托福綜合寫作 課件

綜合寫作hxoliver@163.comIntegratedWriting綜合寫作hxoliver@163.comIntegrated綜合寫作--Integratedtaskbasedonwhatisreadandheard。綜合寫作題目?jī)?nèi)容一般是學(xué)術(shù)性的，通常涉及課堂、講座、師生對(duì)話等教學(xué)活動(dòng)。具體講，考生先讀一段資料，然后聽一段與所讀資料相關(guān)的講座，寫作時(shí)，考生需要聯(lián)系所聽資料與所讀資料以復(fù)述的方式將其描述出來，但是要用不同的語言和方式，否則會(huì)被認(rèn)為是剽竊。使用語言的目的是獲取所涉及學(xué)科的信息，以利于學(xué)生更好地完成在北美大學(xué)的學(xué)業(yè)。綜合寫作旨在考核考生通過寫作來對(duì)所讀到的和聽到的學(xué)術(shù)信息進(jìn)行交流的能力。綜合寫作--Integratedtaskbasedon綜合寫作考試流程1)考生用3分鐘左右的時(shí)間閱讀一篇230～300詞的短文。文章內(nèi)容是學(xué)術(shù)性的，主題比較單一，難度中等。結(jié)構(gòu)布局具有條理性。閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)試者可以做筆記。由于速度不是很快，考生一般應(yīng)有充分的時(shí)間歸納文章的主旨大意，既可為后面的聽力部分做出一些預(yù)測(cè)，也可為聽完后的寫作積累素材。注意這一部分要帶著耳機(jī)看閱讀材料，因?yàn)槿昼娊Y(jié)束時(shí)沒有提示戴耳機(jī)的步驟，直接就開始放聽力了。綜合寫作考試流程1)考生用3分鐘左右的時(shí)間閱讀一篇230～3綜合寫作考試流程2)3分鐘后閱讀文章隱去，進(jìn)入聽力部分。屏幕上將出現(xiàn)老師在講課的照片，注意不要嘗試在照片上找什么線索，考生可以在耳機(jī)中聽到一段講課錄音，其內(nèi)容是從不同的視角對(duì)同一學(xué)術(shù)話題的討論，長(zhǎng)度為250～300個(gè)單詞，時(shí)間約為1分半鐘。由此可見，聽力的語速是比較快的。在聽錄音的過程中，要憑借自己的記憶力，并通過筆記記錄下聽到的主要內(nèi)容，以幫助答題。綜合寫作考試流程2)3分鐘后閱讀文章隱去，進(jìn)入聽力部分。屏幕綜合寫作考試流程3)聽力篇章結(jié)束后，考生有20分鐘的時(shí)間歸納、組織和回答問題。在20分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇短文，ETS建議考生的寫作長(zhǎng)度是150～225詞;寫作過程中，隱去的文章會(huì)重現(xiàn)，考生可以閱讀、參考。此外，寫作要求也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在屏幕上。屏幕上的時(shí)鐘開始計(jì)時(shí)?？忌詈笠赃B貫而有邏輯的方式對(duì)聽力段落中的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括，并且解釋聽力段落中的這些觀點(diǎn)是如何與閱讀段落中的觀點(diǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián)的。Note:考生在復(fù)述所聽資料與所讀資料的關(guān)系時(shí)，要用不同的語言和方式，不能大段摘抄原文材料，否則會(huì)被認(rèn)為是剽竊。綜合寫作考試流程3)聽力篇章結(jié)束后，考生有20分鐘的時(shí)間歸納托福綜合寫作ppt課件托福綜合寫作ppt課件托福綜合寫作ppt課件托福綜合寫作ppt課件托福綜合寫作ppt課件托福綜合寫作ppt課件綜合寫作評(píng)分要求1）在20分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇短文，ETS建議考生的寫作長(zhǎng)度是150～225詞；2)閱卷者將根據(jù)考生所寫文章內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確性和完整性以及遣詞造句水平的高低給分;3)充分理解題目的要求，找出閱讀短文以及聽力材料中的主要信息，包括隱含信息，以及這兩個(gè)材料中信息的相關(guān)性;

綜合寫作評(píng)分要求1）在20分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇短文，ETS建議考生綜合寫作評(píng)分要求4)對(duì)每一條主要信息，考生最好能提供一定的細(xì)節(jié)或事實(shí)來支持它;5)文章不要求應(yīng)試者表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，只要求應(yīng)試者用自己的語言全面而準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)閱讀、聽力材料中的主要信息。必要的時(shí)候，可引用原文中的內(nèi)容，但只能意譯，不能生搬硬抄，否則會(huì)有剽竊嫌疑。綜合寫作評(píng)分要求4)對(duì)每一條主要信息，考生最好能提供一定的細(xì)綜合寫作5分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)；聽力內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)以及細(xì)節(jié)；閱讀與聽力之間的關(guān)系闡述清楚；可以容忍一些語言上的不至于影響理解的小錯(cuò)誤。綜合寫作5分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)；綜合寫作4分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)，但若大段抄閱讀內(nèi)容則會(huì)扣分；聽力內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)，但如果細(xì)節(jié)遺漏（或?qū)戝e(cuò)）得4分；閱讀與聽力之間的關(guān)系闡述或有不清楚之處；語言上出現(xiàn)了影響理解文章的某些嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。綜合寫作4分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)，但若大段抄閱讀內(nèi)容則會(huì)綜合寫作3分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀內(nèi)容把握要點(diǎn)，但若大段照抄閱讀內(nèi)容則會(huì)扣分；聽力內(nèi)容漏掉（或?qū)戝e(cuò)）一個(gè)要點(diǎn)直接得3分；閱讀與聽力之間的關(guān)系闡述不清或有錯(cuò)；語言上出現(xiàn)了較多錯(cuò)誤以至于影響理解。綜合寫作3分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱讀內(nèi)容把握要點(diǎn)，但若大段照抄閱讀內(nèi)容則會(huì)扣綜合寫作2分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大段照抄閱讀內(nèi)容；聽力內(nèi)容有要點(diǎn)以及細(xì)節(jié)，但如果漏掉（或?qū)戝e(cuò)）兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)得2分；閱讀與聽力之間的關(guān)系沒有闡述清楚；闡述自己觀點(diǎn)；語言上出現(xiàn)了較多錯(cuò)誤。綜合寫作2分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大段照抄閱讀內(nèi)容；綜合寫作1分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫了聽力和閱讀內(nèi)容中的只言片語。綜合寫作1分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫了聽力和閱讀內(nèi)容中的只言片語。綜合寫作0分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫的不是英文；寫的不是正常人類能夠看懂的字符；寫的內(nèi)容跟閱讀和聽力完全沒有關(guān)系。綜合寫作0分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫的不是英文；JaneAusten(1775-1817)isoneofthemostfamousofallEnglishnovelists,andtodayhernovelsaremorepopularthanever,withseveralrecentlyadaptedasHollywoodmovies.Butwedonothavemanyrecordsofwhatshelookedlike.Foralongtime,theonlyacceptedimageofAustenwasanamateursketchofanadultAustenmadebyhersisterCassandra.Howeverrecentlyaprofessionallypainted,full-lengthportraitofateenagegirlownedbyamemberoftheAustenfamilyhascomeupforsale.AlthoughtheprofessionalpaintingisnottitledJaneAusten,therearegoodreasonstobelievesheisthesubject.First,in1882,severaldecadesafterAusten'sdeath,Austen'sfamilygavepermissiontousetheportraitasanillustrationinaneditionofherletters.Austen'sfamilyclearlyrecognizeditasaportraitoftheauthor.So,foroveracenturynow,theAustenfamilyitselfhasendorsedtheclaimthatthegirlintheportraitisJaneAusten.Second,thefaceintheportraitclearlyresemblestheoneinCassandra'ssketch,whichweknowdepictsAusten.Thoughsomewhatamateurish,thesketchcommunicatesdefinitedetailsaboutAusten'sface.EventhoughtheCassandrasketchisofanadultJaneAusten,thefeaturesarestillsimilartothoseoftheteenagegirlinthepainting.Theeyebrows,nose,mouth,andoverallshapeofthefaceareverymuchlikethoseinthefull-lengthportrait.Third,althoughthepaintingisunsignedandundated,thereisevidencethatitwaspaintedwhenAustenwasateenager.ThestylelinksittoOziasHumphrey,asocietyportraitpainterwhowasthekindofprofessionalthewealthyAustenfamilywouldhire.Humphreywasactiveinthelate1780sandearly1790s,exactlytheperiodwhenJaneAustenwastheageofthegirlinthepainting.

JaneAusten(1775-1817)isone題材不確定聽力電腦打字電腦打字綜合寫作難點(diǎn)1)這種題型在國(guó)內(nèi)極為少見，考生對(duì)這種題型幾乎沒有什么實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，且與此相關(guān)的參考資料相對(duì)較少，使很多剛接觸新托福的考生感到無所適從;2)由于讀、聽兩個(gè)輸入環(huán)節(jié)與寫這個(gè)輸出環(huán)節(jié)緊密相連，無論前面哪一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)了障礙，都會(huì)影響到下面的寫作環(huán)節(jié)。而聽力對(duì)大多數(shù)中國(guó)考生來說又都是弱項(xiàng);3)盡管這種題型閱讀部分難度不大，但閱讀材料在寫作時(shí)的再現(xiàn)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些寫作能力差的考生照搬原文，而不能用自己的語言完成答題，最后導(dǎo)致分?jǐn)?shù)過低。綜合寫作難點(diǎn)1)這種題型在國(guó)內(nèi)極為少見，考生對(duì)這種題型幾乎沒結(jié)構(gòu)式筆記

StructuredNotesSummaryComparison結(jié)構(gòu)式筆記SummaryComparisonTeamresponsibleforplan/getworkdonefree-ridepeoplenotdomuch—recognition

Realcontribution—notrecognizedattitudeopporeadingnotmovequicktakelong–consensusmanymeets

theother

無結(jié)構(gòu)無關(guān)系漏觀點(diǎn)Teamresponsibleforplan/geLM1.Ex2.Ex3.Ex:

RM1.Ex2.Ex3.Ex:

LMRMReading以詞為單位ReadingLR

M:hydFCpromis/alteradvanhydava/renewEx:多—gas/solvepolluEx:H2O—produnoCO2￥/Ex:effici/少ener

M:1.Ex:2.Ex:3.Ex:LRM:hydFCpromis/alterM:Reading夠用即可以詞為單位觀點(diǎn)是重點(diǎn)Reading觀點(diǎn)是重點(diǎn)LR

M:hydFCpromis/alteradvanhydavailable/renewEx:plenti—gas/solvepolluEx:H2O—produnoCO2economi/Ex:effici/lessenergy

M:1.Ex:2.Ex:3.Ex:LRM:hydFCpromis/alterM:例子和解釋是重點(diǎn)盡可能詳細(xì)以詞為單位Listening以詞為單位ListeningLR

M:hydFCpromis/alteradvanhydavailable/renewEx:plenti—gas/solvepolluEx:water—produnoCO2economi/Ex:effici/lessenergy

M:hydnotsoluttopollutnoteasilyavailEx:liquorstate—difficultstore—coolingnotpractinotsolveprobl-carsproduhyd—pollutEx:coal/oilburn–pollut–factory—pollutexpensiEx:madeofp—expeneffort—repla—notsuccess

LRM:hydFCpromis/alterM:h綜合寫作聽力用縮寫表示名詞概念、動(dòng)詞、部分形容詞用符號(hào)替代邏輯關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)：1、2、3因果：→轉(zhuǎn)折增加或減少大于或小于綜合寫作聽力用縮寫表示名詞概念、動(dòng)詞、部分形容詞TheseaotterisasmallmammalthatlivesinwatersalongthewesterncoastofNorthAmericafromCaliforniatoAlaska.WhensomeseaotterpopulationsofftheAlaskancoaststartedrapidlydecliningafewyearsago,itcausedmuchconcernbecauseseaottersplayanimportantecologicalroleinthecoastalecosystem.Expertsstartedinvestigatingthecauseofthedeclineandquicklyrealizedthatthereweretwopossibleexplanations:environmentalpollutionorattacksbypredators.Initially,thepollutionhypothesisseemedthemorelikelyofthetwo.ThefirstreasonwhypollutionseemedthemorelikelycausewasthattherewereknownsourcesofitalongtheAlaskancoast,suchasoilrigsandothersourcesofindustrialchemicalpollution.Watersamplesfromthearearevealedincreasedlevelsofchemicalsthatcoulddecreasetheotters'resistancetolife-threateninginfectionsandthuscouldindirectlycausetheirdeaths.Second,otherseamammalssuchassealsandsealionsalongtheAlaskancoastwerealsodeclining,indicatingthatwhateverhadendangeredtheotterswasaffectingotherseamammalsaswell.Thisfactagainpointedtoenvironmentalpollution,sinceitusuallyaffectstheentireecosystemratherthanasinglespecies.Onlywidelyoccurringpredators,suchastheorca(alargepredatorywhale),couldhavethesameeffect,butorcasprefertohuntmuchlargerprey,suchasotherwhales.Third,scientistsbelievedthatthepollutionhypothesiscouldalsoexplaintheunevenpatternofotterdecline:atsomeAlaskanlocationstheotterpopulationsdeclinedgreatly,whileatotherstheyremainedstable.Someexpertsexplainedtheseobservationsbysuggestingthatoceancurrentsorotherenvironmentalfactorsmayhavecreatedunevenconcentrationsofpollutantsalongthecoast.

TheseaotterisasmallmammaWell,ongoinginvestigationshaverevealedthatpredationisthemostlikelycauseofseaotterdeclineafterall.Well,ongoinginvestigationshaverevealedthatpredationisthemostlikelycauseofseaotterdeclineafterall.First,thepollutiontheoryisweakenedbythefactthatnoonecanreallyfindanydeadseaotherswashingoffonAlaskanbeaches.That'snotwhatyouwouldexpectifinfectionscausedbypollutionstartedkillingalotofotters.Ontheotherhand,thefactthatit'ssohardtofinddeadottersisconsistentwiththepredatorhypothesis.Ifanotteriskilledbyapredator,it'seatenimmediatelysoitcan'twashuponshore.Second,althoughorcasmayprefertohuntwhales,whaleshaveessentiallydisappearedfromtheareabecauseofhumanhunters.Thatmeansthatorcashavehadtochangetheirdiettosurviveandsinceonlysmallerseamammalsarenowavailable,orcashaveprobablystartedhuntingthose.Soitprobablyistheorcasthatarecausingthedeclineofallthesmallerseamammalsmentionedinthepassage-theseals,thesealionsandtheseaotters.Andthird,theunevenpatternofotterdeclineisbetterexplainedbytheorcapredationtheorythanbythepollutiontheory.Whathappenstoottersseemstodependonwhetherthelocationwheretheyliveisaccessibletoorcasornot.Inthoselocationsthatorcascanaccesseasily,thenumberofseaottershasdeclinedgreatly.However,becauseorcasaresolarge,theycan'taccessshalloworrockylocations.Andshallowandrockylocationsarepreciselythetypesoflocationswhereseaotterpopulationshavenotdeclined.Well,ongoinginvestigationshThelecturerandthereadingpassagesuggesttwocompetingtheories,the

predationtheoryvs.thepollutiontheory,toexplainwhytheseaotterpopulationisinrapiddecline.

ThelecturerandthereadingpTheprofessorreasonsthattheabsenceofdeadseaotterswashedupthecoast

suggeststhattheirdeclineisnotcausedbyseapollutionbutratherbysea

predatorswhoconsumetheirbodiesafterkillingthem.However,thereading

passageattributesthedeathofseaotterstopollution,whichistotallydifferentfromthelecture.TheprofessorreasonsthattheFurthermore,thelecturerarguesthatorcasarelikelyfactorsinthe

disappearanceofseaotters,becausethescarcityofwhales,theirusualprey,hasleftthemwithnootherchoicebuttostarthuntingsmallermammalsliketheottersforfood.Andthisdirectlycontradictsthereadingpassagethatthepollutiontheoryastheonlyexplanationforthedeclineofsmallseamammals.Furthermore,thelecturerarguFinally,accordingtothelecturer,theunevenpatternofseaotterdeclinecorrespondstothedistributionoftheorcas;shearguesthatthefactthattheirpopulationhasdeclinedtheleastwhereitisshalloworrockyandorcasaremostprevalentfurthervalidatesthepredationtheory.However,thereadingpassagepointsoutthatchangeableenvironmentalfactorsbetterexplainsthevaryingpatternofseaotterdecline.Therefore,thelecturercompletelyarguesagainstthereadingpassage.Finally,accordingtothelect綜合寫作模式A完全反駁B完全贊同C原因措施綜合寫作模式A完全反駁表示反駁類的單詞differto,disagreewith,castdoubton,conflictwith,challenge，refute，confute，contradict，controvert，combat，talk

back，re-examine，disprove

表示反駁類的單詞differto,disagreewi表示認(rèn)為，提出的單詞pointout，present，state，think，believe，，emphasize，demonstrate，assert，claim，stress，

表示認(rèn)為，提出的單詞pointout，present，st閱讀ReadingPassageReadingmaterialWriterAuthor聽力ListeningProfessorLecturerArguerTeacherInstructor閱讀聽力模版一Thelectureismainlydiscussing______,________and___________by_________,challengingwhatarestatedinthereadingpassagethat_________,_________and_______.

模版一ThelectureismainlydiscuFirstofall,thespeakerthinksthat___________.Incontrast,thereadingpassagebelievesthat_____________.So,thelecturestotallydisagreewiththeviewmadeinthereading.

Firstofall,thespeakerthinSecond,thespeakerdiscusses___________,Contradictingwhatisstatedinthereadingthat_____________________.

Second,thespeakerdiscussesFinally,thespeakersraisestheissuethat___________.Thispointdisagreeswiththepointthat________________demonstratedinthereading.

Finally,thespeakersraisestSo,thecontentsinthereadingpassagearetotallyjeopardizedbythespeakerandthespeakerhastotallydifferentideasonthetopicsmadeinthereading.So,thecontentsinthereadin模版二Thespeakerinthelectureprincipallyarguesthat________（聽力中心大意，一句話歸納）,whichcontradictthemainstatementinthereading,thusrefutingthereadingpassagetotally.Inordertosubstantiatehiscontentionaswellastojeopardizethereadingpassage,thespeakerlaterreexamsthesupportingdetailsinthereadingpassageandforwardsalternativeexplanations.模版二ThespeakerinthelectureIntermsof________（聽力第一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)）,thespeakerarguesthat________（進(jìn)行解釋說明）,challengingthenotioninthereadingthat________（閱讀第一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)）Intermsof________（聽力第一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)）Referringto________（聽