商法導論復習提綱課件

復習提綱Outcome1考試簡介考試形式：閉卷考試時長：2小時考試形式：問答題（一共10道題：答對7題以上，Pass；答對6題，Redo；答對5題或更少，F(xiàn)ail）Whatisacrime?Acrimeisbehaviourwhichisregardedassoreprehensibleandwhich,consequently,threatensorunderminesthesecurityofsociety.犯罪是一種威脅和破壞社會安全的應該受到責罰的行為。CriminalbehaviouroughttobepunishedbytheStatebytheimpositionofaprisonsentenceorfineorothersanctiononthepersonwhoisconvictedofacrime.犯罪行為應該被懲罰，應由國家對犯罪的人施以監(jiān)禁、罰金或者其他的懲罰。Criminalbehavior/Criminalconduct:murder(謀殺罪）manslaughter（過失殺人罪）treason（叛國罪）assault（侵犯人身罪）rape(強奸）fire-raising(縱火罪）piracy（海盜行為）vandalism（肆意破壞公物罪）robbery（搶劫）theft(盜竊罪）fraud(詐騙）abuse(虐待罪）Supplyingillegaldrugs(提供毒品罪）house-breaking（非法侵入住宅罪）Civildispute(民事糾紛）

1）Employmentlawdisputes(勞動糾紛）unfairorwrongfuldismissalclaims;unlawfuldiscriminationcasesinvolvingundeductionsfromwages.

2)Familylawdisputes（家庭法糾紛)

custodyoradoptionofchildren

3)Divorceorseparationactions

4)Contractualdispute

5)Defamation（誹謗）ofcharacter.

6)Landdisputes

7)Successiondisputes(wills)

8)Trusts

9)Personalinjuryclaims

DifferencesbetweencivillawandcriminallawinScotland:CriminallawisprimarilyusedbytheStateasameansofmaintaining(保持,捍衛(wèi))lawandorderbypunishingcertainindividualswhoindulgein（沉溺于）behaviourwhichisregardedascriminalandanti-social.TheStateusesthecriminallawtopunishcriminalsonbehalfofthecommunityorsociety.

Theciviljusticesystem,incontrastwithcriminallaw,aimstoresolvelegaldisputesbetweenprivateindividualsinareasaswide-rangingasfamilylaw,companylaw,partnershiplaw,bankingandfinancelaw,saleofgoodsandservices,consumerlaw,personalinjuryclaims,trusts,defamationactions,successionissuesanddivorce.(列舉幾個即可）Differentcourts,standardsofproofandproceduresexistdependingonwhetherwearetalkingaboutacriminalactionoracivildispute.Themainsourcesof

modernScotsLaw

(現(xiàn)代蘇格蘭法的主要淵源）1）StatutorySourcesofLaw

(法律的成文法淵源）a)ActsofParliament

(國會法案）b)DelegatedLegislation（授權立法）c)EuropeanUnionLaw（歐盟法）2)CommonLawSources

(普通法淵源）a)JudicialPrecedent(判例法）b)Custom（習慣法）c)Equity（衡平法）d)InstitutionalWritings（經(jīng)典法律著述）ActsofparliamentTheLicensing(Scotland)Act1975TheDivorce(Scotland)Act1976AbolitionofPoindingsandWarrantSalesAct2001DogFouling(Scotland)Act2003TheHealthandSatefyatWorkAct1974SaleofGoodsAct1979EmploymentRightsAct1996ProtectionofChildren(Scotland)Act2003Superiorlegislativebody:

theWestminsterParliamentortheScottishParliament?Answer:

theWestminsterParliament(theUKparliament)WHY?UnlikethepreviousScottishParliamentwhichwasabolishedbytheActofUnionin1707,thenewScottishParliamentisnotacompletelyindependentbody.TheScottishParliamentisquiteclearlyaninferior(下級的）bodyincomparisontotheWestminsterParliament.與1707年聯(lián)盟條例廢除的前蘇格蘭議會不同，新的蘇格蘭議會不是一個完全獨立的組織。與英國議會相比，很明顯蘇格蘭議會只是一個下級組織。

ItistheWestminsterParliamentfromwhichtheScottishParliamentderivesitsauthoritytopasslawsforScotland.AnylegislationoftheScottishParliamentisconsideredtobesecondarylegislationnotprimarylegislation.ItshouldalsoberecalledthatasimpleActoftheWestminsterParliamentisallthatitwouldtaketoabolishScotland'sParliament.

蘇格蘭議會制定在蘇格蘭實施的法律的權力來源于英國議會。所有由蘇格蘭議會通過的法律都被認為是二級法律而不是主體法例。此外應指出的是英國議會制定一個簡單的條例就可以將廢除蘇格蘭議會。Whatisastatute?

ActsofParliamentareoftenreferredtoasstatutelaw.UntilthecreationoftheScottishParliament,theWestminsterParliamentalonemadelawsforScotland.However,WestminsterParliamenthasgiventhescottishparliamentauthorityinmanydifferentareasofpolicytomakestatutelaw.議會法常常被稱為statutelaw,在蘇格蘭議會出現(xiàn)之前，英國議會單獨制定適用于蘇格蘭的法律。不過英國議會授予了蘇格蘭議會在不同的法律領域制定法律的權力。ThemaininstitutionsofEU

(歐盟的組織機構）

TheEuropeanCommission

（歐洲委員會）

TheCouncilofMinisters

（部長理事會）

TheEuropeanParliament

（歐洲議會）

TheEuropeanCourtofJustice

（歐洲法院）（thefourmajorinstitutions)《羅馬條約》創(chuàng)設的四大機構

Institutionshavelaw-makingpowers:TheCouncilofMinisters（部長理事會）TheEuropeanParliament（歐洲議會）ThePrimacyofEULaw

歐盟法律的至上性"theprimacyofEULaw"referstothefactthatshouldtherebeaconflictbetweenaEuropeanUnionlegalruleorprovisionandScotslaw,aScottishCourtwouldbeobligatedtoimplement

（實施，執(zhí)行）theEuropeanprovisionattheexpenseof（以…為代價）domesticlaw."歐盟法的至上性"指如果歐盟的法律規(guī)定或者條款與蘇格蘭法出現(xiàn)沖突時，蘇格蘭法庭必須放棄國內法而適用歐盟條款。Reason:TheEuropeanUnionisanorganizationoracluboftwenty-sevenmemberstates.Likemostorganisationsorclubs,themembershavetoobey

（遵守）therulesorlawsinordertoenjoythebenefitsofmembership.歐盟是個組織或者說擁有27個成員國的社團，與其他組織和社團一樣，成員國必須遵守規(guī)則才能夠享受到成員利益。BritainhasbeenamemberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1stJanuary1973asaresultofthepassingoftheEuropeanCommunitiesAct1972bytheWestminsterParliament.Itisthislegislationwhichrecognisesthesupremacy（最高地位）ofEuropeanlawoverdomesticlaw.英國議會1973年1月1日通過了1972歐洲共同體法案，英國成為了歐盟的成員國。這部法案認可了歐盟法相對于國內法的優(yōu)先性。BythetimeBritainbecameamermberoftheEuropeanUnionin1973,manyofthekeylawswerealreadyinplaceandBritainhadtoaccepttheseasthepriceofmembershipoftheEuropeanUnion.If,however,BritaindecidedtowithdrawfrommembershipoftheEuropeanUnion,thenationallawwouldonceagainreignsupreme.ExamplesofEuropeanUnion

legalrule:Regulations(規(guī)章）Directives（指令）Decisions（決定）Recommendations（提議）Opinions（意見）Whatismeantbythedoctrineofjudicialprecedent？司法判例學說是什么意思？Answer:Thedoctrineofjudicialprecedentinvolvesaprocesswherebyjudgescandeveloparuleoflawbymakingadecisioninatestcase（判例案件）.Atestcaseisoneinwhichclarification（說明）ofanimportantpointoflawissoughtandjudges,afterlisteningtoopposinglegalarguments,willhavetomakethedecisionastowhichviewofthelawiscorrect.Oncethisdecisionhasbeenmade,futurejudgesandcourtswillbeexpectedtofollowthereasoninglaiddowninthetestcaseiftheyaredealingwithacasewhichraisessimilarlegalissues.Itshouldbestressedthatnoteveryjudgecanmakeanew,bindinglegalrule.Theauthorityofthejudgeor