實(shí)用外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)1市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

PracticalEnglishinForeignTradeIntroductoryRemarks第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè)InternationalTrade(1)Thedefinitionofinternationaltrade

Internationaltradecanbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.Simplywecansay,internationaltradereferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Butsometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport,suchasbusinessbetweenHongKongandTaiwan.第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)Majordifferencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomestictrade.A.DifferencesinlegalsystemThecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems,andoneormorepartieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewiththeforeignlaw.不同國(guó)家通常擁有不同法律體系，參加商務(wù)一方或幾方不得不依據(jù)外國(guó)法律來(lái)調(diào)整自己經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。第3頁(yè)第3頁(yè)B.DifferencesincurrenciesDifferentcountriesusuallyusedifferentcurrenciesandthepartiesconcernedwillhavetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregardsconvention.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolveintheuseofaforeigncurrency.不同國(guó)家通常使用不同貨幣。參加商務(wù)相關(guān)方必須選擇使用哪種貨幣，并就兌換等事宜做好一切必要工作。在使用外匯過程中，往往存在不確定原因甚至是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)C.DifferencesinculturalbackgroundCulturaldifferencesincludinglanguages,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengagedininternationalbusiness.文化差異包含語(yǔ)言，習(xí)俗，傳統(tǒng)，宗教，價(jià)值觀和行為方式不同。往往給從事國(guó)際商務(wù)人組成挑戰(zhàn)甚至是陷阱。

第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)D.DifferencesinnationalandeconomicconditionsCountriesvaryinnationalandeconomicconditionsandmayhavedifferentpoliciestowardsforeigntradeandinvestment,makinginternationalbusinessmorecomplexthandomesticbusiness.不同國(guó)家自然條件和經(jīng)濟(jì)情況不同，對(duì)待外國(guó)貿(mào)易和投資政策不同，這使得國(guó)際商務(wù)比國(guó)內(nèi)商務(wù)愈加復(fù)雜。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.伴隨經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展，極少有些人和企業(yè)能完全置身于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外。因此，在這方面含有一定知識(shí)是十分必要，這現(xiàn)有益于企業(yè)發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人進(jìn)步。第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage

Internationaltradecanbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinother.Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.

Thedistributionofnaturalresourcesisuneven.Somecountriesareabundantinresources,whileelsewhereresourcesarescarceorevennonexistent.Andacountrymayberichinsomeresourcesbutpoorinothers.Forinstance,Britainhaslargeresourcesofcoalbutlackssomemetalreserves.Kuwaithasvastoildepositsbutlittlefarmproduce.AndJapanreliesheavilyonimportformostoftheprimarycommodities.Thatisthereasonwhyinternationaltradefirstbegan.

國(guó)際貿(mào)易能夠解釋為一國(guó)所生產(chǎn)貨品和服務(wù)與另外一國(guó)進(jìn)行互換。在這個(gè)復(fù)雜經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)，沒有一個(gè)國(guó)家能夠完全自給自足。

自然資源分布是不均衡。有些國(guó)家資源非常豐富，而其它國(guó)家資源稀少，甚至沒有資源。一個(gè)國(guó)家也許一些資源豐富，但其它資源貧乏。比如，英國(guó)有大量煤炭資源，但缺乏一些金屬資源；科威特石油儲(chǔ)量巨大，但農(nóng)產(chǎn)品卻稀少；而日本多數(shù)初級(jí)產(chǎn)品卻嚴(yán)重依賴進(jìn)口。這就是最初國(guó)際貿(mào)易形成原因。第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)Withthedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade,internationalspecialization_onecountryproducingmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingtheremaindertoothercountries.Suchspecializationconstitutesanimportantbasisforinternationaltrade.伴隨生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)發(fā)展，產(chǎn)生了另一個(gè)刺激國(guó)際貿(mào)易原因，即國(guó)際生產(chǎn)專門化——一個(gè)國(guó)家所生產(chǎn)某種商品數(shù)量超出它消費(fèi)，并將所剩商品賣給其它國(guó)家。這種專門化構(gòu)成了國(guó)際貿(mào)易一個(gè)主要基礎(chǔ)。第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)

Absoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantagearetwotheoriesofinternationalspecializations.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說(shuō)和比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說(shuō)是國(guó)際分工中兩種理論。Thetheoryofabsoluteadvantageholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,landandlabor).按照絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論，一個(gè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)將在生產(chǎn)該產(chǎn)品成本最低國(guó)家內(nèi)進(jìn)行。成本包括資本，土地和勞動(dòng)力等要素。第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)Letusassurethereareonlytwocountriesproducingtwocommoditiesunderperfectcompetition.

Outputperman-yearoflabor人均年產(chǎn)量CountryACountryBComputers5010Cars2040

我們從表上能夠看到甲國(guó)在生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)方面效率高于乙國(guó)，也就含有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，而乙國(guó)在汽車生產(chǎn)方面含有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。這樣甲國(guó)將專門生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)，并用一部分計(jì)算機(jī)同乙國(guó)互換汽車。而乙國(guó)也能夠用汽車同甲國(guó)互換計(jì)算機(jī)。兩國(guó)通過生產(chǎn)專門化和貿(mào)易都將取得利益。第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)But,accordingtothetheory,tradeoccursonlywheneachcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageovertheotherintheproductionofonecommodity.Inreality,itisnotrarethatonecountryhasnoabsoluteadvantageinanycommodity.Willtradeoccurinthesecases?Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantagehasofferasatisfactoryanswertothisquestion.但是，根據(jù)這一理論，只有當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)某一商品對(duì)另一個(gè)國(guó)家具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)，貿(mào)易才會(huì)發(fā)生。事實(shí)上，某個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)任何商品都不具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)情況并不罕見。在這種情況下，貿(mào)易會(huì)發(fā)生嗎？比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說(shuō)在這個(gè)問題上提供了一個(gè)更加滿意答案。第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantageholdsthatevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,i.e.ithasabsolutedisadvantageinproducingbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.Thefirstcountryshouldspecializeintheproductionandexportofcommodityinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageissmaller,andimportthecommodityinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageisgreater.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)說(shuō)認(rèn)為，即使一個(gè)國(guó)家在生產(chǎn)兩種商品時(shí)都比另一個(gè)國(guó)家效率低，即生產(chǎn)這兩種商品時(shí)都處于不利情況，仍然存在進(jìn)行互相貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)。第一個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)專門生產(chǎn)和出口其絕對(duì)不利較小那種商品，即含有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)商品，而進(jìn)口其絕對(duì)不利較大商品，即含有比較劣勢(shì)商品。第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)

Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions,independentoftheendowmentsofnature.Switzerland’scomparative