雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題下課件

第七講雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題下第七講雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題下1標(biāo)題選擇題的五大原則：原則1用排除法篩選答案。排除與本段無關(guān)的新概念，排除本段提到的的小細(xì)節(jié)。標(biāo)題選擇題的五大原則：原則12原則2以段為單位，先完成細(xì)節(jié)題，再歸納段意。說明也就是說，一段話中很可能包括選擇、判斷等細(xì)節(jié)題，先逐行尋找細(xì)節(jié)題的答案，到段落結(jié)束時再概括段落大意。原則23原則3注意文章與選項之間的同義詞或原文反復(fù)強調(diào)的內(nèi)容。原則34原則4注意原文和選項中所包含的數(shù)字、比較、原因或結(jié)果關(guān)系。原則45原則5備選項不復(fù)選，只使用一次。因此，凡是已選過的項都可以排除。原則56ListofHeadings

i.Gatheringtheinformationii.Cigarettesproducedtomatchanimageiii.Financialoutlayonmarketingiv.Thefirstadvertisingmethodsv.Pressurecausesadropinsalesvi.Changingattitudesallownewmarketingtacticsvii.Backgroundtotheresearchviii.Apublicuproarisavoidedix.Theinnovativemovetowrittenadvertsx.Acenturyofuninhibitedsmokingxi.Conclusionsoftheresearch

ListofHeadings 714.ParagraphA15.ParagraphB16.ParagraphCExampleAnswerParagraphDiv 17.ParagraphE18.ParagraphF19.ParagraphGExampleAnswerParagraphHxi 14.ParagraphA8LookingforaMarketamongAdolescentsAIn1992,themostrecentyearforwhichdataareavailable,theUStobaccoindustryspent$5billionondomesticmarketing.Thatfigurerepresentsahugeincreasefromtheapproximate￡250-millionbudgetin1971,whentobaccoadvertisingwasbannedfromtelevisionandradio.Thecurrentexpendituretranslatestoabout$75foreveryadultsmoker,orto$4,500foreveryadolescentwhobecameasmokerthatyear.Thisapparentlyhighcosttoattractanewsmokerisverylikelyrecoupedovertheaverage25yearsthatthisteenwillsmoke.LookingforaMarketamongAdo9BInthefirsthalfofthiscentury,leadersofthetobaccocompaniesboastedthatinnovativemass-marketingstrategiesbuilttheindustry.Recently,however,thetobaccobusinesshasmaintainedthatitsadvertisingisgearedtodrawestablishedsmokerstoparticularbrands.Butpublichealthadvocatesinsistthatsuchadvertisingplaysaroleingeneratingnewdemand,withadolescentsbeingtheprimarytarget.Toexploretheissue,weexaminedseveralmarketingcampaignsundertakenovertheyearsandcorrelatedthemwiththeagessmokerssaytheybegantheirhabit.Wefindthat,historically,thereisconsiderableevidencethatsuchcampaignsledtoanincreaseincigarettesmokingamongadolescentsofthetargetedgroup.BInthefirsthalfofthisce10CNationalsurveyscollectedtheagesatwhichpeoplestartedsmoking.The1955CurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS)wasthefirsttoqueryrespondentsforthisinformation,althoughonlysummarydatasurvive.Beginningin1970,however,theNationalHealthInterviewSurveys(NHIS)includedthisquestioninsomepolls.Answersfromallthesurveyswerecombinedtoproduceasampleofmorethan165,000individuals.Usingarespondent’sageatthetimeofthesurveyandthereportedageofinitiation,[agetheystartedsmoking],theyearthepersonbegansmokingcouldbedetermined.Dividingthenumberofadolescents(definedasthose12to17yearsold)whostartedsmokingduringaparticularintervalbythenumberwhowere“eligible”tobeginatthestartoftheintervalsettheinitiationrateforthatgroup.CNationalsurveyscollectedt11DMass-marketingcampaignsbeganasearlyasthe1880s,whichboostedtobaccoconsumptionsixfoldby1900.Muchoftherisewasattributedtoagreaternumberofpeoplesmokingcigarettes,asopposedtousingcigars,pipes,snufforchewingtobacco.Marketingstrategiesincludedpaintedbillboardsandanextensivedistributionofcoupons,whicharecipientcouldredeemforfreecigarettes....Somebrandsincludedsoft-pornpicturesofwomeninthepackages.Suchtacticsinspiredoutcryfromeducationalleadersconcernedabouttheircorruptinginfluenceonteenageboys.Thirteenpercentofthemalessurveyedin1955whoreachedadolescencebetween1890and1910commencedsmokingby18yearsofage,comparedwithalmostnofemales.DMass-marketingcampaignsbeg12EThepoweroftargetedadvertisingismoreapparentifoneconsidersthemenbornbetween1890and1899.In1912,whenmanyofthesemenwereteenagers,theR.J.ReynoldscompanylaunchedtheCamelbrandofcigaretteswitharevolutionaryapproach....Everycityinthecountrywasbombardedwithprintadvertising.Accordingtothe1955CPS,initiationbyage18formalesinthisgroupjumpedto21.6percent,atwothirdsincreaseoverthosebornbefore1890.TheNHISinitiationratealsoreflectedthischange.Foradolescentmalesitwentupfrom2.9percentbetween1910and1912to4.9percentbetween1918and1921.EThepoweroftargetedadvert13FItwasnotuntilthemid-1920sthatsocialmorespermittedcigaretteadvertisingtofocusonwomen....In1926aposterdepictedwomenimploringsmokersofChesterfieldcigarettesto“BlowSomeMyWay”.Themostsuccessfulcrusade,however,wasforLuckyStrikes,whichurgedwomento“ReachforaLuckyinsteadofaSweet”.The1955CPSdatashowedthat7percentofthewomenwhowereadolescentsduringthemid-1920shadstartedsmokingbyage18,comparedwithonly2percentintheprecedinggenerationoffemaleadolescents.InitiationratesfromtheNHISdataforadolescentgirlswereobservedtoincreasethreefold,from0.6percentbetween1922and1925to1.8percentbetween1930and1933.Incontrast,ratesformalesroseonlyslightly.FItwasnotuntilthemid-19214GThenextmajorboostinsmokinginitiationinadolescentfemalesoccurredinthelate1960s.In1967thetobaccoindustrylaunched“niche”brandsaimedexclusivelyatwomen.ThemostpopularwasVirginiaSlims.Thevisualsofthiscampaignemphasizedawomanwhowasstrong,independentandverythin....Initiationinfemaleadolescentsnearlydoubled,from3.7percentbetween1964and1967to6.2percentbetween1972and1975(NHISdata).Dur