文獻(xiàn)翻譯-起重機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢和研究現(xiàn)狀

1譯文起重機(jī)的進(jìn)展趨勢和爭論現(xiàn)狀大型化和專用化經(jīng)濟(jì)性。目前世界上最大的浮游起重機(jī)起重量達(dá)6500t，最大的履帶起重機(jī)起重量3000t1200t，集裝箱岸邊裝卸橋小車的最大運行350m/min240m/min，垃圾處理用起重機(jī)100m/min。造紙、垃圾處理的專用起重機(jī)，防爆、防腐、絕緣起重機(jī)和鐵路、船舶、集裝箱安裝在房屋構(gòu)造上，跨度大、起上升度大、可過跨、停車精度高。在起重小車下面安裝有多節(jié)伸縮導(dǎo)管，與飛機(jī)修理平臺相連，并可作360度旋轉(zhuǎn)。通過大車和小護(hù)和修理，極為快捷便利。模塊化和組合化滿足用戶需求。設(shè)計后，比單件設(shè)計的設(shè)計費用下降12%，生產(chǎn)本錢下降45%，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益格外KBK柔性組合式懸掛起重機(jī)，起重機(jī)的鋼重機(jī)及手動堆垛起重機(jī)，甚至能組成大型自動化物料搬運系統(tǒng)。輕型化和多樣化量大、用途廣，考慮綜合效益，要求起重機(jī)盡量降低外形高度，簡化構(gòu)造，減小自重和輪壓，也可使整個建筑物高度下降，建筑構(gòu)造輕型化，降低造價。因此電1-63A1-A7，整個系列移動、手電門固定、無線遙控、司機(jī)室固定、司機(jī)室隨小車移動、司機(jī)室自行移動等七種選擇。大車及小車的供電有電纜小車導(dǎo)電、DVS系統(tǒng)兩種方式。如此可大大降低廠房建筑物的建筑本錢，同時也可減小起重機(jī)的運行功率和運行成10t22.5m，通用雙梁橋式起重機(jī)自重24t1876mm5980mm;德馬格起重機(jī)的自8.7t176%920mm，降低了104%，2980mm100%。自動化和智能化取物裝置自動抓取貨物。吊具自動防搖系統(tǒng)能在運行速度200m／min、加速度0.5m2／s的狀況下很快使起吊物搖擺振幅減至幾個毫米。起重機(jī)可通過磁場變狀況，制動器摩擦襯片的壽命及溫度狀況等。型化和有用化高強(qiáng)度螺栓聯(lián)接，便于運輸與安裝。“三合一”運行機(jī)構(gòu)是當(dāng)今世界輕、中級起重機(jī)運行機(jī)構(gòu)的主流，將電動機(jī)、減速器和制動器合為一體，機(jī)構(gòu)。為了減輕自重，提高承載力量，改善加工制造條件，增加產(chǎn)品成品率，零部件盡量承受以焊代鑄，如減速器殼體、卷簡、滑輪等都用焊接構(gòu)造。減速器齒輪都承受硬齒面，以減輕自重、減小體積、提高承載力量、增加使用壽命。液壓制動器。糊技術(shù)來查找開頭加速的最正確時刻，將有閱歷司機(jī)防擺實際操作的數(shù)據(jù)輸入系2英文參考資料Trendsandresearchstatusofcranes(1)large-scaleandspecializationAstheindustrycontinuestoexpandthescaleofproduction,increasingproductivity,andproductloadingandunloadingofmaterialsduringproductiongraduallyincreasedtheproportionofcosts,promptingalargeorgrowingdemandforhigh-speedcrane.Fromtheweightofgrowing,increasinglyhighoperatingspeed,andreliabilityofenergyconsumptionandhigherrequirements.Cranehasbecomeautomatedproductionprocessesisanimportantpart.Cranenotonlyeasytooperate,easyto maintain, and better security , higher reliability , excellent durabilityrequirements,trouble-freenature,maintenance anduseofeconomy.Currentlytheworld”slargestfloatingcraneliftingcapacityof6500t,thelargestcrawlercraneliftingcapacityof3000t,thelargestcraneonweightof1200t,themaximumoperatingspeedofcontainershorecranetrolleyreached350m/min,stackercranesthemaximumoperatingspeedis240m/min,garbagecraneliftingspeedupto100m/min.Industrialproductionanddiversityofuserrequirements,sospecialcranemarketcontinuestoexpand,varietiesareconstantlyupdatedtomeettheuniquefeaturesofspecialneeds,toplaythebesteffect.Suchasmetallurgy,nuclearpower,paper,wastedisposalspecialcranes,explosion-proof,anti-corrosion,insulationcraneandrail,ship,containercranesfunctionincreasingcontinuouslyimproveperformance,adaptabilitystrongerthanever.DemagCranescompanydevelopedadedicatedaircraftmaintenance,openedthemarket intheinternationalmarket.Thiscraneismountedonthehousingstructure,span,liftingheightandlarge,youcancrossover,highprecisionparking.Howtoinstalltelescopiccatheter,connectedwithaircraftmaintenanceplatformsfollowingtheliftingtrolley,and360-degreerotation.Bydisplacementcartsandcar,liftandrotatethecathetercanrepairplatform toreachanypartoftheaircraft,aircraftmaintenanceandrepaircarriedoutextremelyquicklyandconveniently.(2)acombinationofmodularityandInsteadofthetraditionalmethodofmodularmachinedesign,thebasicfunctionsofthecraneonthesamemember,partsandcomponentsmadeofavarietyofpurposes,withthesamestandardcouplingelementsandinterchangeablemodules,eachwithdifferentcombinationsofmodules,theformationofdifferenttypesandsizesofcranes.Improvedcrane,justforafewmodules.Designofnewcranes,simplychoosedifferentmodulesre-mix.Singleandsmallbatchproductioncanswitchfromthecranehasaconsiderablevolumemoduleproductiontoachievehighefficiencyofspecializedproduction,theproductionorganizationcanalsobechangedproductmanagementmodulemanagement.Achieveimprovedoverallperformance,reducemanufacturingcostsandimprovethegenerallevel,thecompositionofmanyvarietieswithlessnumberofpartsspecifications,multi- standardproductstofullymeetuserneeds.Currently,Germany,Britain,France,theUnitedStatesandJapanhaveadoptedthefamousCraneCranemodulardesign,andachievedremarkableresults.GermanDemagstandardcranesseriesswitchmodulardesign,thedesignthantheone-piecedesignexpensesdecreased12%to45%decreaseinproductioncosts,economicbenefitsaresubstantial.DemagKBKcompanyhasalsodevelopedaflexiblemodularoverheadcrane,cranefromcold-rolledsteelrailtypecombination,thecranecanbearbitrarilyarrangedalongalinerunningproductionprocess,mayhavecrossroad,turn,cross-over,variablegauge.Allpartscanachievemassproduction,accordingtothedifferentneedsofusersandthespecificmaterialhandlingcourseinashorttimewillmixandmatchvariouscomponentsServe.Thiscranecombinationisverygood,easytooperate,canmakefulluseofspace,lowrunningcosts.Therearemanualandautomaticforms,butalsothecompositionofthesuspensionsystem,single-girderoverheadcranes,double girderoverheadcranes,jibcranes,gantrycranesandlightweightmanualstackercranes,andeventhecompositionoflargeautomatedmaterialhandlingsystems.(3)LightanddiversificationThereareconsiderablequantitiesofcranesareusedinthegeneralcase,theworkisnotveryheavy.Suchcraneslargequantities,versatile,consideringtheoverallefficiency,requiringacranetominimizetheappearanceheight,simplifythestructure,reducingtheweightandwheelpressure,butalsomakethewholebuildingheightdecrease,structurallightweight,lowercost.Sotherewillbeafasterdevelopmentofelectrichoistbridgecraneandbeamcranes,andmostsmallandmediumtonnagetoreplace general purpose bridge crane . Demag in Germany after decades ofdevelopmentandinnovation,hasformedalightweightmodularstandardcraneseries.Fromtheweightof1-63tons,workinglevelA1-A7,theentireseriesfromtheI-shapedandbox-typesinglegirder,singlegirdersuspensionbox,triangle-shapedsinglevarietiesofsmalltrunkandboxgirderdoublegirderandothercomponents.Mainbeamandendbeamliftingtrolleylayoutphaseandavarietyoftypes,canbesuitablefordifferentbuildingsanddifferentliftingheight requirements.Eachcranespecificationsaccordingtouserneedshasthreesingle-speedandtwo-speedforanyofthethreechoices,youcanalsochooseinverter.Therearewaystomanipulatethedoortomoveontheirowngroundflashlight,flashlightdoorwiththecarmoving,flashlightdoorfixed,wirelessremotecontrol,fixedcab,thecabwiththecarmoving,movingontheirowncabandothersevenchoices.Poweredcartsandcarcablecar,therearetwowaysconductivity,DVSsystem.Somanyoptions,throughdifferentcombinations,withhundredsofcranes,fullymeettheneedsofdifferentusers.Anotherbiggestadvantageofthiscraneislighter,lightweight,lightwheelpressure,dimensionsheightissmall,cangreatlyreducetheconstructioncostoftheplantbuildings,butalsotoreducethecostofrunningpowerandrunthecrane.Comparedwithgenericproducts,fromtheweightof10t,span22.5m,Universaldoublegirderoverheadcraneweightis24t,cranerailsurfaceheight above1876mm,cranewidth5980mm;DemagCranesweightonly8.7t,lightweight176%,morethantheheightofthecranerailsurface920mm,reducingthe104%cranewidth2980mm,dimensionreductionof100%.(4)automationandintelligentUpdatinganddevelopmentofcranes,dependslargelyontheimprovementofelectricaltransmissionandcontrol.Themechanicaltechnologyandelectronictechnology,advancedcomputertechnology,microelectronics,powerelectronics,fiberoptictechnology,hydraulictechnology,fuzzycontroltechniqueappliedtothemechanicaldriveandcontrolsystem,thecraneautomationandintelligent.Anewgenerationoflarge-scaleandefficientcraneelectricalcontroldevicehasbeendevelopedforall-electronicdigitalcontrolsystem.Mainlydrivenbythedigitalcontrolunit,programmablelogiccontrollers,faultdiagnosisanddatamanagementsystems,digitalmanipulationofagiventestingequipment.Fuzzycontrolvariablevoltagevariablefrequencyspeedcontrol,radiodatacommunication,faultdiagnosissurveillance,anti-swayspreader,thelaserliftingobjectstofindthecenterofgravity,near-fieldinductiveanti-collisiontechnology,fieldbus,carriercommunicationandcontrol,non-contactpowersupplyandthree-dimensionalbarcodetechnologywillbewidelyapplied.Sothatthecranehasahigherflexibilitytofitmultiplebatchesofsmallquantitiesofflexibleproductionmodeltoimprovesingleintegratedautomationlevel.Focusesonthedevelopmentofhigh-performancemicroprocessorcoreelectricaltransmissiondevice,sothecranehasexcellentspeedandstaticanddynamiccharacteristics,automaticcontrolcanbeoperatedautomaticallydisplayautomaticprotectionandautomaticdetectionandrecording,craneoperation,specialoccasionsthelong-distanceremotecontrol,soastomeettheneedsofautomatedproduction.Suchasusingalaserdevicetofindthecenterofgravitypositionliftingobjects,equippedwithultrasonicsensorstoguidethedeviceautomaticallyextractextractgrabgoodsonthedevice.Spreaderautomaticanti-swaysystemcanrunspeed200m/min,thecaseofacceleration0.5m2/ssoonmakeliftingobjectsswingamplitudeisreducedtoafewmillimeters.Craneprecisionpositioningcanbeachievedbyamagneticfieldtransducerorlaser.Near-fieldsensingsysteminstalledonthecrane,thecranecanavoidcollisionsbetweeneachother.Cranealsoinstalledonthecomputerself-diagnosticmonitoringsystemthatcanprovidemostoftheroutinemaintenancecheckthecontents,suchasgearboxoiltemperature,oillevel,wheelbearingtemperature,craneloads,stressesandvibration,thelifeofthebrakeliningsandtemperatureconditions.(5)NewtechnologyandpracticalStructureofthin-walledsteelprofilesandprofiledtoreducestitchingseamstructure,improvefatigueresistance.Usingavarietyofhigh-strengthlow-alloysteelofnewmaterialstoimprovethecarryingcapacity,improvestressconditions,toreduceweightandincreasetheaestheticappearance.Overheadcranebridgestructuretypemostlyusedbox-shapedfour-beamstructure,themainbeamandsidebeamsofboltconnection,easytotransportandinstall.Intermsofinstitutionstofurtherthedevelopmentofnewtransmissionparts,simplified organization . “Tripleplay“ run organization is the world”s light ,mainstreaminstitutionsintermediatecraneoperation,themotor,speedreducerandbrakeintoone,withacompact,lightweightandbeautiful,easyaccessibility,simpleadjustment,smoothoperation,supportingalargerangeetc.,hasbeenwidelyusedabroadtovariouscraneoperatingagencies.Toenablesmallandmedium-tonnagecranetrolleystructureassimpleaspossible,whilereducingthesizeofthecraneheightdecreaseswheelpressureabroadhasbeenwidelyadoptedasanelectrichoistliftingmechanism.Toreduceweight,improvethebearingcapacity,improvemanufacturingconditions,increaseproductyield,asfaraspossibletoweldpartsonbehalfofthecast,suchasreducershell,rollJane,pulleysandsoweldedstructures.Hardenedreducergearsareusedtoreduceweight,reducethevolumeandimprovethebearingcapacityandincreaseservicelife.Hydraulicdiscbrakesputterrangeofapplicationsisalsogrowing.Inaddition,theagenciesareusedtohigh-speeddevelopmentoftheelectricmotor,therebyreducingthenumberof