetransmission,torqueconverter,andcoolertank.Infact,mostofthecomponentsofatransmissionareconstantlysubmergedinfluidincludingtheclutchpacksandbands.Thefrictionsurfacesonthesepartsaredesignedtooperateproperlyonlywhentheyaresubmergedinoil.ValveBodyThevalvebodyisthecontrolcenteroftheautomatictransmission.Itcontainsamazeofchannelsand'passagesthatdirecthydraulicfluidtothenumerousvalveswhichthenactivatetheappropriateclutchpackorbandservotosmoothlyshifttotheappropriategearforeachdrivingsituation.Eachofthemanyvalvesinthevalvebodyhasaspecificpurposeandisnamedforthatfunction.Forexamplethe2-3shiftvalveactivatesthe2ndgearto3rdgearup-shiftorthe3-2shifttimingvalvewhichdetermineswhenadownshiftshouldoccur.Themostimportantvalve,andtheonethatyouhavedirectcontroloveristhemanualvalve.Themanualvalveisdirectlyconnectedtothegearshifthandleandcoversanduncoversvariouspassagesdependingonwhatpositionthegearshiftisplacedin.WhenyouplacethegearshiftinDrive,forinstance,themanualvalvedirectsfluidtotheclutchpack(s)thatactivates1stgear.italsosetsuptomonitorvehiclespeedandthrottlepositionsothatitcandeterminetheoptimaltimeandtheforceforthe1-2shift.Oncomputercontrolledtransmissions,youwillalsohaveelectricalsolenoidsthataremountedinthevalvebodytodirectfluidtotheappropriateclutchpacksorbandsundercomputercontroltomorepreciselycontrolshiftpoints.關(guān)于自動(dòng)變速器部分簡(jiǎn)介變速器是汽車重要的傳動(dòng)系組成，在較大范圍內(nèi)改變汽車行駛速度的大小和汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上扭矩的大小。變速器能在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的前提下，使汽車倒退行駛，而且利用擋位可以中斷動(dòng)力的傳遞。所以變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的合理性直接影響到汽車動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。設(shè)計(jì)要求達(dá)到換擋迅速、省力、方便、有較高的工作效率、工作噪聲低。手動(dòng)變速器到現(xiàn)在為止是汽車上最為復(fù)雜的機(jī)械部件。手動(dòng)變速器包含機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、液壓系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)配合在一起，能夠非常的協(xié)調(diào)。本文將幫助您了解變速器的一些常識(shí)和一些技術(shù)問(wèn)題以便幫助您解決一些問(wèn)題。變速器變速器是連接在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)背后的一個(gè)裝置，從引擎?zhèn)魉蛣?dòng)力到飛跑的輪胎上。一個(gè)汽車引擎最好的狀態(tài)是在某一的范圍內(nèi)每分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)，它傳輸?shù)墓ぷ饕_保動(dòng)力是被傳到輪胎上的與此同時(shí)引擎要保持在那個(gè)范圍里。它做這個(gè)動(dòng)作要經(jīng)過(guò)不同的齒輪聯(lián)動(dòng)。在第一擋，引擎要涉及到驅(qū)動(dòng)器所以轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的要快得多；在高速擋是空轉(zhuǎn)的即使汽車大多保持在時(shí)速70公里。除了不同的前進(jìn)裝置，變速器在驅(qū)動(dòng)器離開(kāi)引擎時(shí)它處于空擋；相反的，導(dǎo)致驅(qū)動(dòng)器變?yōu)榉聪蚓驮试S倒擋了。最后有個(gè)停車位置。在這個(gè)位置上，閉鎖的機(jī)械裝置是被嵌入從動(dòng)軸的一個(gè)槽里去鎖住驅(qū)動(dòng)器并阻止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，從而防止車子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。自動(dòng)駕駛有兩個(gè)基本類型：汽車是后驅(qū)動(dòng)還是前驅(qū)動(dòng)。后驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車，變速器通常安裝在引擎后面并定位于油門旁的車底板中心隆起的下邊。主驅(qū)動(dòng)橋連結(jié)變速箱的背面到最后的位于后車橋并用來(lái)傳送動(dòng)力到后輪。在這一個(gè)系統(tǒng)方面的動(dòng)力流量是簡(jiǎn)單的和筆直前方從引擎去，經(jīng)過(guò)扭力變換器，然后經(jīng)過(guò)變速箱和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋直到最后傳動(dòng)的時(shí)候是分送到兩個(gè)后輪胎的。前驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車，變速器通常連接最后傳動(dòng)到一個(gè)形狀為驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的地方。在前驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的引擎通常安裝在車子面對(duì)后輪的引擎一邊的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋縫摺下。前車橋直接地被連接到聯(lián)合傳動(dòng)箱而且提供動(dòng)力給前輪。在這一個(gè)例中，電源從引擎流動(dòng)扭力變換器達(dá)到一個(gè)巨大的鏈上通過(guò)180度沿著引擎轉(zhuǎn)到變速器。從那，動(dòng)力通過(guò)變速器被發(fā)送到最后的傳動(dòng)，通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)的車軸送到兩個(gè)前輪。許多其他的安排包括前驅(qū)動(dòng)的從前到后代替從一旁的引擎的車子以及到四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的是目前為止描述的最流行的。少量流行的后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，變速器直接安裝在后面并通過(guò)主動(dòng)軸連接到仍綁在引擎上的轉(zhuǎn)矩變換器上。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)在新的Corvette并為了因?yàn)楦倪M(jìn)的性能和處理使重量被均勻的平衡到前輪和后輪而使用。另外的一個(gè)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)展開(kāi)背面的每件事物，引擎，變速箱和最后的傳動(dòng)。這一個(gè)后引擎布置是在流行的保時(shí)捷上；變速器的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)變速器由許多成分和系統(tǒng)組成。讓在機(jī)械的、水壓的和電器技術(shù)的能夠靈活的和諧的一起工作，那么多年已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了許多機(jī)械傾向的個(gè)體當(dāng)作是個(gè)藝術(shù)的形式。