從減貧成功的關(guān)鍵因素看農(nóng)村地區(qū)的減貧

從減貧成功的關(guān)鍵因素看農(nóng)村地區(qū)的減貧

反射性：促進(jìn)實施的機(jī)制是什么？減貧成功的關(guān)鍵是關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、有效的指導(dǎo)和機(jī)制、不同部門的政策、目標(biāo)定位和創(chuàng)新。聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織減貧的戰(zhàn)略方針和策略丹尼爾J.古斯塔夫森:正如問題所述,各地區(qū)之間的貧困狀況各不相同,因此減貧策略必須適應(yīng)各種不同情況,也就意味著不存在一個通用的成功策略。盡管我們?nèi)〉昧诉M(jìn)展,但極端貧困仍然是發(fā)展中國家面對的令人擔(dān)憂的問題。減貧工作的進(jìn)展主要集中體現(xiàn)在亞洲,特別是東亞地區(qū)。而其他一些地區(qū),極端貧困人口的數(shù)量卻是有所增加。減少貧困和饑餓現(xiàn)象是聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織工作的核心,也是全球各國的核心目標(biāo)。世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人承諾在2030年之前消滅極端貧困。聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織正在幫助各國制定和實施扶貧政策、戰(zhàn)略和計劃,以促進(jìn)包容性增長和可持續(xù)生計。減貧的關(guān)鍵在于包容的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,尤其是農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)。關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)部門是持續(xù)減少貧困和饑餓的必要條件。大多數(shù)極端貧困人口生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū)(75%),需要采取優(yōu)先行動直接減少饑餓。為了實現(xiàn)減貧和解決農(nóng)村貧困問題,各級政府都需要強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力,并配以健全和透明的機(jī)制。此外,為了統(tǒng)籌應(yīng)對農(nóng)用工業(yè)發(fā)展、糧食安全、社會保障、衛(wèi)生、教育和生態(tài)恢復(fù)等問題,采取多部門方針很必要。而為緊迫挑戰(zhàn)提供更好更精確的支持,給出具體的扶貧目標(biāo)和貧困識別非常重要。最后,創(chuàng)新在減貧方面也發(fā)揮了重要作用,尤其是在農(nóng)業(yè)部門。在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)引入信息通信技術(shù),不僅可以提高生產(chǎn)率、對接小農(nóng)戶和市場,還可以實現(xiàn)知識和信息共享。雖然每個國家、地區(qū)、城鎮(zhèn)或村莊都需要其特有的減貧方法,但我認(rèn)為成功的關(guān)鍵在于以下因素:關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和機(jī)制、多部門方針、目標(biāo)定位和創(chuàng)新。這也是聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織所實踐的。通過過去幾年的改革,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織以一種更集中、更針對的戰(zhàn)略,將減貧作為其任務(wù)核心,將我們在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的工作與社會保障部門的工作聯(lián)系起來。各國政府需要就農(nóng)業(yè)和社會保障如何共同發(fā)展以使人們擺脫貧困和饑餓設(shè)定相應(yīng)的國家愿景。貧困形勢和減貧需要重點關(guān)注消除貧困丹尼爾J.古斯塔夫森:雖然目前在應(yīng)對全球饑餓和貧窮問題方面已取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)展,但減貧并非易事,仍然面臨著棘手挑戰(zhàn)。貧困在許多低收入國家的農(nóng)村地區(qū)依然根深蒂固。目前,不斷惡化的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、不可持續(xù)的自然資源管理和氣候變化正對窮人造成不均衡的影響。氣候變化使消除貧困變得更困難。如果沒有扭轉(zhuǎn)以上這些趨勢,消除貧困的目標(biāo)將難以實現(xiàn)。消除貧窮仍然是一項重大挑戰(zhàn),尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū),那里,窮人的絕對數(shù)量還在繼續(xù)增加。此外,在取得一定成績之后,減貧的最后階段才是最具挑戰(zhàn)性的,為實施針對性戰(zhàn)略去識別最脆弱人群變得越來越復(fù)雜。因此,目前面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)是定位貧困人口和最脆弱人群。確定目標(biāo)人群需求非常重要。在經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長的背景下,我們實現(xiàn)了農(nóng)村減貧。但是,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長并不是包容性發(fā)展的靈丹妙藥。在政策無法提供社會服務(wù)和社會保障的情況下,農(nóng)村貧困依然存在。貧困主要與小農(nóng)、女性(偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村地區(qū))和兒童有關(guān)。如果在社會服務(wù)和保障上沒有有效的、針對性的政策,很難打破貧窮的惡性循環(huán)。南南合作的貢獻(xiàn)丹尼爾J.古斯塔夫森:南南合作(SSC)是一個非常成功的計劃,它將中國和其他發(fā)展中國家匯聚一堂,旨在分享經(jīng)驗、技術(shù)和知識(特別是農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方面)。南南合作下,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織致力于促進(jìn)中國與其他發(fā)展中國家之間就減貧、糧食和食品營養(yǎng)安全解決方案的對話、聯(lián)絡(luò)和交流。信息為人們提供了選擇和替代方案,分享經(jīng)驗則可以為面臨類似挑戰(zhàn)的發(fā)展中國家?guī)砝孀畲蠡Ｍㄟ^南南合作平臺交流信息是政策制定者汲取靈感的關(guān)鍵,從而使成功戰(zhàn)略適應(yīng)不同環(huán)境。在南南合作的背景下,中國提供了大力支持。近二十年來,中國向非洲、加勒比和太平洋地區(qū)派出了1000多名專家和技術(shù)人員,為減貧和營養(yǎng)安全做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。正在尋求應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展方案的國家已經(jīng)從實施了這種成功方案的國家那里獲取建議。通過知識共享、技術(shù)支持和專家意見,增長和發(fā)展可以惠及最貧困者,并引入可持續(xù)的長期解決方案。在消除饑餓和貧困、確保糧食和營養(yǎng)安全方面,南南合作一直以來對千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn),而且應(yīng)在可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)框架中繼續(xù)發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵和日益重要的作用。例如,在大米生產(chǎn)中,濫用農(nóng)藥和化肥會降低陸地和水生生物多樣性,同時對人體健康產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。從長遠(yuǎn)來看,它會造成水生和陸地生物多樣性的喪失。因此,需要更有效地利用資源,從而以社會、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)的方式增加產(chǎn)量。通過南南合作,將稻田養(yǎng)魚技術(shù)推廣到其他發(fā)展中國家。運用稻魚共生系統(tǒng)的農(nóng)民可從同一塊土地獲得多樣化的收入來源,從而增加營銷機(jī)會、實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品多樣化和更高收入。確保糧食和生計安全并降低風(fēng)險丹尼爾J.古斯塔夫森:全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)計劃實際上是一種結(jié)合可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村發(fā)展的綜合方法。中國消除貧困的戰(zhàn)略主要基于創(chuàng)造性和創(chuàng)新性的解決方案應(yīng)對農(nóng)業(yè)挑戰(zhàn),將傳統(tǒng)食物系統(tǒng)與創(chuàng)新相結(jié)合已被證明是非常成功的。中國現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)認(rèn)定的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。得益于不斷的創(chuàng)新和保護(hù)策略,中國已經(jīng)設(shè)法維護(hù)生物多樣性和基本生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。許多農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)地址的適應(yīng)能力已經(jīng)得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,能夠更好地應(yīng)對氣候變化和變率、新技術(shù)、不斷變化的社會政治情況或自然災(zāi)害,以確保糧食和生計安全并降低風(fēng)險。例如,青田縣是中國第一個、世界第一批被列為全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)試點的地區(qū),如今更成為了農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)研究的大本營。農(nóng)民將水稻種植與水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖結(jié)合起來,在灌水稻田中養(yǎng)殖魚類。稻田為魚類提供了保護(hù)和有機(jī)食物,魚類軟化土壤且為水稻作物提供了營養(yǎng)和氧氣。中國祖先的傳統(tǒng)智慧得到了保存,并輔之以生態(tài)、有機(jī)的農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)。青田這樣的鄉(xiāng)村不僅提高了生產(chǎn)力,保證了可持續(xù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng),而且還推廣了農(nóng)業(yè)旅游。那些曾遭受人口外流和貧困困擾的村莊現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了傳統(tǒng)的、自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)地址,鼓勵人口流入、旅游,促進(jìn)了中國農(nóng)村振興。窮人和小農(nóng)通過全球重要農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)計劃以可持續(xù)的方式實現(xiàn)了糧食和生計安全。事實上,中國有13個農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)地址,其中8個位于貧困縣,覆蓋共900萬農(nóng)民。通過諸如電子商務(wù)平臺等方式推廣這些地區(qū)的產(chǎn)品,對于減少貧困和鄉(xiāng)村振興也很重要。同時,發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營也被確定為中國重點減貧戰(zhàn)略,政府在這方面投入了大量精力,如派出技術(shù)專家?guī)椭_定作物增長,以及建立和加強(qiáng)合作社。毫無疑問,傳統(tǒng)食物系統(tǒng)與新系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合將有助于減少貧困。通過外部網(wǎng)絡(luò)實名intraper-pcctors方法檢測受壓迫表....4.3.4和..........................4和.........和..............4和......3.3丹尼爾J.古斯塔夫森:“一帶一路”倡議旨在促進(jìn)沿線各國之間的政策溝通、設(shè)施聯(lián)通、貿(mào)易暢通、資金融通和民心相通。農(nóng)業(yè)在相關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用,占許多沿線國家國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的25%以上?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施投資將加強(qiáng)聯(lián)通度,便利市場進(jìn)入,以及資源、信息和服務(wù)的獲取。聯(lián)通世界其他地區(qū)至關(guān)重要,特別是考慮到“一帶一路”沿線地區(qū)往往高度依賴農(nóng)業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)且缺少必要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來實現(xiàn)繁榮和發(fā)展。但是,基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并不是增長和發(fā)展的靈丹妙藥。需要實施政策和改革以便這些投資能夠促進(jìn)包容性增長并惠及最貧困人群。具體而言,將重點放在發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)綜合經(jīng)營上?！耙粠б宦贰毖鼐€大多數(shù)國家都以勞動密集型、農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)為特征,而農(nóng)村貧困仍然是一個普遍而重大的挑戰(zhàn)。通過更好的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,創(chuàng)新可以進(jìn)入這些地區(qū),使其從“一帶一路”及所促進(jìn)的知識交流中大大受益。農(nóng)業(yè)合作是包容性增長的主要支柱。聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織發(fā)現(xiàn),投資農(nóng)業(yè)對于改善最貧窮人群生活的效率是投資其他部門的四倍。DanielJ.Gustafson:Asthequestionstates,povertyreductionvariesamongregions,thuspovertyreductionstrategiesmustadapttothosevariouscontexts,meaningthatauniversalstrategytowardssuccessdoesnotexist.Theinternationalcommunityhaspledgedtohalvepovertyandhungerby2015.Extremepovertyremainsinfactanalarmingproblemintheworld’sdevelopingregions,despitetheadvancesmadeinthe1990s.ProgressinpovertyreductionhasconcentratedinAsiaandespeciallyinEastAsia.Inallotherregions,thenumberofpeopleinextremepovertyhasincreased.ReducingpovertyandhungerareattheheartofFAO’sworkandtheyarecentralgoalsofcountriesworldwide.By2030,MemberStateshavecommittedtoeradicatingextremepovertyforpeopleeverywhere.FAOishelpingcountriesdevelopandimplementevidence-basedpro-poorpolicies,strategiesandprogrammesthatpromoteinclusivegrowthandsustainablelivelihoods.Thekeytopovertyreductionisbroad-basedeconomicgrowth,especiallyinagricultureandtheruraleconomy.Afocusontheagriculturalsectorisanecessaryconditionforsustainablepovertyandhungerreduction.Mostextremepovertyisconcentratedinruralareas(75%).Moreover,priorityactionneedstobetakentoreducehungerdirectly.Inordertoachievepovertyreduction,andtackleruralpoverty,strongleadershipisrequired,atalllevelsofgovernment,accompaniedbystrongandtransparentinstitutions.Moreover,amulti-sectoralapproachisnecessaryinordertobringtogetheragroindustrydevelopment,foodsecurity,socialprotection,health,educationandecologicalrestoration.Itisveryimportanttoadvocatespecifictargetingandidentificationofpoverty,inordertoprovidebetterandprecisesupporttopressingchallenges.Finally,innovationhasplayedamajorroleinpovertyreduction,especiallyintheagriculturalsector.IntroducingICTsinremoteareasnotonlyallowsforbetterproductivityandconnectivitywithmarkets,butalsoknowledgeandinformationsharingAlthougheachcountry,region,townorvillageneedtheiruniqueapproachesforpovertyalleviation,Iwouldsaythatthekeytosuccessarethosecomponents:focusonagriculturaldevelopment,strongleadershipandinstitutions,amulti-sectoralapproach,targetingandinnovation.ThisisalsowhatFAOdoes,actuallybyusingthisapproach.FAO,throughitsreformconductedduringthelastyears,hasputpovertyreductionattheheartofitsmandatethroughamuchmorefocused,andtargetedstrategy,linkingwhatwedointheagriculturalsectorwithwhatisbeingdoneinthesocialprotectionsector.Countriesneedtoestablishanationalvisionofhowagricultureandsocialprotectioncanworktogethertomovepeopleoutofpovertyandhunger.index,popr生長4,3,4,4,4,4,4,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,4.,...4與........3.4與.....4.4.4工作4,5.4DanielJ.Gustafson:Whileconsiderableprogresshasbeenmadeinfightingglobalhungerandpoverty,reducingpovertyisnoeasyjob,andthereremainpressingchallenges.Povertyremainsdeeplyentrenchedintheruralareasofmanylow-incomecountries.Currently,deterioratingecosystems,unsustainablenaturalresourcemanagementandclimatechangearedisproportionallyaffectingthepoor.Climatechangehasmadepovertyeradicationevenmoreofachallenge.Thegoaloferadicatingpovertywillremainelusiveifthesetrendsarenotreversed.Eradicatingpovertycontinuestobeamajorchallenge,especiallyinsub-SaharanAfricawheretheabsolutenumberofpoorhascontinuedtoincrease.Moreover,aftersuchaccomplishments,thelastphaseofpovertyreductionisthemostchallengingandidentifyingthemostvulnerablepopulationsinordertoimplementtargetedstrategiesbecomesincreasinglycomplex.Themainchallengecurrentlyfacedisthusthetargetingofpoverty,andthemostvulnerablepopulation.Infact,addressingallaspectsoftheremainingpovertyisverydemanding,asparticularcharacteristicsvaryandthetargetingsystemneedstobeverystrong.RuralpovertyreductionhasbeenachievedincontextsRuralpovertyreductionhasbeenachievedincontextsofrapideconomicgrowth.However,economicgrowthisnotapanaceaforinclusivedevelopment.Ruralpovertyhaspersistedwherepoliciesfailedtoprovideaccesstosocialservices,socialprotection.Povertylargelyconcernssmallholderfarmers,womenleftbehindinremoteruralareas,andchildren.Withoutefficienttargetedpoliciesonsocialservicesandprovision,itwillbedifficulttobreaktheviciouscircleofpoverty.“chh”與“sowellingspDanielJ.Gustafson:South-SouthCooperationhasbeenaverysuccessfulprogrammethathasbroughttogetherChinaandotherdevelopingcountrieswiththeaimtoshareexperiences,technologyandknowledgeconcerningspecificallyagriculturaldevelopment.UndertheSSC,FAOcommitstofacilitatingdialogues,networkingandmutualexchangeofpovertyreductionandfoodandnutritionsecuritysolutionsbetweenChinaandotherdevelopingcountriesintheworld.Informationgivespeopleoptionsandalternatives,andthesharingofexperiencescanhaveoptimalbenefitsfordevelopingcountrieswithsimilarchallenges.TheexchangeofinformationthroughtheSSCplatformiskeyforpolicy-makerstogaininspirationandthusadaptsuccessfulstrategiestoadifferentcontext.ChinahasofferedgreatsupportinthecontextoftheChinahasofferedgreatsupportinthecontextoftheSSC.Havingsentover1000expertsandtechniciansfornearlytwodecadestoAfrica,theCaribbeanandthePacific,Chinahasbeenamajorcontributortopovertyreductionandnutritionsecurity.Countriesthatareseekingtoapplyinnovativedevelopmentsolutionshavesoughtadvicefromcountriesthathaveimplementedsuchsuccessfulapproaches.Throughknowledgesharing,technicalsupportandexpertise,growthanddevelopmentcanreachthepoorestandintroducesustainable,long-termsolutions.TheSSChasbeenanimportantcontributortotheMDGsTheSSChasbeenanimportantcontributortotheMDGsintermsoferadicatinghungerandpoverty,andensuringfoodandnutritionsecurityandshouldplayakeyandincreasingroleintheframeworkoftheSDGs.Forinstance,inriceproduction,overuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersdecreasesterrestrialandaquaticbiodiversitywhilenegativelyimpactinghumanhealth.Inthelongterm,itcontributestoalossofaquaticandterrestrialbiodiversity.Resourcesneedtobeusedmoreefficientlyinordertoincreaseproductioninasocially,environmentallyandeconomicallysustainablemanner.ThroughtheSSC,Rice-Fishfarmingtechniqueswerepromotedtootherdevelopingcountries.FarmersusingtheRice-Fishsystemsbenefitfromdiversifiedrevenuestreamsfromthesameplotofland,therebyincreasingmarketingopportunities,diversifyingproductsandachievinghigherincomes.通過碳匯率價值的貿(mào)易非織造價值的保護(hù)和重新定義,c.c.n.關(guān)于本世最發(fā)現(xiàn)的非價值產(chǎn)品安全酶,c.vraliwell&va治療質(zhì)量體的選擇,細(xì)胞服務(wù)和v.c.關(guān)于本sihastrain國際專家,c.v.sihasssirtiage堅持的s.sirace.sirace.sirace.sigaregain.siraelgas.sihastrace.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.siraelgesorallga.sigas.sigass.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigass.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sitace.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sitain.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.sigas.siDanielJ.Gustafson:TheGIAHSProgramfostersinfactanintegratedapproachthatcombinessustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment.China’spovertyeradicationstrategiesarelargelybasedonChina’spovertyeradicationstrategiesarelargelybasedoncreativeandinnovativesolutionstoagriculturalchallenges.Combiningtraditionalfoodsystemswithinnovationhasproventobehighlysuccessful.Chinaisnowconsideredaleader–orachampion–inGIAHSdesignations.Thankstocontinuousinnovationandconservationstrategies,Chinahasmanagedtomaintainbiodiversityandessentialecosystemservices.TheresilienceofmanyGIAHSsiteshasbeendevelopedandadaptedtocopewithclimaticvariabilityandchange,newtechnologiesandchangingsocialandpoliticalsituationsornaturalhazardstoensurefoodandlivelihoodsecurityandalleviaterisk.Forinstance,QingtianCountywasthefirstareatoreceivetheGIAHSdesignation,andisnowhometoresearchonagriculturaltechniques.Thefarmerscombinedricefarmingwithaquaculture,growingfishintheirfloodedpaddyfields.Thericepaddiesofferedprotectionandorganicfoodforthefish,andthefishsoftensthesoilandprovidesnutrientsandoxygenforthericecrop.ThetraditionalwisdomofChineseancestorshasbeenpreserved,andcomplementedbyanecologicalandorganicagriculturesystem.VillagessuchastheoneinQingtianhavenotonlyimprovedproductivity,ensuredsustainableandecologicalsystems,buthavealsobecomefamous,thereinpromotingagro-tourismaswell.Villageslikethatonethatweresufferingfromout-migrationandpovertyhavenowturnedintotraditional,self-sufficientAgriculturalHeritagesystems,encouragingin-migration,tourismandthuscontributingtoChina’sruralvitalization.PoorandsmallfarmershavefoundfoodandlivelihoodsecuritythroughtheGIAHSProgrammeinasustainablemanner.Infact,Chinahas13GIAHSsites,8ofwhicharelocatedinpoverty-strickencountiesinvolvingatotalnumberof9millionfarmers.Promotingtheproducts,suchasthroughe-commerceplatforms,fromthesesiteswouldalsobeimportantforpovertyalleviationandruralrevitalization.Wearenowindiscussionwithvariouspartnersforthisobjective.Meanwhile,agribusinessdevelopmenthasbeenidentifiedasakeypovertyreductionstrategyofChina,andthegovernmenthasputalotofeffortsinthatregard,suchassendingtechnicalexpertstohelpidentifythecropstogrow,aswellasestablishingandenhancingcooperatives.Thiscombinationoftraditionalfoodsystemswithnewsystemswillcertainlyhelpreducepoverty.ag婦人聯(lián)邦政府/—QAChinaInvestment:HowdoyouseetheroleofagriculturecooperationundertheBRIinitiative?DanielJ.Gustafson:TheBeltandRoadInitiativeaimstohelppromotepol