大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作專題講解課件

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作專題大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作專題一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)二、寫(xiě)作實(shí)例分析四級(jí)作文解析一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)四級(jí)作文解析文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)概論文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)寫(xiě)作的三段論模式文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)概論一、概論文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句和結(jié)尾句所構(gòu)成，它的具體結(jié)構(gòu)可以用以下的圖表加以表示：1/2一、概論文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)2/2二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)2/2寫(xiě)作的三段論模式大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作通常采用三段論模式，即：開(kāi)頭段(introduction)主體段(bodyparagraph)結(jié)尾段(conclusion)寫(xiě)作的三段論模式大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作通常采用三段論模式，即：(一)開(kāi)頭段開(kāi)頭段概論常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型(一)開(kāi)頭段開(kāi)頭段概論開(kāi)頭段概論對(duì)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)的寫(xiě)作考題來(lái)說(shuō)，限于篇幅，其開(kāi)頭段一般都不長(zhǎng)。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達(dá)的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點(diǎn)，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個(gè)意義清晰、明確的開(kāi)頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個(gè)精彩、新穎的開(kāi)頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。開(kāi)頭段概論對(duì)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)的寫(xiě)作考題來(lái)說(shuō)，限于篇幅，其開(kāi)頭段常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法使用引語(yǔ)（useaquotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）提出問(wèn)題（askaquestion）給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定義法（givedefinition）主題句法（useoftopicsentence）常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法使用引語(yǔ)（useaquotatio常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●使用引語(yǔ)（useaquotation）

使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語(yǔ)、習(xí)語(yǔ)，以確定文章的寫(xiě)作范圍和方向。

如：

“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.

分析：開(kāi)頭引用Colton的名言說(shuō)明“創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)”對(duì)于成功的重要性，點(diǎn)明主題。常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●使用引語(yǔ)（useaquotat常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）

當(dāng)然對(duì)于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問(wèn)題。

如：

Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.

分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬(wàn)這一數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)說(shuō)明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說(shuō)服力。常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefi常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●提出問(wèn)題（askaquestion）

提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問(wèn)題，然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開(kāi)引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。

如：

Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money,Promotions,Interestingchallenges,Continuallearning,Work-basedfriendships,Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials.

Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.

分析：文章開(kāi)頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問(wèn)題，然后自問(wèn)自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來(lái)很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●提出問(wèn)題（askaquestio常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）

如：

Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.

分析：文章通過(guò)引用新聞報(bào)道的一個(gè)實(shí)例，說(shuō)明了大學(xué)生心理問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性。常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerre常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●定義法（givedefinition）

針對(duì)討論的主題或問(wèn)題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。

如：

Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.

分析：文章用Itmeansthat這一句型，說(shuō)明了practicemakesperfect的含義。常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●定義法（givedefinitio常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●主題句法（useoftopicsentence）

文章一開(kāi)始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。

如：

NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.

分析：文章開(kāi)頭即提出中國(guó)的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問(wèn)題，然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。常用的開(kāi)頭段的表達(dá)方法●主題句法（useoftopic開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,Ibelievethat…

●Thearguermayberightabout…,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat….

●Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat…,itisunlikelytobetruethat….

●Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat….

●Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.

開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Asopposedtogen開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Onthesurface（Atfirstthought）,it（this）mayseemasound（anattractive）suggestion（solution/idea）,butcarefulweighingonthemind（oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought）,wefindthat…

●Althoughmanypeoplebelievethat…,I

wonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis.

開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Onthesurface（At開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Thedanger（problem/fact/truth/point）isthat….

●IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat….●Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof….Thosewhoobjectto…

arguethat….Butpeoplewhofavor…,ontheotherhand,arguethat….

開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Thedanger（proble開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Currently（Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnow）,thereis（has

been）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widelyheld）feelingtowards（concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefin）….

●AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat….

●Nowitiscommonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/

accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that….ButIwonder（doubt）whether…開(kāi)頭段的常用核心句型●Currently（Inrece(二)主體段主體段概述主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法(二)主體段主體段概述主體段概述主體段的寫(xiě)作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動(dòng)筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，才能把文章寫(xiě)好。主體段概述主體段的寫(xiě)作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會(huì)產(chǎn)生不主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法（Classification）四、比較對(duì)照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法一、列舉法（Listing）列舉法（Listing）定義也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出論點(diǎn)，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間順序等進(jìn)行。列舉法（Listing）定義也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出列舉法作文例子Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.列舉法作文例子Togetthemostoutof常用于列舉法的過(guò)渡連接詞first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast…..常用于列舉法的過(guò)渡連接詞first,second,thi舉例法（Exemplification）定義作者通過(guò)舉出具體事例來(lái)闡述、說(shuō)明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過(guò)舉出典型事例來(lái)解釋作者的觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。舉例法（Exemplification）定義作者通過(guò)舉出具體舉例法作文例子Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.舉例法作文例子Therearemanydifferen舉例法中常見(jiàn)的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,tonamejustafew,etc.舉例法中常見(jiàn)的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)forexample,for分類法(Classification)定義在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門(mén)別類地?cái)⑹觯棺x者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。分類法(Classification)定義在闡述某一概念的段分類法作文例子Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.分類法作文例子Eversincehumanshave常見(jiàn)的用以分類的詞語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fallinto,etc.名詞：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.常見(jiàn)的用以分類的詞語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：sort(into),div比較對(duì)照法(ComparisonandContrast)定義比較對(duì)照法由比較和對(duì)照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起用以闡述兩者或者更多事物間的異同，常用于說(shuō)明文和議論文寫(xiě)作。比較描述的是所比對(duì)象的相同、類似點(diǎn)，而對(duì)照則強(qiáng)調(diào)所描述對(duì)象之間的不同，甚至相反之處。常用的比較對(duì)照的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有兩種，即整塊比較法和逐點(diǎn)比較法。比較對(duì)照法(ComparisonandContrast)在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、A2、A3……B1、B2、B3……

例子:Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthemandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesn’tseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfather’smind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraidofhim.Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.逐點(diǎn)比較法是A、B雙方同時(shí)逐點(diǎn)描述，其模式為：A1B1A2B2A3B3……例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,常見(jiàn)的比較對(duì)照的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)常用的表示比較的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,both…and…,thesameas常用的表示對(duì)照的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)有：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistrue…but,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto常見(jiàn)的比較對(duì)照的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)常用的表示比較的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)有：因果法(CauseandEffect)定義

因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答“為什么”這類問(wèn)題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果，也多見(jiàn)于說(shuō)明文和論述文。因果關(guān)系的普遍性決定了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，通常因果關(guān)系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式擴(kuò)展段落時(shí)通?？刹捎孟纫蚝蠊蛳裙笠虻囊灰蚨喙蛞还嘁蚰Ｊ剑渲械亩嘁蚧蚨喙猛ǔＲ悦杜e方式列舉。因果法(CauseandEffect)定義因果法經(jīng)常用因果法作文例子Theroleofwomenintoday’ssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen’smovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.因果法作文例子Theroleofwomeninto常用的表示因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto常用的表示因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)（三）結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段概述常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型（三）結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段概述結(jié)尾段概述開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾往往是讀者注意最多的部分。開(kāi)頭引起讀者注意，提出主題；結(jié)尾與開(kāi)頭呼應(yīng)，使讀者感覺(jué)全文論述完整，圓滿結(jié)束。從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，結(jié)尾更容易給讀者留下深刻印象。人們常把好的文章結(jié)尾稱作是“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”，可見(jiàn)結(jié)尾部分對(duì)整篇文章所起的作用。結(jié)尾段概述開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾往往是讀者注意最多的部分。開(kāi)頭引起讀者注常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法總結(jié)歸納重申主題預(yù)測(cè)展望提出建議提出問(wèn)題引用格言

常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法總結(jié)歸納常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●總結(jié)歸納

簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn)，以便深化主題印象。如：

InconclusionIwouldliketosaythatchildrenneedtobeunderstoodbutchildrenalsoneedtounderstandtheirparents.Itisonlywhenparentsandchildrencometounderstandeachotherthatwecansolveproblemseffectivelyandnarrowthegenerationgap.

分析：文章通過(guò)inconclusion引出對(duì)前面所作論述的歸納，使主題更加明確。

常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●總結(jié)歸納

簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn)，常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●重申主題

再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開(kāi)頭闡述的中心思想。如：

Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasive無(wú)處不在的pollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman’senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevate舉起;抬高manintellectuallyandspiritually.

分析：文章對(duì)前文的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了重復(fù)，使之更加鮮明。

常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●重申主題

再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開(kāi)頭闡常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●預(yù)測(cè)展望

立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來(lái)。如：

Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.

分析：文章通過(guò)對(duì)未來(lái)積極的展望，說(shuō)明了愛(ài)在生活中的重要性。

常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●預(yù)測(cè)展望

立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來(lái)。如：常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●提出建議

提出解決問(wèn)題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。如：

Astheissueplayssuchakeyroleinoursociety,sufficientattentionshouldbepaidfromboththegovernmentandthepublic.Thegovernmentshouldmakesurethatthecensus人口普查iswellcarriedoutandthepeopleshouldbeactivelyinvolvedinthecensus.

分析：文章在結(jié)尾從政府和公眾兩個(gè)角度提出建議，以保證人口普查的順利進(jìn)行。常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●提出建議

提出解決問(wèn)題的途徑、方法常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●提出問(wèn)題

提出具有發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)題，從而突出中心思想。如：

Oldpeoplemaychoosetolivealoneforthemselvesandevenembrace欣然接受thislivingpattern.Butinthedeeppartoftheirhearts,theymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtakecareofthem.Whycan’tyoungpeoplethinkofthedayswhentheyaregettingold?

分析：文章最后用一個(gè)反問(wèn)句“年輕人為什么不想想自己年老時(shí)的情形”來(lái)提醒他們將心比心，設(shè)身處地，去關(guān)心父母雙親。

常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●提出問(wèn)題

提出具有發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)題，常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●引用格言

用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總括全文中心思想。如：

Manyyeasago,agreatphilosopherFrancisBaconremarkedthat“Knowledgeispower.”Thiscannowbetranslatedintocontemporaryterms.Inoursocialsetting,“Knowledgeischange”—andacceleratingknowledge-acquisition,fuelingthegreatengineoftechnology,meansacceleratingchange.

分析:文章借用培根“知識(shí)就是力量”名言的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出“知識(shí)就是變化”以深化主題，給讀者留下深刻的印象。常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法●引用格言

用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總括全結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove（Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judging

fromallevidenceoffered）,wemaysafelydraw（reach/cometo/arriveat）theconclusionthat….

●Alltheevidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/pointsto）a（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusionthat….

●Itishightimethatweplace（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasison

theimprovement（development/increase/promotion）of….

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Fromwhathasbe結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated根深蒂固的（unhealthy/undesirable不利的）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of….

●Wemustlook（search/call/cry）foranimmediateaction（method/measure),becausethepresent（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude）of…,ifpermitted（allowed）tocontinue（proceed）,willsurely（certainly）leadto（resultin）theend（destruction/heavycost）of….

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishightimet結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereisnoeasy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）totheproblemof…,but…mightbeuseful（helpful/beneficial）.

●Noeasymethod（solution/recipe/remedy）canbeathand（found/guaranteed）tosolve（resolve/tackle）theproblemof…,butthecommon（general/public）recognitionof（realizationof/awarenessof/commitmentto）thenecessity（importance/significance）of…mightbethefirststeptowardschange（ontherightway/intherightdirection）.

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereisnoeasy結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Followingthesemethods（suggestions）maynotguaranteethesuccessin（solutionto）…,butthepay-off取得成功willbeworththeeffort.

●Obviously（Clearly/Nodoubt),ifweignore（areblindto）theproblem,thereiseverychancethat….

●Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof（generalcommitmentto）…,itisverylikely

（thechancesaregood）that….

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Followingthesem結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereislittledoubt（nodenying）thatserious（special/adequate/immediate/

further）attentionmustbecalled（paid/devoted）totheproblemof….

●Itisnecessary（essential/fundamental）thateffective（quick/proper）action（steps/measures/remedies）shouldbetakentoprevent（correct/check/end/fight）thesituation（tendency/phenomenon).

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereislittled結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbedirectedto（expendedon/focusedon）finding

（developing/improving）….

●Itremainstobeseenwhether…,buttheprospect（outlook）isnotquiteencouraging

（thatrosy樂(lè)觀的）.

●Anyhow,wider（more）education（publicity）shouldbegiventothepossible（potential/grave/serious）consequences（effects）of….

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishopedthat結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Toreverse（check/control）thetrend（tendency）isnotalighttask（aneasyjob）,anditrequires（demands/involves/entails）adifferentstateofmindtowards（attitudetowards/outlookon）….

●Forthesereasons,Istronglyrecommendthat….

●Forthereasonsgivenabove,Ifeelthat….

結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Toreverse（check二、寫(xiě)作實(shí)例分析議論文說(shuō)明文二、寫(xiě)作實(shí)例分析議論文議論文概論議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)議論文舉例（1）議論文舉例（2）議論文概論概論議論文的第一種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性的兩種觀點(diǎn)，來(lái)闡述自己的立場(chǎng)，或?qū)@一問(wèn)題反映出的某一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行駁斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以論證。它的基本形式是：一些人認(rèn)為……；另一些人認(rèn)為……；我的看法……。這種文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：概論議論文的第一種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性的兩種觀點(diǎn)，議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)Paragraph1:Introduction(啟)Paragraph2:Analysis(承)Paragraph3:Conclusion(轉(zhuǎn)合)議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)Paragraph1:Introduct議論文舉例(1)例如：MyviewonDataCollection1.一些人認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)威脅個(gè)人隱私2.另一些人認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有利于提高工作效率3.我的看法議論文舉例(1)例如：MyviewonDataColMyviewonDataCollectionDatacollectionisafactofmodernlife.Somearguethatdatacollectionisendangeringtherightsofindividuals,thoughothersseeitasausefultoolwhichincreasesefficiency.(啟)Tobefrank,Ibelievedatacollectiondoesmoregoodthanharm.(作者觀點(diǎn))MyviewonDataCollectionMyviewonDataCollectionForonething,databasesprovideaveryusefultool.Largedatabaseswhichcontaininformationonmanyindividualscanenablemoreeffectivedecisionstobemade.Institutionssuchasgovernmentdepartmentsandpolicerelyondatacollectioninordertooperateefficiently,andhospitalsusecomputerizedrecordstohelpintheirfightagainstdisease.(承1)MyviewonDataCollectionForMyviewonDataCollectionForanother,databasesstoredoncomputercanalsobeveryefficient.Datawhichhasbeencollectedinoneareacanbesentanywhereintheworldalmostinstantly.Thismeansthatthosewhohavelegitimate合法的accesstothisdatacanworkveryefficiently.(承2)MyviewonDataCollectionMyviewonDataCollectionInsummary,datacollectiononindividualscanbejustified,althoughallpossiblemeasuresshouldbetakentominimizetherisks.(轉(zhuǎn)合)MyviewonDataCollection議論文舉例(2)議論文的第二種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性的觀點(diǎn)，表明自己的觀點(diǎn)(同意或是不同意)，并提出相應(yīng)的論證。如：Direction:

Itisveryimportantthatchildrenshouldstudyhardatschool.Timespentplayingsportistimewasted.Doyouagreeordisagree?Giveyourreasons.議論文舉例(2)議論文的第二種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性議論文舉例(2)Wecouldarguethatchildrengotoschooltostudysothattheymaybecomefullyproductiveadultsandgoodcitizens.Weshouldaskwhetherplayingsporthelpschildrentobecomebetter

people.Ifso,sportisnotawasteoftime.(啟)議論文舉例(2)Wecouldarguethatch議論文舉例(2)Itisgenerally

believedthatstudentsneedmorethantheknowledgeofasubject.Theyneedtoknowhowtoworkingroupstoachieveamutualgoal,howtoworkasateam.Wherebettertolearnthoseskillsthanonthesportsfield?Anyoftheteamsportsinvolvecoordinationwithotherplayers,

understandingandadoptingateammentality.Theseskillsaretoousefultobeignored.(承1)議論文舉例(2)Itisgenerallybeliev議論文舉例(2)Moreover,itisimportantthatpeoplebe

healthy,andgoodhealthisnotsoeasilyachievedinasedentary久坐的society.Sportgetsstudentsoutsideandgivesthemgoodreasontorunabout,thuscounteringhoursspentsittingstill.(承2)議論文舉例(2)Moreover,itisimport議論文舉例(2)SoAlthoughschoolstudiesareundeniablyimportant,weshouldregardtimespent

playingsportastimewellspent.(轉(zhuǎn)合).議論文舉例(2)SoAlthoughschoolstu說(shuō)明文概論說(shuō)明文段落結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明文舉例（1）說(shuō)明文舉例（2）說(shuō)明文舉例（3）說(shuō)明文圖表型作文常用句型說(shuō)明文概論概述說(shuō)明文一般用于解釋和分析社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問(wèn)題。要求考生對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因及其可能造成的種種影響或應(yīng)采取的措施進(jìn)行分析和說(shuō)明。概述說(shuō)明文一般用于解釋和分析社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問(wèn)題。要求考生對(duì)某說(shuō)明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)此類文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Paragraph1:phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)Paragraph2:reasons(effects)(原因或危害)Paragraph:3suggestionsorsolutions(措施)說(shuō)明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)此類文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：說(shuō)明文舉例(1)Drugabuseamongyoungpeoplehasbecomemoreandmoreprevalentoverrecentyears.(主題句)Statisticsshowthatthenumberofyouthdrugusersalmostdoublesinthepastthreeyears.(數(shù)據(jù)支撐)Itisvitaltoanalyzewhydrugs

aresoattractivetoyoungpeopleandwhatcanbedonetocombatit.(結(jié)論)說(shuō)明文舉例(1)Drugabuseamongy說(shuō)明文舉例(1)Firstly,teenagersareunderincreasingpressure-thismaybepeerpressureorpressuretosucceed,forexample.Drugusemayhelpthemescapereality,forgettheirproblems,orsimplyfeelmoreacceptedbytheirfriends.(原因1)Inaddition,throughthemediaweareexposedtoinformationthatglamorizesdruguseandmakesitlookattractive,particularlytoyoungpeople.(原因2)Furthermore,teenagersareusually

naturallycuriousaboutdrugs,anddrugdealerscantakeadvantageofthiscuriosityfortheirownprofit.(原因3)說(shuō)明文舉例(1)Firstly,teenagers說(shuō)明文舉例(1)Highfinesandprisonsentencesshouldalsobeimposedondrugdealersandusers.(措施1)However,itismyownpersonalviewthatpreventionisbetterthancureandsoagoodeducationprogrammedaboutthedangersofdrugabuseisoneofthemostimportantstepsanygovernmentshouldtake.(措施2)說(shuō)明文舉例(1)HighfinesandpriHarmfulnessofVideoGames1．許多年輕人沉溺于電子游戲中。

2．電子游戲的危害。

3．解決的辦法。

HarmfulnessofVideoGames1．許寫(xiě)作導(dǎo)航:第一段可陳述許多年輕人陷入電子游戲不能自拔的現(xiàn)象；第二段羅列電子游戲的危害，如對(duì)身體的危害、對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和工作的影響，以及不良電子游戲?qū)δ贻p人道德會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響等；第三段可從充分認(rèn)識(shí)電子游戲的危害、取締非法網(wǎng)吧和鼓勵(lì)開(kāi)發(fā)健康游戲等方面提出解決問(wèn)題的辦法。寫(xiě)作導(dǎo)航:第一段可陳述許多年輕人陷入電子游戲不能自拔的現(xiàn)象；說(shuō)明文舉例(2)比較性說(shuō)明文用于比較兩種或幾種類似的事物，要求考生通過(guò)比較它們各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明自己的看法，并加以論證。這種文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Paragraph1:phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)Paragraph2:advantages(優(yōu)點(diǎn))Paragraph3:disadvantages(缺點(diǎn))Paragraph4:comments(結(jié)論)說(shuō)明文舉例(2)比較性說(shuō)明文用于比較兩種或幾種類似的事物，要說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Amobilephoneisgettingincreasinglypopular.(主題句)Statisticsshowthat

eightoutoftencollegestudentshavegotone.(數(shù)據(jù)支撐)However,asisthecasewithmanyissues,amobilephonehasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects.(承上啟下)說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Amobilephoneisgett說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Onthepositiveside,amobilephoneallowscallstobemadeinstantlyfromalmostanylocation.Thiscanbevitalwhereemergencyservicesneedtobecalledtothesceneofacrime,accidentorfire,wherenopublictelephoneisnearby.(優(yōu)點(diǎn)1)Meanwhile,amobilephonecanserveasaconnectiontotheInternet,whichcanbeextremelyconvenientforobtaininginformationwhereveryoumaybe.(優(yōu)點(diǎn)2)說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Onthepositiveside,說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Thefactthatamobilephoneallowsaperson

tobecontactedatanytimecaninitselfbeadisadvantage.Forinstance,anemployeemay,viathemobilephone,beconstantlyavailabletohisemployerandfeelsthatheneverleaveswork.Thismaycausedistress.(缺點(diǎn)1)Anotherdisadvantageistheperceivedhealthrisksassociatedwithitsuse.Somepeoplebelievethatusingmobilephonesforlongperiodscandamagethebrain.(缺點(diǎn)2)說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Thefactthatamobile說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Thereisnodenyingthatamobilephonehasbothbenefitsanddrawbacksbutonbalanceperhapstheadvantagesofamobilephoneoutweighitsdisadvantagessinceamobilehasbecomeanintegralpartofmodernlife.(結(jié)論)說(shuō)明文舉例(2)Thereisnodenyingth說(shuō)明文舉例(3)圖表寫(xiě)作也屬于說(shuō)明文的類型，這種文章通常結(jié)構(gòu)是：Paragraph1:change(變化)Paragraph2:reasonsorimplication(原因或意義)Paragraph3:conclusion(effects;implication)(結(jié)論)說(shuō)明文舉例(3)圖表寫(xiě)作也屬于說(shuō)明文的類型，這種文章通常結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明文舉例(3)說(shuō)明文舉例(3)說(shuō)明文舉例(3)Theperiod1995~2005witnessedarapidincreaseinthenumberofpeopleinCityXtraveling