南京大學(xué)考博英語歷年真題及詳解

?

2015年南京大學(xué)考博英語真題及詳解

PartIVocabulary

andStructure(20%)

Directions:Thereare

20incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandDrespectively.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletethe

sentences.ThenblackenyouranswerinthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswer

Sheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1Theambassadorwasaccusedofhaving_____ondomesticaffairs.

A.trespassed

B.encroached

C.entrenched

D.invaded

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：大使被指控干涉國(guó)內(nèi)事務(wù)。該題為近義詞辨析，選項(xiàng)中的四個(gè)詞均有侵犯的意思。trespass為不及物動(dòng)詞，一般與介詞on搭配使用，意思為“擅自進(jìn)入；侵犯，侵害；打擾”，強(qiáng)調(diào)非法侵入，符合題意。encroach意思為“蠶食；侵占”，強(qiáng)調(diào)侵入并占領(lǐng)。entrench意思為“用壕溝圍繞或保護(hù)…；牢固地確立…”，強(qiáng)調(diào)在某處站穩(wěn)腳跟。invade一般用作及物動(dòng)詞，指“侵入，攻占；侵襲”。

2Thegoalistousecrops,weeds,andevenanimalwaste_____the

petroleumthatfuelsmuchofAmericanmanufacturing.

A.intermsof

B.infavorof 

C.inspiteof 

D.inplaceof

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：目標(biāo)是使用農(nóng)作物、雜草甚至動(dòng)物糞便來代替石油為美國(guó)制造業(yè)提供能源。inplaceof“代替，取代”，符合題意。

3Ascomputersecuritysystemsbecomeevenmoreadvanced,_____the

methodsofthosewhotrytobreakintothemillegally.

A.somuch

do

B.sotoo

do

C.asmuch

as 

D.aswellas

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：電腦安全系統(tǒng)更加先進(jìn)，而非法入侵電腦安全系統(tǒng)的方法也變得更加先進(jìn)了。本題考察“so+助動(dòng)詞+主語”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“……也是如此”。too為副詞，表示“也”。

4Parentswithonlyonechildtendtohavehigheracademic_____

fortheirchild.

A.

ambitions 

B.

intentions 

C.

propositions

D.aspirations

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：獨(dú)生子女的父母對(duì)孩子的學(xué)術(shù)期望更高。ambition野心，抱負(fù)；追求的目標(biāo)。aspiration強(qiáng)烈的愿望，渴望。兩者相比，aspiration能夠表達(dá)父母對(duì)孩子的期望，因此D項(xiàng)更加符合題意。

5Aseriesofattempts_____made,hecametorealizethathehad

underestimatedtheenormityofthetask.

A.

were

B.to

be 

C.had

been 

D.havingbeen

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：在做了一系列的嘗試以后，他開始意識(shí)到他低估了任務(wù)的艱巨性。本句中逗號(hào)后面的句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，可知逗號(hào)前面的句子成分應(yīng)該為句子的狀語，因此排除A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)。做出嘗試發(fā)生在意識(shí)到任務(wù)的艱巨性之前，因此選D項(xiàng)。

6ManufacturingisChina'smostimportanteconomicactivity,_____

over30percentoftheworkforce.

A.

including 

B.engaging 

C.

approximating

D.accounting

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：制造業(yè)是中國(guó)最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，雇傭了超過30%的勞動(dòng)力。engage“聘用，雇傭”，符合題意。account作及物動(dòng)詞，意思為“認(rèn)為，把……視作”。accountfor說明（原因、理由等）；（在數(shù)量、比例上）占；對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)。

7Thewriterseemsto_____betweenapprovingofCollin'sactions

andfindingthemdisgusting.

A.

alter 

B.

transform 

C.

vacillate 

D.vibrate

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：作家似乎在支持科林的行動(dòng)和反感其行動(dòng)之間游移不定。vacillatebetween…and…在……之間猶豫不決。

8Alieisasmuchalie,whenitiswhispered,aswhenitis_____

atthemarketcross.

A.proclaimed 

B.

reclaimed

C.

acclaimed 

D.claimed

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：不管是小聲低語還是在市場(chǎng)門口大聲叫喊,謊言終歸是謊言。本題考察近形詞辨析。proclaim“表明；宣告，公布”，與句中的whisper相對(duì)應(yīng)，因此選A項(xiàng)。reclaim取回；開拓，開墾。acclaim稱贊；向…歡呼。claim聲稱；索?。粩嘌?。

9The_____ofcomputertechnologyhasledtomajorchangesinour

socialandfamilylife.

A.

fraudulence 

B.

arrival

C.

dawn

D.advent

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的來臨導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)和家庭生活的巨大改變。theadventof…“……的到來，伴隨著……的出現(xiàn)”，符合題意。

10Teenagechildrenbegantoasserttheirindependenceandthiscan

leadtoagooddealof_____inthefamily.

A.

controversy 

B.

friction 

C.

restriction

D.contradiction

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：青少年開始宣稱獨(dú)立，這導(dǎo)致了許多家庭矛盾的產(chǎn)生。friction“摩擦；摩擦力；沖突，不和”，符合題意，選B項(xiàng)。

11Theirreflexivemindsettellsscientiststhatallclaims,____

political,moral,orreligious,areopentoexaminationandcritique.

A.be

they 

B.howeverthey

are

C.nomatter

theyare

D.whetherthey

be

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：他們的反思性思維告訴科學(xué)家，所有斷言，無論是政治、道德還是宗教，都應(yīng)該接受檢查和批評(píng)。A項(xiàng)為省略whether，且be動(dòng)詞提前的結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于whethertheyare…，符合題干意思和語法結(jié)構(gòu)。C項(xiàng)應(yīng)該為nomatterwhethertheyare…

12ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagefallsintothree

reasonably__periods:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.

A.

cutting 

B.

rational 

C.

distinct 

D.disputable

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：英語的發(fā)展明顯可分為三個(gè)不同的時(shí)期：古英語、中古英語和現(xiàn)代英語。distinct“明顯的，清楚的”符合句意。cutting鋒利的，銳利的；諷刺的，挖苦的。rational合理的，理性的。disputable有爭(zhēng)議的。

13Thedeathofhisfathergavehimawholenew__onlife;nowhe

spendsmoretimewithhisfamily.

A.

perspective

B.euphemism 

C.

conformation 

D.providence

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：他父親的死完全改變了他對(duì)生活的看法，現(xiàn)在他會(huì)花更多時(shí)間陪伴家人。perspective“觀點(diǎn)，看法；洞察力”，符合題意，因此選A項(xiàng)。euphemism委婉的說話；委婉語。conformation構(gòu)造，構(gòu)像。providence遠(yuǎn)見；天意。

14Astheleavesturnyellowandfall,youcanfeelthe__of

winter.

A.approach

B.

effect 

C.

surrounding 

D.specimen

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：樹葉變黃，開始掉落，你能感覺到冬天的來臨。approach“接近，走進(jìn)，靠近”，符合題意，選A項(xiàng)。surrounding環(huán)境，周圍的事物。specimen樣品，標(biāo)本。

15Theteacher'sroleisnotsimplyto__knowledgetostudents;he

shouldalsosetagoodexampleforthem.

A.

provide

B.

impart

C.

share

D.stretch

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：教師的責(zé)任不僅僅是傳授知識(shí)，還應(yīng)該給學(xué)生們樹立好的榜樣。impart傳授；給予；告知，透露。

16ThomasLeech_____averysuccessfulcareerasaphotographer.

A.built

up  

B.carved

out 

C.fought

for 

D.stumbledon

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：Thomas

Leech成功開辟出了自己的攝影事業(yè)。carve

out雕刻出……；用辛勤的勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造出……。carveoutacareer謀求發(fā)跡，干出一番事業(yè)。buildup建立；建造。stumbleon無意中發(fā)現(xiàn)。

17Hardy'sweakness_____hisapparentinabilitytocontrolthe

comingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnessto

cultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.

A.lay

in

B.gaverise

to 

C.shedlight

on 

D.derivedfrom

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他明顯無法控制好那不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，本題中fromhisunwillingness與空格部分并列，所以空格部分的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該能夠與from搭配使用，因此D項(xiàng)正確。

18Althoughthistheorywasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrine

wasgenerallyabandoned_____theopposingview.

A.infavor

of 

B.inplaceof

C.instead

of 

D.intermsof

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：雖然該理論歷來都沒有在嚴(yán)格意義上被反對(duì)過，但是以上教條通常被丟棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀念。infavorof“贊成，支持”，與本句前面的abandon相對(duì)應(yīng)，符合題意，因此選A項(xiàng)。

19HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthedocumentsto

extractcasehistories,whichhave_____theattitudesofdifferentsocial

groupsandhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.

A.

laminated

B.

ruminated

C.

illuminated

D.eliminated

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】句意：像LeRoyLadurie一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出一些個(gè)案史來，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度，并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。illuminate“照亮，照明；闡明，說明”，符合題意。laminate將（金屬）鍛壓成薄片。ruminate反芻；沉思；反復(fù)考慮。eliminate淘汰;排除，消除。

20Asourworkisnotdoneyet,I'minno_____togooutfora

movietonight.

A.

mind

B.

temper 

C.

mood 

D.disposition

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】因?yàn)槲覀兊墓ぷ鬟€沒有完成，所以今晚我沒有心情去看電影。bein

nomoodfor/todosth.沒有心情做某事。

PartIICloze

(15%)

Directions:Thereare

15blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandDrespectivelybeneaththepassage.YoushouldchoosetheONE

thatismostappropriate.Thenblackenyouranswerinthecorrespondingletter

onyourAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Smoking,which

maybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomfortfortheir

fellows.(21) ,medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir(22) 

 abouttheeffectofsmoking (23)thehealthnotonlyof

thosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodon't.Infact,non-smokerswhomust(24) 

 inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay(25) 

 morethanthesmokersthemselves.

A(26) 

 numberofourstudentshave(27)  inan

effortto(28)  theuniversitytobansmokingin

theclassrooms.Ibelievetheyare(29)  rightin

theiraim.(30)  ,Iwouldhopethatitis(31) 

 toachievethisby(32)  thesmokersto

usegoodjudgmentandshowconcern(33)  others

ratherthanbyregulation.

Iamtherefore

askingyouto(34) "NoSmoking"inthe

auditoriums,classroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethe

non-smoker'shealthandwell-being(35) ,whichis

veryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents.

21A.StillB.

More C.

Again D.

Further

22A.concernB.

troubleC.

interestD.

displeasure

23A.onB.

inC.

with D.

to

24A.involuntarilyB.

instinctivelyC.spontaneously D.

reluctantly

25A.endure B.

suffer C.

undergoD.

putupwith

26A.few B.

considerable C.many D.

quantitative

27A.linkedB.

connectedC.associatedD.

joined

28A.make B.

persuadeC.cause D.

commit

29A.entirelyB.

totallyC.

justD.

wholly

30A.Butthen B.

However C.Although D.

Moreover

31A.likelyB.

probably C.capable D.

possible

32A.pleading B.

begging C.

insistingD.

callingon

33A.withB.

for C.

toD.

in

34A.inscribeB.

decorateC.

maintainD.

claim

35A.onheadB.

inheart C.

inmind D.

inyourbrain

【答案與解析】

21D 文章開頭指出吸煙會(huì)讓同伴感到不舒服，接著在第二句引用醫(yī)學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)繼續(xù)表明吸煙的害處，二者之間是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，因此選D項(xiàng)。

22A expressone’sconcernaboutsth.對(duì)……表示關(guān)切/擔(dān)憂。

23A 本句表示吸煙對(duì)健康有影響，effect與介詞on連用，表示“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生影響”。

24A 句意：那些本身不吸煙，但是被動(dòng)吸入受煙草污染的空氣的人可能比吸煙者本身受到的傷害更大。根據(jù)句意可知，空格處指的是被動(dòng)吸煙，involuntarily意思為“非自愿地；非出于本意地；無意地”，符合題意，選A項(xiàng)。

25B 根據(jù)上下文句意可知，空格部分指“遭受到傷害”，因此使用suffer。

26B a numberof大量的，許多的。considerable意思為“相當(dāng)大（或多）的”，用來修飾number，符合題意，因此選B項(xiàng)。many后面應(yīng)該接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。quantitative定量的，數(shù)量上的。

27D joinin為固定搭配，意思為“參加，加入”。

28B persuadesb.todosth.說服某人做某事。這里指說服大學(xué)在教室禁煙。

29A wholly突出一種完整性，整個(gè)的一個(gè)東西；而entirely突出一種完全性，一定范圍里所有的東西；totally突出數(shù)量上的完全性。這里指完全正確，因此A項(xiàng)更加合適。

30B 空格前面的句子講到學(xué)生們讓教室禁煙的目標(biāo)完全正確，接著開始講希望實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的方式不要通過強(qiáng)制的規(guī)定（ratherthanbyregulation）。上下文句意之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此選B項(xiàng)。

31D itispossibletodosth.有可能做某事。possible填在此處符合上下文句意，因此選D項(xiàng)。likely的主語不能為it。probably為副詞，不符合題意。

32D 根據(jù)句意可知，這里指我希望有可能通過呼吁吸煙者進(jìn)行良好的判斷并對(duì)別人表示關(guān)心，而不是通過強(qiáng)制規(guī)定來實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。callonsb.todosth.呼吁某人做某事。因此選D項(xiàng)。

33B showconcernforsb.對(duì)……表示關(guān)心，關(guān)心某人。

34C 句意：因此我要求你們?cè)诙Y堂、教室和研討室不要吸煙。maintain“保持；堅(jiān)持”，符合題意，因此選C項(xiàng)。inscribe題寫，銘記。claim要求，聲稱。

35C have/bearsth.inmind記住某事，把某事記在心里。

PartIIIReadingComprehension

(40%)

Directions:Thereare

fivepassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C

andD.youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandblackenyouranswerinthe

correspondingletteronyourAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthe

center.

Passage1

Accordingto

sociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecome

recognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,

traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.

Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygradually

emergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlarger

groups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleaders

areoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesof

researchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategory

of"naturalleaders."Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonal

qualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmaybe

recognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthat

particulargroup.

Furthermore,

althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,

researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthat

areheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthat

emphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslookto

instrumentalleadersto"getthingsdone."Expressiveleadership,on

theotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofa

socialgroup'smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverall

goalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersand

attemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpect

expressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupand

providesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumental

leadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroup

members.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit

attainmentofthegroup'sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonal

orprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeone

experiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightena

seriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodivide

thegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleaders

generallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumental

leaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamore

distantrespect.

36Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Theproblems

facedbyleaders.

B.How

leadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocial

groupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleof

leadersinsocialgroups.

37Thepassagementionsallofthe

followingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT

A.recruitment.

B.formal

electionprocess.

C.specific

leadershiptraining.

D.traditional

culturalpatterns.

38Inmentioning"natural

leaders"inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat

A.fewpeople

qualifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.thereisno

proofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“naturalleaders”

areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“natural

leaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

39Whichofthefollowingstatementsabout

leadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynot

beaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup.

B.Fewpeople

succeedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncan

bestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeople

desiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

40Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumental

leadersgenerallyfocuson

A.ensuring

harmoniousrelationship.

B.sharing

responsibilitywithgroupmembers.

C.identifying

newleaders.

D.achievinga

goal.

【答案與解析】

36D 本文第一、二段首先介紹了社會(huì)群體中領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者出現(xiàn)的方式和特點(diǎn)，然后在第三、四段重點(diǎn)介紹了兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（instrumentalleaders和expressiveleaders）各自在社會(huì)群體中扮演的角色和作用。D項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在社會(huì)團(tuán)體中的作用”符合文章主旨，因此選D項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)均不是本文重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，因此排除。

37C 文章第一段一開始就提到有不同的方法可以使某人成為一個(gè)社會(huì)團(tuán)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，其中在家庭中可以根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)文化模式（traditionalculturalpatterns）確定領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，而在更大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者一般是通過正式的選舉或者招募（throughelectionorrecruitment）。只有C項(xiàng)沒有提及，因此選C項(xiàng)。

38B 第二段第一句中提到“decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethat

thereisanycategoryof‘naturalleaders’.”也就是說沒有充分證據(jù)證明存在著天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（naturalleaders）。B項(xiàng)與本句符合，因此選B。

39A 第二段第二句提到“virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhas

qualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup”，由此推測(cè)即使某個(gè)人符合某個(gè)群體中對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)特質(zhì)的要求，他到另一個(gè)群體中可能就不一定適合，因此選A項(xiàng)。

40D 第三段和第四段均提到了指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)（instrumentalleaders），第四段第二句提到“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletion

oftasks”，并且在文章最后一句繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)完成目標(biāo)對(duì)指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的重要性（instrumentalleaders,…inpromotinggroupgoals），由此可知，本題選D項(xiàng)。

Passage2

Thewordhospice

ishundredsofyearsold.ItcomestousfromthetimecalledtheMiddleAges

inEurope.Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretraveler

couldstay.Sometimesthegroupsalsoofferedaplaceforthesickandthe

dying.Todaythewordhospicemeansmorethanaplace.Itmeansawayofcaring

forthedying.Inthemodernsenseoftheword,itmeansthat,ifpossible,

dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathomeduringtheirlastdays;andthe

health-careworkersdonottrytolengthenthelivesofthedyingwithmodern

medicalequipment.Instead,care-giversmakeveryefforttocontrolorstopthe

patient'spain.Italsomeansthatpatientsgethelpfortheiremotionalneeds

inadditiontotheirphysicalneeds.

ABritishwoman

CicelySaunderswasthefirstmajoractivistforhospicecareinmoderntimes.

CicelySaundersworkedasanurseinahospitalrightafterWorldWarII,where

shemetamanwhowasdyingofcancer.Thenurseandthedyingmanrecognized

thatahospitalwasnotmeetinghisneeds.Togethertheyfoundideasaboutthe

bestpossibletreatmentforpeoplewhowouldnevergetwellagain.Theytalked

abouttreatmentsthatwouldpermitpatientstodiscusstheirfeelingsandto

takepartinactivitiesmeaningfultothem.Theyplannedasystemthatwould

allowdyingpeopletobesurroundedbythepeopleandthingstheylovedmost.

ThedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudytobecomeadoctor.By

1967Dr.SaundershadorganizedandopenedSt.Christopher'sHospiceinLondon.

In1974,after

theAmerica'sfirsthospicestartedinNewHaven,othersfollowedsuitin

citiesthroughoutthecountry.Organizershadadifficultjob.Theyhadto

teachthepublicabouttheideaofhospice.Theyhadtogetmoneyfrom

companies,religiousgroupsandcitizens.Andtheyhadtonegotiatewithlocal

governmentstousepublicmoneytocareforthedying.Thankstotheir

unyieldingdeterminationandpainstakingefforts,hospicehasgrowninAmerica.

Dr.JoMagno,thePresidentoftheNationalHospiceOrganization,saidthat

workingwiththedyingoccasionally,madehersad.Yetsheremembersthewords

ofDr.CicelySaunders---"Wecannotadddaystolifebutwecanaddlife

todays."

41Whatistheoriginalmeaningofthe

word"hospice"?

A.Itwasa

placewherethehomelessoldpeopleweretakencareof.

B.Itwasa

placewherereligiouspeoplelived.

C.Itwasa

placeofferedbychurchesforthetravelers.

D.Itwasa

placewheredoctorstreatedpatients.

42Inthemodernsenseoftheword,

hospiceincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.apriestis

invitedtoprayforthedying.

B.adying

patientistakencareofathishome.

C.effortsare

madetoreducethepainofthedyingpeople.

D.the

psychologicalneedsofthedyingareconsideredandcaredfor.

43WhatdidCicelyandthemantalkabout?

A.Howto

advisethehospitaltotreatthedyingpatients.

B.Howtomake

arrangementforthepatientswhohadnohopeofrecovery.

C.The

meaningfulactivitiesforallpatientstotakepartin.

D.Thekindof

peoplethatareallowedtovisitthepatients.

44HowdidCicelySaunderscompleteher

study?

A.Byworking

part-time.

B.Beobtaining

afellowship.

C.Withthe

helpofaman'smoney.

D.Throughher

managementofSt.Christopher'sHospice.

45Whichisacorrectstatementaboutthe

earlyAmericanhospice?

A.Itwasan

immediatesuccessastheresultoftheeffortbyDr.Cicely.

B.Itwas

probablynoteasytopersuadecompaniestoprovidefinancialsupport.

C.Manypeople

readilyacceptedthenewidea.

D.Local

governmentsforbadewhattheydid.

【答案與解析】

41C 文章第一段一開始就介紹了“hospice”這一單詞的來源。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretraveler

couldstay.”可知，C項(xiàng)正確。

42A 第一段最后三句開始介紹hospice在現(xiàn)代的作用，其中提到了“dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathome”、“care-giversmakeveryefforttocontrolorstop

thepatient'spain”及“patientsgethelpfortheiremotionalneeds”，只有A項(xiàng)文章沒有提及，因此選A項(xiàng)。

43B 第二段第四句提到“Togethertheyfoundideasaboutthebestpossibletreatmentfor

peoplewhowouldnevergetwellagain.”他們討論的是對(duì)于無法治愈的人應(yīng)該如何處理，因此B項(xiàng)正確。第二段第三句提到醫(yī)院不再適合這個(gè)得了癌癥的男士，也就是說他們并不是想讓醫(yī)院來繼續(xù)治療無法治愈的人，因此A項(xiàng)排除。

44C 第二段倒數(shù)第二句提到“ThedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudytobecomea

doctor.”因此C項(xiàng)正確。

45B 文章最后一段第二句明確提到“Organizershadadifficultjob”，并且講到他們要努力去說服大眾，從公司、宗教組織和公民那兒獲得資金支持，并且需要和當(dāng)?shù)卣M(jìn)行協(xié)商。由此可推測(cè)，要說服公司提供資金支持并不是很容易，B項(xiàng)正確。

Passage3

Whatwetoday

callAmericafolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday

"folks"who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarket

forartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,

essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-century

Dutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarked

tasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnited

Statescontainedincreasingnumbersofsuchpeople,andoftheartistshow

couldmeettheirdemands.

Theearliest

Americanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutand

Massachusetts--forthiswasawealthyand

populousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.Withinafew

decadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,the

populationwaspushingwestward,andportraitpainterscouldbefoundatwork

inwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughits

firstcenturyasanation,theUnitedStates'populationhadincreasedroughly

fivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtotheoriginalthirteen.

Duringtheseyearsthedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfied

bythecamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithina

generationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.

Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthy

andexecutedbytheprofessional.

Butinthe

heydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850's—anyonewithamodicumof

artisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitistwascalled.Local

craftspeople—sign,

coach,andhousepainters—begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesa

talentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocal

reputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworth

theirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvases,andbrushesandtotravelthe

countryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.

46Inlines3—5theauthormentionsseventeenth-centuryDutchburghersasan

exampleofagroupthat

A.consisted

mainlyofself-taughtartists.

B.appreciated

portraits.

C.influenced

Americanfolkart.

D.hadlittle

timeforthearts.

47Accordingtothepassage，whereweremanyofthefirst

Americanfolkartportraitspainted?

A.Inwestern

NewYork.

B.InIllinois

andMissouri.

C.In

ConnecticutandMassachusetts.

D.InOhio.

48Theword“this”intheline8refersto

A.astrong

crafttradition.

B.American

folkart.

C.NewEngland.

D.westernNew

York.

49Thephrase"usheringin"in

line14isclosestinmeaningto

A.beginning.

B.demanding.

C.publishing.

D.increasing.

50Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedto

adeclineinthedemandforpainedportraits?

A.Thelackof

astrongcrafttradition.

B.Thewestward

migrationofmanypainters.

C.Thegrowing

preferenceforlandscapepaintings.

D.The

inventionofthecamera.

【答案與解析】

46B 分析文章第二句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主干部分為“Citizensofprosperous…h(huán)avealwaysshownamarkedtastefor

portraiture”，而句子中間的破折號(hào)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)主語Citizensofprosperous進(jìn)行的舉例，由此可知，破折號(hào)部分提到的“seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers”屬于欣賞肖像畫的一類人。

47C 根據(jù)第二段第一句“TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome…from…especially

ConnecticutandMassachusetts”，可知C項(xiàng)正確。

48C 破折號(hào)前面講到早期美國(guó)的民間藝術(shù)肖像畫來自新英格蘭，破折號(hào)后面緊接著解釋出現(xiàn)在新英格蘭的原因，所以this指代的是New

England，因此C項(xiàng)正確。

49A 根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句，其中提到daguerreotype（銀版照相法）被引進(jìn)美國(guó)，這項(xiàng)發(fā)明終結(jié)了肖像畫的流行，因此這里指開創(chuàng)了攝像時(shí)代。usherin開創(chuàng)，迎接。因此選A項(xiàng)。

50D 根據(jù)文章第二段倒數(shù)第二、三句可知，照相機(jī)滿足了人們對(duì)于肖像畫的需求，攝像技術(shù)使得肖像畫不再流行，因此D項(xiàng)正確。

Passage4

Whatpercentage

ofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthe

fortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,

andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.

Technologyand

thedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldsthe

needforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaid

occupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andby

increasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboring

hours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthe

population,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureas

inearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshow

aristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.

Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuch

afuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,

ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendin

town,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualby

fashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertain

people.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewould

benoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,

dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerous

driving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommit

actsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beit

physicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoran

artist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase

"gettingone'steethintoaproblem."

51Accordingtothepassage,thewriter

believesthemajorityofthepopulation

A.areunhappy

withwhattheydo.

B.willget

biggerintheirnumberinthefuture.

C.agreewith

himonhisclassification.

D.areinthe

fortunatepositionofbeingworkers.

52Accordingtothepassage,technologyanddivisionoflabourhave

doneallofthefollowingEXCEPT

A.increasing

thejoyofthepaidoccupations.

B.makingskill

andspecialstrengthunnecessaryinwork.

C.causingjobs

tobedulllab