當(dāng)代語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論

當(dāng)代語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論第1頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

2.1Definitionoflinguistics2.2Branchesoflinguistics2.3Macrolinguistics2.4Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

第2頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.1DefinitionLinguisticsisthescientific

studyoflanguage.study–investigationscientific-exhaustiveness窮盡性

consistency一致性

economy簡(jiǎn)潔性

objectivity

客觀性

第3頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2Branchesoflinguistics2.2.1Phonetics語音學(xué)

2.2.2Phonology音系學(xué)

2.2.3Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)

2.2.4

Syntax句法學(xué)

2.2.5

Semantics語義學(xué)

2.2.6Pragmatics語用學(xué)2.2.7Modernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar第4頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.1Phonetics語音學(xué)

Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Threedifferentbranchesofphonetics:1)Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學(xué)

2)Auditoryphonetics聽覺語音學(xué)

3)Acousticphonetics聲學(xué)語音學(xué)

第5頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.2Phonology音系學(xué)

Phonologystudiesthesoundsystemoflanguages.Theaimofphonologyistodemonstratethepatternsofdistinctivesoundsfoundinalanguage,andtomakeasgeneralstatementsaspossibleaboutthenatureofsoundsystemsinthelanguagesoftheworld.Theobjectofstudyinphonologyisphoneme(音位).第6頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.3Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)

Morphologystudiestheformationofwords,thatis,howwordsareformedfromsmallerunitsofmeaning–morphemes.Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.Theycanbeusedtoderivewordsandtogivegrammaticalinformationaboutaword.第7頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Languagesdifferintheirdegreeofdependenceonmorphologicalcomponents.Chinese:男：我是學(xué)生。女：我是學(xué)生。男男：我們是學(xué)生。女女：我們是學(xué)生。English:Boy:I’mastudent.Girl:I’mastudent.Boys:We’restudents.Girls:We’restudents.French:Gar?on:Jesuisétudiant.Fille:Jesuis

étudiante.Gar?ons:Noussommesétudiants.Filles:Noussommesétudiantes.

第8頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.4

Syntax句法學(xué)

Syntaxstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentencesfromwords.Theserulesspecifywordorder,sentenceorganization,andtherelationshipbetweenwordorder,wordclassesandothersentenceelements.Emmaloadedthegroceriesintothecar.Emmaloadedthecarwithgroceries.Hedidn’tcomebecauseofyou.

第9頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.5

Semantics語義學(xué)

Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.It’snotonlyconcernedwiththemeaningofwords,butalsothatofmorphemesandofsentences.第10頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.6Pragmatics語用學(xué)

Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithspecificutterancesinspecificsituations.第11頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.2.7ModernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammarSaussure,“Fatherofmodernlinguistics”,CourseinGeneralLinguistics.Firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.第12頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.3Macrolinguistics宏觀語言學(xué)

2.3.1

Psycholinguistics心理語言學(xué)

--linguisticsandpsychology2.3.2

Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)

–languageandsociety2.3.3Appliedlinguistics

應(yīng)用語言學(xué)

-linguisticsandlanguageteaching

第13頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguisticsstudiesthecorrelationbetweenlinguisticbehaviorandthepsychologicalprocessesthoughttounderliethatbehavior:(a)thementalprocessthatapersonusesinproducingandunderstandinglanguage,and(b)howhumanslearnlanguage.cognitivelinguisticsthestudyoflanguagedevelopmentinthechild

第14頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月SociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsstudiesallaspectsoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Itincludesstudiesonthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.LanguageattitudebeforeandafterthehandoverofHongkongChangesintheuseof“小姐”第15頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AppliedlinguisticsInthebroadsense,appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandfindingstotheclarificationandsolutionoflanguageproblemswhichhaveariseninotherareasofexperience.Butthemostwell-developedbranchofappliedlinguisticstheteachingandlearningofforeignlanguages,andsometimesthetermisusedinthenarrowsensetorefertothisfieldexclusively.

第16頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Someotherapplications

Literarystylistics文學(xué)文體學(xué)

Itdealswiththevariationscharacteristicofliteratureasagenreandofthe‘style’ofindividualauthors.Thisiswherelinguisticsandliteraturemeets.

第17頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月AnthropologicallinguisticsThisisabranchthatstudieslanguagevariationanduseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman,asinvestigatedusingthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropology.DidEnglishandGermandivergefromacommonancestrallanguage?Iftheyarerelated,howfarbackintimedidtheybegintodiffer?

第18頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月ComputationallinguisticsThisisabranchinwhichcomputationaltechniquesandconceptsareappliedtolinguisticandphoneticproblems.speechsynthesis,speechrecognition,machinetranslation,corpuslinguistics,computer-mediatedcommunication第19頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月2.4Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

2.4.1Speechandwriting

2.4.2Descriptivevs.prescriptive描寫式和規(guī)定式2.4.3Synchronicvs.diachronic共時(shí)和歷時(shí)2.4.4languevs.parole語言和言語

2.4.5Competenceandperformance

語言能力和語言運(yùn)用2.4.6Functionalismandformalism

功能主義與形式主義

第20頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月

Descriptivevs.prescriptivegrammarsTheyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.

Descriptive---todescribethefactoflinguisticusageastheyare,andnothowtheyoughttobe,withreferencetosomerealorimaginedidealstate.

Prescriptive---atermusedtocharacterizeanyapproachwhichattempttolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeused.第21頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Synchronicvs.diachronic

Synchronic(linguistics)---languagesarestudiedatatheoreticpointintime:onedescribesa‘state’oflanguage,disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.Diachronic----languagesarestudiedfrompointofviewoftheirhistoricaldevelopment–forexample,thechangeswhichhavetakenplacebetweenOldandModernEnglishcouldbedescribedinphonological,grammaticalandsemanticterms.第22頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月languevs.parole

Langue---thelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakersParole---theconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.第23頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Competence

andperformance

Competence----aperson’sknowledgeofhislanguage,thesystemofruleswhichhehasmasteredsothatheisabletoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentences,andtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Performance---theactualrealizationoflanguageknowledge,languageseenasasetofspecificutterancesproducedbylanguagespeakers,asencounteredinacorpus.D.H.Hymes:communicativecompetenceM.A.K.Halliday:Linguisticpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior第24頁，課件共27頁，創(chuàng)作于2023年2月Functionalismvs.formalismFunctionalismorfunctionallinguisticsreferstothestudyoftheformoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.Itconsiderstheindividualasasocialbeingandinvestigatesthewayinwhichshe/heacquireslanguageandusesitinordertocommunicatewithothersinherorhissocialenvironment.Representative:M.A.K.Halliday,Systemicfuncti