華東師范大學(xué)外語學(xué)院《211翻譯碩士英語》專業(yè)碩士歷年考研真題及詳解

2010年華東師范大學(xué)211翻譯碩士英語考研真題及詳解I.MultipleChoice(30points,1pointforeach)1．TheAmericanapproachtoteachingmayseemunfamiliartomanypeoplebecausethereislessemphasisonlearningfactsthan_____trueinthesystemsofanyothercountries.A.isB.itisC.itbeingD.tobe【答案】A查看答案【解析】這句話中than為關(guān)系代詞，用在帶比較級形容詞的先行詞之后，在定語從句中作主語。2．Cinema-goershate_____longqueuesbeforeallcinemas.A.therebeingB.theretobeC.thereisD.thereare【答案】B查看答案【解析】like,prefer,hate,want,mean,intend,expect,consider等動詞后接therebe句型時要用theretobe的形式。3．_____hadapassionforwalking,westartedoffbycar.A.whenB.asC.afterD.while【答案】B查看答案【解析】這句話中as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，放于主句之前。4．Theoppositionpartiesareplanningtobring_____aNo-ConfidenceMotionagainstthePrimeMinister.A.upB.forwardC.outD.about【答案】B查看答案【解析】bringforward提出(問題、建議、計劃等)。bringup提出問題（供討論或協(xié)商等）。bringout出版，生產(chǎn)。bringabout帶來，引起。5．Indiaisoneoftheseveralcountrieswhichare_____affectedbywidespreaddeforestationandsteadydestructionofnaturalwatersheds.A.criticallyB.remarkablyC.superficiallyD.strongly【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：在森林遭受廣泛砍伐、自然水域遭到破壞的國家中，印度是受到影響最嚴(yán)重的國家之一。critically危急地；嚴(yán)重地。remarkably顯著地；非常地。superficially表面地；淺薄地。strongly強(qiáng)有力地；堅強(qiáng)地。6．Ifyoutakecareofthepence,the_____willtakecareofthemselves.A.dollarsB.centsC.poundsD.money【答案】C查看答案【解析】這句話是一句英文諺語，意思是從小事抓起，大事才能做好，即積少成多。7．Overthecourseofcenturies,theriverGangeshas_____itscoursemanyatimes.A.alteredB.deviatedC.recoveredD.adjusted【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：幾個世紀(jì)以來，恒河的河道變了很多次。這句話中第二個course是“路線，航向”的意思。alter改變。deviate作“偏離”的意思時為不及物動詞，需要與from搭配。recover恢復(fù)。adjust使……適合；校準(zhǔn)。8．Anotablepatriotandrevolutionary_____losttoIndiainthedeathofSubhashChandraBose.A.wasB.wereC.hadD.have【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：SubhashChandraBose的離世使印度少了一位偉大的愛國主義家和革命家。這句話中patriot和revolutionary指的都是SubhashChandraBose，因此謂語動詞用單數(shù)。9．Thedacoitsattackedthevillageandeveryman,womanandchild_____puttodeath.A.wasB.wereC.isD.are【答案】A查看答案【解析】every修飾單數(shù)名詞，后接單數(shù)動詞。10．TheytriedtoreassuremebutIwasstillnotableto_____myfearsA.annulB.preventC.reduceD.curtail【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：他們試圖讓我安心，但我還是不能抹去內(nèi)心的恐懼。annul廢除；使消失。curtail縮減；剪短。11．Ialwayspreferredthe_____ofthebigcity.A.anonymityB.obscurityC.distinctivenessD.noneofthese【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：我總是更喜歡大城市的匿名性?？梢岳斫鉃槲蚁矚g在大城市中幾乎沒有人認(rèn)識自己這種感覺。anonymity匿名。obscurity朦朧；陰暗。distinctiveness特殊性；辨別性。12．Theopposition_____theMinisterbyfuriouscriticism.A.ascribedB.hailedC.treatedD.assailed【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：反對派通過猛烈的批評來攻擊部長。assail攻擊；質(zhì)問。ascribe歸因于。hail致敬；招呼。13．Hisjokesfailedto_____eventhefaintestofsmilesfromher.A.invokeB.elicitC.attractD.make【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：他的笑話沒有使她的臉上展現(xiàn)出一丁點笑容。elicit使發(fā)出；引起。invoke調(diào)用；祈求。14．Creditcardcrimeisreaching_____proportions.A.endemicB.epidemicC.unbelievableD.great【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：信用卡犯罪正在蔓延。epidemic流行的；傳染性的。endemic地方性的。unbelievable難以置信的。15．Thevisitorwaswelcomed_____andintroducedtotheGovernor.A.ceremoniouslyB.ceremoniallyC.affectionatelyD.perfectly【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：客人受到了隆重的歡迎，然后被介紹給了州長。ceremoniously隆重地。ceremonially禮儀上地。affectionately親切地。16．Sheshowedgreat_____andfinesseindealingwiththetroublesomesituation.A.tactB.trickC.abilityD.power【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：她處理棘手的局面時表現(xiàn)得十分老練與巧妙。finesse策略；巧妙。tact機(jī)智；老練。trick詭計。17．She_____herdisapprovaloftheshowbyleavingtheauditorium.A.engagedB.sawC.envisagedD.evinced【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：她用離開觀眾席這種方式來表示自己對于這場表演的不滿。evince表明，表示。engage占用；使參加。envisage正視，面對。18．Coachingclassesoftenactasthe_____tosuccessincompetitiveexaminations.A.wayB.meansC.doorD.window【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：在選拔考試中，輔導(dǎo)班通常扮演著通往成功大門的角色。coachingclass輔導(dǎo)班。由于空白處前有“actas”，不能選way這個選項。19．Thepoorwomanhas_____manyhardshipsafterherhusbanddiedmanyyearsago.A.bornB.boreC.borneD.boar【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：這個可憐女人的丈夫很多年前去世了，在那之后她受了很多苦。borne忍受。boar野豬。20．Wepartook_____thehumblemealprovidedbythevillagers.A.withB.ofC.atD.from【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：我們吃光了村民提供給我們的便飯。partake吃，喝；分享。partakeof吃光。21．Thisissimilartotheothertune,butquite_____fromit.A.distinctiveB.distinctC.divergeD.divergent【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：這首曲子與另一首相似，但又截然不同。bedistinctfrom與……不同。distinctive有特色的。diverge偏離。divergent相異的，分歧的。22．Aleadingchemistbelievesthatmanyscientistshavedifficultywithstereochemistrybecausemuchoftherelevantnomenclatureis_____,inthatitcombinesconceptsthatshouldbekept_____A.obscure,interrelatedB.specialized,intactC.imprecise,discreteD.descriptive,separate【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：一位著名的化學(xué)家認(rèn)為許多科學(xué)家對立體化學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)有困難，因為許多相關(guān)的術(shù)語將無關(guān)的概念相結(jié)合，導(dǎo)致這些術(shù)語不精確。第一個空應(yīng)該填導(dǎo)致“difficulty”的原因。inthat表達(dá)因果關(guān)系，即后面內(nèi)容也是“difficulty”的原因。根據(jù)combine可知，第二個空應(yīng)該填其意思相反的形容詞。interrelated相關(guān)的。specialized專業(yè)的。intact完整的。imprecise不精確的。discrete分離的。descriptive描寫的。23Amisconceptionfrequentlyheldbynovicewriteristhatsentencestructuremirrorsthought:themoreconvolutedthestructure,themore_____theideas.A.complicatedB.inconsequentialC.elementaryD.fanciful【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：新手作家通常有一種錯誤的觀念，即句子結(jié)構(gòu)是思想的反映，句子結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜，思想就越深刻。這句話中mirror的意思為“反映”，因此空白處單詞的意思應(yīng)該與“convoluted”相同。complicated難懂的。inconsequential不重要的。fanciful想象的；稀奇的。24Awar,eveniffoughtforindividuallibertyanddemocraticrights,usuallyrequiresthattheseprinciplesbe_____,fortheyare_____theregimentationanddisciplinenecessaryformilitaryefficiency.A.rejected,inherentinB.suppressed,fulfilledthroughC.suspended,incompatiblewithD.followed,disruptiveof【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：戰(zhàn)爭，哪怕是為了爭取個人自由和民主權(quán)利而戰(zhàn)，通常也需要暫時放棄這些原則，因為他們和軍事效率所必需的組織紀(jì)律是相矛盾的。suspend推遲；使暫停。beincompatiblewith與……不相容。suppress抑制。beinherentin為……固有的。disruptive破壞性的。25Anumberofwriterswhooncegreatly_____theliterarycritichaverecentlyrecanted,substituting_____fortheirformercriticism.A.lauded,censureB.influenced,analysisC.simulated,ambivalenceD.disparaged,approbation【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：很多曾經(jīng)強(qiáng)烈鄙視這個文學(xué)評論家的作家近來放棄了他們過去的想法，他們用贊美代替了之前了批評。由“formercriticism”可知，第一個空應(yīng)該填具有貶義的動詞，第二個空應(yīng)該填褒義詞。disparage蔑視；毀謗。approbation認(rèn)可；贊許。laud贊美。Censure責(zé)難。simulate模仿。ambivalence矛盾情緒。26．Ahumanbeingisquite_____creature,fortheglossofrationalitythatcovershisorherfearsand_____isthinandofteneasilybreached.A.afrail,insecurityB.aludicrous,laughterC.avaliant,phobiasD.anambitious,morality【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：人類是一種極其脆弱的生物，因為掩蓋著其恐懼與不安全感的那層理性的外表是那么薄弱，且常常易于破裂。frail脆弱的。insecurity不安全。ludicrous滑稽的。valiant英勇的。phobia恐懼；憎惡。morality道德；品行。27．Thediplomat,selectedforherdemonstratedpatienceandskillinconductingsuchdelicatenegotiations,_____tomakeadecisionduringthetalksbecauseanysuddencommitmentatthattimewouldhavebeen_____A.resolved,detrimentalB.refused,aproposC.declined,inopportuneD.struggled,unconscionable【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：這位外交官因為她在細(xì)微的談判中表現(xiàn)出的耐心和技能而被選中，她在談判中拒絕做任何決定，因為那時任何草率的承諾都是不合時宜的。declinetodo拒絕做某事。inopportune不適當(dāng)?shù)?。resolvetodo下決心做。detrimental不利的。apropos恰好的；適當(dāng)?shù)?。unconscionable昧著良心的。28．Becausethemonkeysunderstudyare_____thepresenceofhumanbeings,theytypically_____humanobserversandgoabouttheirbusiness.A.ambivalentabout,welcomeB.habituatedto,disregardC.pleasedwith,snubD.unawareof,avoid【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：由于被研究的猴子習(xí)慣了人的存在，因而它們能忽略人類的觀察而做它們自己的事情。behabituatedto習(xí)慣于。disregard忽視。ambivalent矛盾的。snub冷落。29．Hehadexpectedgratitudeforhisdisclosure,butinsteadheencountered_____borderingonhostility.A.patienceB.discretionC.indifferenceD.ineptitude【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：他以為自己會因為告密而受到感激，但實際上他遇到的是近乎敵意的冷漠。由“instead”可推斷空白處與“gratitude”意思相反。indifference冷淡。discretion自由裁量權(quán)；謹(jǐn)慎。ineptitude不適當(dāng)。30．Nonviolentdemonstrationsoftencreatesuchtensionsthatacommunitythathasconstantlyrefusedto_____itsinjusticesisforcedtocorrectthem:theinjusticescannolongerbe_____.A.acknowledge,ignoredB.decrease,verifiedC.tolerate,acceptedD.address,eliminated【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：非暴力示威通常會造成這樣的局面，他們迫使一個拒絕承認(rèn)自己不公正行為的團(tuán)體去糾正自己的錯誤，因為這些不公正的行為已經(jīng)不容忽視了。acknowledge承認(rèn)。verify核實。II.ReadingComprehension(40points,2pointsforeach)ReadthefollowingpassagescarefullyandchooseonebestanswerforeachquestioninPassage12and3,andanswerthequestionsinpassage4basedonyourunderstandingofthepassage.(1)Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethanonehundredregionsofvolcanicactivityknownashotspots(hotspot:aplaceintheuppermantleoftheearthatwhichhotmagmafromthelowermantleupwellstomeltthroughthecrustusuallyintheinteriorofatectonicplatetoformavolcanicfeature;also:aplaceinthecrustoverlyingahotspot)Unlikemostvolcanoes,hotspotsarerarelyfoundalongtheboundariesofthecontinentalandoceanicplatesthatcomprisetheEarth’scrust;mosthotspotsliedeepintheinteriorofplatesandareanchoreddeepinthelayersoftheEarth’ssurface.Hotspotsarealsodistinguishedfromothervolcanoesbytheirlavas,whichcontaingreateramountsofalkalimetalsthandothosefromvolcanoesatplatemargins.Insomecases,platesmovingpasthotspotshavelefttrailsofextinctvolcanoesinmuchthesamewaythatwindpassingoverachimneycarriesoffpuffsofsmoke.ItappearsthattheHawaiianIslandswerecreatedinsuchamannerbyasinglesourceoflava,wellingupfromahotspot,overwhichthePacificOceanplatepassedonacourseroughlyfromtheeasttowardthenorthwest,carryingoffalineofvolcanoesofincreasingage.TwootherPacificislandchainstheAustralRidgeandtheTuamotuRidgeparalleltheconfigurationoftheHawaiianchain;theyarealsoalignedfromtheeasttowardthenorthwest,withthemostrecentvolcanicactivityneartheireasternterminuses.ThatthePacificplateandtheotherplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute;therelativemotionoftheplateshasbeenreconstructedindetail.However,therelativemotionoftheplateswithrespecttotheEarth’sinteriorcannotbedeterminedeasily.Hotspotsprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsforresolvingthequestionofwhethertwocontinentalplatesaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheroneisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Themostcompellingevidencethatacontinentalplateisstationaryisthat,atsomehotspots,lavasofseveralagesaresuperposedinsteadofbeingspreadoutinchronologicalsequence.Ofcourse,reconstructionofplatemotionfromthetracksofhot-spotvolcanoesassumesthathotspotsareimmobile,ornearlyso.Severalstudiessupportsuchanassumption,includingonethathasshownthatprominenthotspotsthroughouttheworldseemnottohavemovedduringthepasttenmillionyears.Beyondactingasframesofreference,hotspotsapparentlyinfluencethegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspot,materialwellingupfromdeeperlayersformsabroaddomethat,asitgrows,developsdeepfissures.Insomeinstances,thecontinentalplatemayruptureentirelyalongsomeofthefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thus,justasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentalplates,sohot-spotactivitymaysuggestatheorytoexplaintheirmutability.1．Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto_____.A.describethewayinwhichhotspotsinfluencetheextinctionofvolcanoesB.describeandexplaintheformationoftheoceansandcontinentsC.explainhowtoestimatetheageoflavaflowsfromextinctvolcanoesD.describehotspotsandexplainhowtheyappeartoinfluenceandrecordthemotionofplates2．Accordingtothepassage,hotspotsdifferfrommostvolcanoesinthathotspots_____.A.canonlybefoundnearislandsB.havegreateramountsofalkalimetalsintheirlavasC.aresituatedclosertotheearth’ssurfaceD.canbefoundalongtheedgesoftheplates3．ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatevidencefortileapparentcourseofthePacificplatehasbeenprovidedbythe_____.A.configurationsofseveralmid-oceanislandchainsB.dimensionsofoceanhotspotsC.concurrentmovementoftwohotspotsD.patternoffissuresintheoceanfloor4．ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheHawaiianIslands,theAustralRidgeandtheTuamotuRidge?A.Thethreechainsofislandsaremovingeastward.B.Thethreeislandchainsarearesultofthesameplatemovement.C.TheHawaiianIslandsarerecedingfromtheothertwoislandchainsatarelativelyrapidrate.D.TheAustralRidgeandtheTuamotuRidgechainshavemovedclosertogetherwhereastheHawaiianIslandshaveremainedstationary5．Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldbestsupporttheauthor’sstatementthathot-spotactivitymayexplainthemutabilityofcontinentalplates?A.Hotspotsmovemorerapidlythanthecontinentalandoceanicplates.B.Hotspotsarereliableindicatorsoftheageofcontinentalplates.C.Hotspotsareregionsofvolcanicactivityfoundonlyintheinteriorsofthecontinentalplates.D.ThecoastlinesofAfricaandSouthAmericasuggestthattheymayoncehaveconstitutedasinglecontinentthatrupturedalongalineofhotspots.【答案與解析】1．D由文章可知，作者主要介紹了hotspots及其“influencethegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe”。因此D項正確。2．B由第一段最后一句可知，hotspots與火山的巖漿不同，hotspots的巖漿“containgreateramountsofalkalimetals”，因此B項正確。3．A第二段主要介紹了太平洋中幾條島嶼鏈的結(jié)構(gòu)，證明了太平洋版塊移動的路徑，因此A項正確。4．B由第二段可知，“theAustralRidgeandtheTuamotuRidge”與夏威夷群島相平行，它們都是西北—東南走向，都是太平洋版塊移動的產(chǎn)物，因此B項正確。5．D由第三段可知，“hotspotsareimmobile”，因此可作為版塊運(yùn)動的參照物。D項說的是非洲與南美的海岸線證明它們可能曾經(jīng)屬于同一塊大陸，在同一條熱點線上分離，這可以證明熱點可以作為版塊運(yùn)動的參照物，因此D項正確。(2)“Theytreatuslikemules.”theguyinstallingmywashertellsme,hiseyesnarrowingashewipeshishands,Ihadjustcomplimentedhimandhispartneronthespeedandassuranceoftheirwork.Heexplainsthatit’srarethatcustomersspeaktohimthisway.Iknowwhathe’stalkingabout.Mymotherwasawaitressallherlife,incoffeeshopsandfast-pacedchainrestaurants.Itwashardwork,butshelikedit,liked“beingamongthepublic,”asshewouldsay.Butthatworkhaditsstingtoothecustomerwhowouldtreatherlikeaservantor,herbiggestcomplaint,likeshewasnotthatbright.There’salessonhereforthispoliticalseason:thesubtleandnot-so-subtleinsultsthatblue-collarandserviceworkersendureaspartoftheirworkinglives.Andthoseinsultsoftenhavetodowithintelligence.WeliketothinkoftheUnitedStatesasaclasslesssociety.ThebeliefineconomicmobilityiscentraltotheAmericanDream,andweprideourselvesonourspiritofegalitarianism.Butwealsohaveatroublingstreakofaristocraticbiasinournationaltemperament,andonewayitmanifestsitselfisintheassumptionswemakeaboutpeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Workingpeoplesensethisbiasandreacttoitwhentheyvote.Thecommonpoliticalwisdomisthathot-buttonsocialissueshavedrivenblue-collarvotersrightward.Butthereareotherculturaldynamicsatplayaswell.AndDemocratscanbeasoblivioustothesedynamicsasRepublicans-thoughtheGrandOldPartydidappealtotheminSt.Paul.Let’sgobacktothosetwomeninstallingmywasheranddryerTheydoalotofheavyliftingquicklyminewasthefirstof15deliveriesandefficiently,toavoidinjury.Betweenthemthereisongoingcommunication,verbalantinonverbal,tocoordinatethelift,negotiatethetightfit,moveinrhythmwitheachother.Andallthewhile,theyareweighingoptions,makingdecisionsandsolvingproblemsaswhenmynewdryerdidn’tmatchupwiththegasoutlet.Thinkaboutwhatagoodwaitresshastodointhebusyrestaurant:rememberordersandmonitorthem,attendtoadynamic,quicklychangingenvironment,prioritizetasksandmanagetheflowofwork,makedecisionsontheflyThere’sthecarpenterusinganumberofmathematicalconceptssymmetry,proportion.congruence,thepropertiesofanglesandvisualizingtheseconceptswhilebuildingacabinet,aflightofstairs,orapitchedroof.Thehairstylist’spracticeisamixoftechnique,“knowledgeaboutthebiologyofhair.aestheticjudgmentandcommunicationskill.Themechanic,electrician,andplumberaretroubleshootersandproblemsolversEventheroutinizedfactoryfloorcallsforworkingsmartsWhenhasanyofthismadeitswayintoourpoliticalspeeches?Fromeitherpasty.EvenonLaborDay.Lastweek,theCDPmasterfullyinvokedsomeoldculturalsuspicions:countryfolkversus,cityandeastcoastversusheartlandeducationButthesearesymbolicpopulistgesturesnotthestuffoftheengagement.Judgementsaboutintelligenceeasygreatweightinoursociety,andwehaveatendencytomakesweepingassessmentsofpeople’sintelligencebasedonthekindofworktheydo.Politicaltributestolaboroverthenexttwomonthswillrenderthemuscledarm,sleeverolledtightagainstbiceps.Butfewwillalsocelebratediethoughtbrightbehindtheeye,orofferanimagethatlinkshandandbrain.Itwouldbefittinginacountrywithanegalitarianvisionofitselftohaveatruer,richersenseofallthatisinvolvedinthewiderangeofworkthatsurroundsandsustainsus.Thosepoliticianswhocancommunicatethatsensewilltapadeepreserveofneglectedfeeling.Andthosewhocanhonoranduseworkinexplainingandpersonalizingtheirpolicieswillfindawelcomereception.6．Toillustratetheintelligenceoftheworkingclass,theauthorcitestheexamplesofallofthefollowingEXCEPT_____.A.hairstylistandwaitressB.carpenterandmechanicC.electricianandplumberD.street-cleanerandshop-assistant7．Inthesentence“weprideourselvesonourspiritofegalitarianism”(para.3),theword“egalitarianism”canbereplacedby_____.A.individualismB.enlightenmentC.equalityD.liberalism8．Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat_____.A.inAmerica,judgmentsaboutpeople’sintelligenceareoftenbasedonthekindofworktheydoB.thesubtleandnot-so-subtleinsultstowardsblue-collarsareadailyphenomenoninAmericaC.theUnitedStatesisaclasslesssocietyD.theoldculturalsuspicionsofcountryfolkversuscityandeast-coastversusheartlandeducationshowtheRepublican’strueengagement9．Oneofthemajorgroupsoftargetedreadersoftheauthorshouldbe_____.A.blue-collarAmericanworkersB.middleclassAmericanbusinessmenC.Americanpoliticians.D.Americancompanyleaders10．Whichofthefollowingsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?A.TheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanPartyshouldstopsymbolicpopulistgestures.B.Politicaltributesshouldmindthesubtlebiasagainsttheintelligenceoftheworkingclass.C.Therulingpartyshouldacknowledgetheworkingsmartsofblue-collars.D.ThewholeAmericansocietyshouldchangetheattitudetowardstheblue-collarworkers.【答案與解析】6．D在倒數(shù)第四、五、六段中，作者舉了twomeninstallingmywasheranddryer、waitress、carpenter、mechanic,electrician,andplumber、hairstylist的例子來證明他們的智慧，因此作者沒有提到D項中street-cleanerandshop-assistant。7．C在題干所引句子后，作者話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，說到但是他們的民族性格中有一種“aristocraticbias”，因此“egalitarianism”的意思與“equality”相同。8．A根據(jù)第二段“thesubtleandnot-so-subtleinsultsthatblue-collarandserviceworkersendureaspartoftheirworkinglives”可知，或多或少的侮辱是他們職業(yè)生活的一部分，但并不說明這是美國每天都會發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象，因此B項錯誤。根據(jù)后一句可知，這些侮辱通常“havetodowithintelligence”，即通常與智力聯(lián)系到一起，因此A項正確。9．C由第二段“There’salessonhereforthispoliticalseason”和第三段中“Workingpeoplesensethisbiasandreacttoitwhentheyvote”及最后一段“thosewhocanhonoranduseworkin...theirpolicieswillfindawelcomereception.”可以推斷，這篇文章的目標(biāo)讀者為政客。10．B本文介紹了社會對于藍(lán)領(lǐng)及服務(wù)人員智力的普遍偏見，并指出接下來兩個月中“politicaltributestolabor”能夠給政客贏得巨大的力量，因此B項正確。(3)Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversesignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinapeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happinessandsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicate,whatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.AllgroupsincludingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialexpressionsreflectemotionalstates.InfactvariousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrainThefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsand facialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles(“feedback”)aresentbacktoemotioncenters-ofthebrain,andsoaperson’sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatperson’semotionalstate.ConsiderDarwin’swords:“Thefreeexpressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions.”Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningtoanger?Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthefacial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.Whatarethepossiblelinksbetweenfacialexpressionsandemotion?Onelinkisarousal,whichisthelevelofactivityorpreparednessforactivityinanorganism.Intensecontractionoffacialmuscles,suchasthoseusedinsignifyingfear,heightensarousalSelf-perceptionofheightenedarousalthenleadstoheightenedemotionalactivity.Otherlinksmayinvolvechangesinbraintemperatureandthereleaseofneurotransmitters(substancesthattransmitnerveimpulses.)Thecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencestheinternalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennesmile,whichischaracterizedby“crow’sfeet”wrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskinabovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.Ekman’sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression“keepastiffupperlip”asarecommendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethata“stiff”lipsuppressesemotionalresponseaslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.11．Theword“despondent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_______.A.curiousB.unhappyC.thoughtfulD.uncertain12．Theauthormentions“Baringtheteethinahostileway”inorderto_____.A.differentiateonepossiblemeaningofaparticularfacialexpressionfromothermeaningsofitB.supportDarwin’stheoryofevolutionC.provideanexampleofafacialexpressionwhosemeaningiswidelyunderstoodD.contrastafacialexpressionthatiseasilyunderstoodwithotherfacialexpressions13．Theword“concur”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____A.estimateB.agreeC.expectD.understand14．Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheForepeopleofNewGuinea?A.Theydidnotwanttobeshownphotographs.B.Theywerefamousfortheirstorytellingskills.C.TheyknewverylittleaboutWesternculture.D.Theydidnotencouragetheexpressionofemotions.15．Accordingtothepassage,whatdidDarwinbelievewouldhappentohumanemotionsthatwerenotexpressed?A.Theywouldbecomelessintense.B.Theywouldlastlongerthanusual.C.Theywouldcauseproblemslater.D.Theywouldbecomemorenegative.【答案與解析】11．B“happyordespondent”中的or表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此despondent應(yīng)該與happy意思相反。12．C題干問的是作者這樣說的目的。由第一段可知，“Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.”，作者隨后給出了“Smiling”和“Baringtheteethinahostileway”兩個例子，因此C項正確。13．B 由第二段第一句可推斷大多數(shù)研究人員都認(rèn)為“certainfacialexpressions...people”,或者都同意這個觀點，因此“concur”的意思與“agree”相同。14．C由第二段可知，theFore幾乎與西方文化沒有接觸，他們在測試中也會“displayedfamiliarfacialexpressions”。因此C項正確。15．A由第三段引用達(dá)爾文的話中可知，自由表達(dá)的情感變得更加強(qiáng)烈，然而“therepression”，即那些沒有表達(dá)出來的情感被“soften”了，也就是變得不那么強(qiáng)烈了，因此A項正確。(4)BANKSmimicotherbanks.Theyexposethemselvestosimilarrisksbymakingthesamesortsofloans.Eachbank’sappetiteforlendingrisesandfallsinsync.Whatissafeforoneinstitutionbecomesdangerousiftheyalldothesame,whichisoftenhowfinancialtroublestarts.Thescopefornastyspilloversisincreasedbydirectlinkages.Bankslendtoeachotheraswellastocustomers,soonefirm’sfailurecanquicklycauseotherstofallover,too.Becauseoftheseconnections,rulestoensurethesoundnessofeachbankarenotenoughtokeepthebankingsystemsafeHencethecallsfor“macroprudential”regulationtopreventfailuresofthefinancialsystemasawhole.Althoughthereiswideagreementthatmacroprudentialpolicyisneededtolimitsystemicrisk,therehasbeenverylittledetailabouthowitmightwork.Twonewreportshelpfillthisgap.OneisadiscussionpaperfromtheBankofEngland,whichsketchesouttheelementsofamacroprudentialregimeandidentifieswhatneedstobedecidedbeforeitisputintopractice.Theotherpaper,bytheWarwickCommission,agroupofacademicsandexpertsonfinancefromaroundtheworld,advocatesspecificreforms.Thefirststepistodecideanobjectiveformacroprudentialpolicy.Abroadaimistokeepthefinancialsystemworkingwellatalltimes.Thebank’sreportsuggestsamoreprecisegoal:tolimitthechanceofbankfailuretoits“socialoptimum”.Temperingtheboom-bustcreditcycleandtakingsomeairoutofasset-pricebubblesmaybenecessarytomeettheseaims,butbothreportsagreethatshouldnotbethemainpurposeofregulation.Makingfinancesaferisambitiousenough.Policymakersthenhavetodecideonhowtheymightachievetheirgoal.Thefinancialsystemistoowillingtoprovidecreditin