清華大學(xué)考博英語歷年真題詳解

2008年清華大學(xué)考博英語真題及詳解PartI Vocabulary(20%)Directions:Therearefortyincompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestonethatcompletesthesentence,andthenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.1.TheEuropeanUnioncountrieswereonceworriedthattheywouldnothave______suppliesofpetroleum.A.sufficientB.efficientC.potentialD.proficient【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：歐盟的國家曾擔(dān)心會缺乏足夠的石油供應(yīng)。sufficient足夠的。efficient有效的。potential有潛力的。proficient精通的。2.We’dliketo______atableforfivefordinnerthisevening.A.preserveB.reserveC.sustainD.retain【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：我們想預(yù)訂晚餐餐桌，五個人的。reserve預(yù)訂。preserve保護。sustain維持。retain保留。3.Britainhasthehighest______ofroadtrafficintheworld-over60carsforeverymileofroad.A.popularityB.prosperityC.intensityD.density【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：英國是世界上交通密度最大的國家，每英里的路上有超過60輛的車。density密度。popularity普及。prosperity興旺，繁榮。intensity強度。4.Iwouldneverhave______acourtoflawifIhadn’tbeensodesperate.A.soughtforB.accountedforC.turnedupD.resortedto【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：如果不是因為太絕望無助，我是不會訴諸法律的。resortto訴諸。soughtfor尋找。accountfor說明（原因）；（在數(shù)量方面）占。turnup朝上翻；出現(xiàn)，來到；發(fā)生。5.Theenergy______bythechainreactionistransformedintoheat.A.transferredB.releasedC.conveyedD.delivered【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：連鎖反應(yīng)所釋放的能量被轉(zhuǎn)化為熱量。release釋放，發(fā)布。transfer遷移，調(diào)動。deliver遞送，引渡。convey傳達，搬動。6.Itisrequiredthatduringtheprocess,greatcarehastobetakentoprotectthe______silkfromdamage.A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.tenderD.delicate【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：按要求應(yīng)該非常小心地保護精致的絲綢制品不受損害。delicate精致的，細軟的；微妙的。sensitive敏感的。sensible可感覺的；明智的。tender溫和的，親切的。7.Toour______,Geoffrey’sillnessprovednottobeasseriousaswehadfeared.A.reliefB.viewC.anxietyD.judgment【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：終于松了一口氣，Geoffrey的病情并沒有我們想象的那么嚴(yán)重。relief減輕；救濟。view見解；風(fēng)景。anxiety擔(dān)心，焦慮。judgment判斷。8.Thegovernmentwilltakesomeactionto______thetwobigquarrelingcompanies.A.jigsawB.jotC.impulseD.reconcile【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：政府會采取措施協(xié)調(diào)這兩大公司的矛盾的。reconcile調(diào)停，使協(xié)調(diào)。jigsaw用豎鋸鋸。jot匆匆記下；一點兒。impulse沖動。9.Asautomationbecamepopularinmostfactories,laborwasmade______.A.disincentiveB.redundantC.diverseD.discontent【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：隨著大多數(shù)工廠里自動化的普及，勞動力開始過剩。redundant過剩的，多余的。disincentive妨礙活動的，不利誘因的。diverse不同的。discontent不滿的。10.Theyhave______herunreasonablerequestforherannualsalary.A.destinedB.chordedC.repelledD.commenced【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：他們已經(jīng)拒絕了她對年薪提出的不合理的要求。repell擊退，推開，防。destine注定，命定。chord使協(xié)調(diào)。commence開始著手。11.Whenyouprepareforyourspeech,besuretocite______qualifiedsourcesofinformationandexamples.A.unbiasedB.manipulatedC.distortedD.conveyed【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：當(dāng)你準(zhǔn)備演講時，一定要注意引用不帶偏見的合格的信息和例子。unbiased沒有偏見的，公正的。manipulated操縱的。distorted受到曲解的。conveyed傳達（信息）的。12.Itisapparentthatwinningthescholarshipis______ofone’sintelligenceinthefieldofphysics.A.parallelismB.alliterationC.testimonyD.rhythm【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：很顯然，在物理研究領(lǐng)域，獎學(xué)金是智商的鐵證。testimony證據(jù)。parallelism平行；比喻。alliteration頭韻。rhythm節(jié)奏，韻律。13.Incourtherepeatedhis______thathewasnotguiltyinfrontofthejury.A.impressionsB.alliterationsC.clausesD.assertions【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：在法庭上，他一遍又一遍地對陪審團說他沒有罪。assertion主張。impression印象。alliteration頭韻。clause條款；從句。14.Shoppingmallshavesomeadvantageinsufferingfromshorterperiodsof______business.A.staleB.slackC.ferrousD.abundant【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：購物中心在短期的經(jīng)濟蕭條時期會占一些優(yōu)勢。slack松弛的；不景氣的。stale不新鮮的，陳腐的。ferrous含鐵的。abundant豐富的。從sufferfrom可以看出空格內(nèi)應(yīng)是貶義詞，所以不選D項。15.AccordingtotheGeneva______noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：根據(jù)日內(nèi)瓦公約，不準(zhǔn)虐待戰(zhàn)犯。convention公約。custom定制；習(xí)俗；海關(guān)（通常作復(fù)數(shù)）。congress國會。routine例程。16.Beforethegeneralelectionmanyseniorcitizenssignedthe______againstthespreadingofnucleararms.A.contractB.petitionC.supplicationD.potential【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：在大選開始之前，很多年長的公民簽了請愿書，反對核武器擴散。petition請愿書。contract合約。supplication懇求，哀求。potential潛力。17.ScientistsbelievethatthereisnotenoughoxygenintheMoon’satmosphereto______plantlife.A.adaptB.personalizeC.sustainD.describe【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：科學(xué)家們相信月球的大氣層中沒有可以維持植被存活的足夠的氧氣。sustain維持。adapt適應(yīng)。personalize人性化。describe描述。18.Ican’trememberexactlywhattriggeredtheexplosionbutitwaspretty______.A.estimatingB.devastatingC.reprocessingD.preferring【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：我記不得到底是什么引起了那次爆炸，但是那次爆炸破壞性很強。devastating破壞性的，災(zāi)難性的。estimating估算的。reprocessing回收的。preferring偏愛的。19.Theindustryhaspumped______amountsofmoneyintopoliticalcampaigns,makingitlessandlesslikelythatpoliticianswilldealwiththeissuesensibly.A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：工廠已經(jīng)在政治活動中投入了大量的錢，但這只使得政治家們越來越不明智地處理這件事情。substantial大量的；實質(zhì)的。potential潛在的。massive巨大的；塊狀的。traditional傳統(tǒng)的。20.Iwasentrustedto______toanewspaperarticlemakingpredictionsfortheNewYear.A.contributeB.detractC.convertD.entail【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：我受委托給一家報紙投稿，做新年的預(yù)報工作。contribute投稿。detract減去。convert使轉(zhuǎn)變。entail使必需。21.After1989,theexternal______vanished,butthedangertoAmericancivilizationremained.A.disruptionB.menaceC.liabilityD.emergence【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：1989年以后，外在的威脅消失了，但是美國文明面臨的危險仍然存在。menace威脅。disruption破壞。liability責(zé)任。emergency緊急情況。22.Thegovernmentistryingtohelptheseenterprisesoutofthe______byvariousmeans.A.flightB.plightC.delightD.twilight【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：政府正在嘗試通過各種途徑幫助這些企業(yè)擺脫困境。plight困境。flight飛行。delight高興。twilight黎明。23.Anarchaeologisthastopaymuchattentionto______detailsofanunearthedobject.A.miserableB.minusC.minuteD.moist【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：考古學(xué)家必須密切關(guān)注挖掘出來的物件的各個微小的細節(jié)。minute微小的；會議記錄。miserable悲慘的，痛苦的。minus減去。moist潮濕的。24.Thegirl______hertablemate’sarmtoseeifshewasfastasleepatclass.A.pinchedB.punchedC.pitchedD.preached【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：小女孩掐她同桌的手臂，想看看她是否在課堂上熟睡了。pinch掐。punch以拳重擊。pitch投擲。preach講道。25.Mostofthelocalpeopleinvolvedintheaffairhavebeen______anddismissed.A.smuggledB.prosecutedC.salutedD.thrived【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：大多數(shù)涉案的當(dāng)?shù)厝硕急桓姘l(fā)，然后又被遣散。prosecute起訴。smuggle走私。salute敬禮。thrive興旺，繁榮。26.Icanrespectsomeonewhois______fortheiractions,butIcannotrespectsomeonewhoisalwayspointingthefinger.A.millenniumB.dominantC.accountableD.commercial【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：我可以尊敬那些對他們自己的行為負責(zé)任的人，但是我沒法尊敬那些總是用手指指著別人的人。accountable負責(zé)任的。millennium千禧年。dominant占優(yōu)勢的。commercial商業(yè)的。27.AlltheproductsmadeinChinaaresoldanddistributedin______withtheU.S.ExportAdministrationRegulationsandalsolocalcountryrules.A.complianceB.prosperityC.merchandiseD.intersection【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：中國制造的所有產(chǎn)品的銷售和分配都遵照美國出口管理規(guī)定和當(dāng)?shù)氐姆ㄒ?guī)。compliance遵從。prosperity興旺。merchandise商品。intersection十字路口。28.Oneofthemainreasonsisthattheuniversity’s______attractsstudentsandfacultystaffallovertheworld.A.fraudB.respondentC.misconductD.prestige【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：主要是因為這個大學(xué)的聲譽吸引了來自世界各地的師生。prestige威望。fraud欺騙。respondent答辯人。misconduct不良行為。29.Eventhoughtheinvestigationhasbeengoingonfortwomonths,thepolicehave______nofurtherdetailsabouttheaccident.A.comprisedB.formulatedC.releasedD.incorporated【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：雖然案件調(diào)查已經(jīng)持續(xù)了兩個月之久，但是警方?jīng)]有再提供更多的關(guān)于這起事故的細節(jié)。release釋放。comprise包含。formulate公式化。incorporate合并。30.Theywanttostimulateeconomicgrowthintheregionbyoffering______toforeigninvestors.A.incentivesB.abundancesC.warriorsD.outnumbers【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：他們想通過針對國外投資者實行鼓勵措施來促進地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。incentive鼓勵措施。abundance豐富。warrior戰(zhàn)士。outnumber數(shù)量上超過。31.Whybe______aboutthatoldcoat?There’snopointinkeepingitjustbecauseyouwerewearingitwhenyoufirstmetme.A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.sentimentalD.sensational【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：為什么要對那件舊衣服那么感情用事？沒有必要因為你第一次見我時穿的它就一直把它保存著。sentimental感傷的，感情用事的。sensitive敏感的。sensible理智的。sensational使人感動的；驚人的。32.______andhardworkarethecornerstonesofthiscompany.A.MutilationB.InnovationC.EmpireD.Strength【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：創(chuàng)新和勤奮是這個公司的基石。innovation創(chuàng)新。mutilation毀損。empire帝國。strength力量；長處。33.Theprotestswerepartoftheir______againsttheproposedbuildingdevelopmentinthearea.A.commissionB.commitmentC.conventionD.campaign【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：這些抗議是他們反對在該地區(qū)蓋房提議的活動的一部分。campaign運動；競選活動。commission傭金；委員會。commitment承諾。convention會議；慣例。34.Somepeopleseemto______onthepressureofworkingunderadeadline.A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：有些人似乎在最后期限的壓制下感受到工作的壓力后才茁壯成長。thriveon以……而旺盛。render提供。evolve進化。prevail流行。35.Thesechangeshavenotbeensufficientto______thelosses.A.stemB.stimulateC.causeD.compensate【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：這些變化還不足以補償那些損失。compensate補償。stem莖，干；起源于。stimulate刺激。cause引起。36.Psychologistsbelievethatchildrenareeasilyinfluencedbytheir______.A.conditionsB.combinationsC.peersD.granaries【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：心理學(xué)家相信孩子很容易受到同齡人的影響。peer同齡人。condition條件。combination結(jié)合。granary谷倉。37.Several______forglobalwarminghavebeensuggestedbyclimateresearchers.A.systemsB.sentencesC.fallaciesD.hypotheses【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：氣候研究者已經(jīng)提出了一些全球變暖的假設(shè)。hypothesis假設(shè)。system系統(tǒng)。sentence句子。fallacy謬誤。38.Thesenaturalresourceswillbe______soonerorlaterifthepresentrateofexploitationcontinues.A.depletedB.deployedC.inclinedD.mingled【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：如果現(xiàn)階段開采的自然資源的比率持續(xù)下去的話，這些自然資源不久將會被消耗殆盡。deplete耗盡。deploy部署。incline傾斜；有什么傾向。mingle混合。39.Themilitaryoperations______yesterdayweretargetedatthemilitaryinstallations.A.propelledB.commencedC.plaguedD.modulated【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：昨天開始著手的軍事操作是專門針對那些軍用設(shè)備的。commence開始著手。propel推進。plague折磨，使苦惱。modulate調(diào)整。40.Artificialintelligencedealspartlywiththe______betweenthecomputerandthehumanbrain.A.profileB.mightyC.analogyD.leakage【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：人工智能有一部分處理的是電腦和人腦之間類比的關(guān)系。analogy類比。profile給出輪廓。mighty有勢力的人；強有力的。leakage泄露。PartⅡReadingComprehension(40%)Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassages.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.PassageOneThereareover6,000differentcomputerandonlinegamesintheworldnow.Asegmentofthemareconsideredtobebotheducationalandharmlesslyentertaining.Onesuchgameteachesgeography,andanothertrainspilots.Otherstraintheplayerinlogicalthinkingandproblemsolving.Somegamesmayalsohelpyoungpeopletobecomemorecomputerliterate,whichismoreimportantinthistechnology-drivenera.Butthedarksideofthecomputergameshasbecomemoreandmoreobvious.“Asegmentofgamesfeaturesanti-socialthemesofviolence,sexandcrudelanguage,”saysDavidWalsh,presidentoftheNationalInstituteonMediaandFamily.“Unfortunately,it’sasegmentthatseemsparticularlypopularwithkidsagedfromeighttofifteen.”O(jiān)nestudyshowedthatalmost80percentofthecomputerandonlinegamesyoungpeoplepreferredcontainedviolence.Theinvestigatorssaid“Thesearenotjustgamesanymore.Thesearelearningmachines.We’reteachingkidsinthemostincrediblemannerwhatit’sliketopullthetrigger.Whattheyarenotlearningarethereal-lifeconsequences.”Theyalsosaid“Thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesareevenworse,becausetheyhavebettergraphicsandallowtheplayertoparticipateinevenmorerealisticviolentacts.”InthegameCarmageddon,forexample,theplayerwillhavedrivenoverandkilledupto33,000peoplebythetimealllevelsarecompleted.Adescriptionoftheoutcomeofthegamesays:“Yourvictimsnotonlysquishunderyourtiresandsplatterbloodonthewindshield,theyalsogetontheirkneesandbegformercy,orcommitsuicide.Ifyoulike,youcanalsodismemberthem.”Isallthissimulatedviolenceharmful?Approximately3,000differentstudieshavebeenconductedonthissubject.Manyhavesuggestedthatthereisaconnectionbetweenviolenceingamesandincreasedaggressivenessintheplayers.Somespecialistsdownplaytheinfluenceofthegames,sayingthatotherfactorsmustbetakenintoconsideration,suchasthepossibilitythatkidswhoalreadyhaveviolenttendenciesarechoosingsuchgames.Butcoulditbethatviolentgamesstillplayacontributingrole?Itseemsunrealistictoinsistthatpeoplearenotinfluencedbywhattheysee.Ifthatweretrue,whywouldthecommercialworldspendbillionsofdollarsannuallyfortelevisionadvertising?41.WhichofthefollowingcomputergamesareNOTmentionedaseducationalandharmlesslyentertaining?A.Thosethatteachhowtoflyanairplane.B.Thosethatteachthefeaturesoftheearth.C.Thosethathelppeopleusecomputerlanguage.D.Thosethatteachcomputertechnology.42.Accordingtotheinvestigators______.A.thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesallowtheplayerstotakepartinrealviolentactsB.thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesteachtheplayershowtokillotherpeopleC.mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaketheplayersforgettherealliferesultsD.mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaycultivateyoungpeoplewithbadmanners43.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.moreandmoreyoungpeopleenjoycruelcomputergamesB.itishardtofindevidenceofalinkbetweenviolenceandcomputergamesC.therearenowmoreincidentsofviolencebecauseofcomputergamesD.simulatedviolenceincomputergamesisdifferentfromrealviolence44.Theauthoruses“televisionadvertising”asanexampletoshowthat______.A.thecommercialworldarecontributingtotheincreasedviolenceinreallifeB.computerandonlinegamesarenottheonlycauseofincreasedviolenceinreallifeC.thereislittlelinkbetweencomputergamesandincreasedviolenceinreallifeD.otherfactorsmustbeconsideredaspossiblecausesofviolenceinreallife【答案與解析】41.C 第一段“…anothertrainspilots.”就是訓(xùn)練飛行員的意思，所以選項A是正確的。“Onesuchgameteachesgeography…”是說游戲可以教授地理知識，所以選項B是正確的。“Somegamesmayalsohelpyoungpeopletobecomemorecomputerliterate...”所以選項D是正確的。computerlanguage在文中沒有提到。42.D 本題可采用排除法。A項“takepartinrealviolentacts（參與真實的暴力行動）”與第四段首句“…evenmorerealisticviolentacts（逼真的暴力行為）”不符?！皏iolentacts”也不一定就是殺人，故選項B錯誤。第四段“Whattheyarenotlearningarethereal-lifeconsequences”是“學(xué)不到”而不是本來就知道，選項C認為在玩游戲時“忘記”，故錯誤。所以，只有選項D為正確答案，答案依據(jù)為第三段內(nèi)容。43.C 根據(jù)第五段“thereisaconnectionbetweenviolenceingamesandincreasedaggressivenessintheplayers.”中“increased”一詞可斷定選項C中“more”是正確的。第五段“…3,000differentstudies…”就是證據(jù)，故選項B錯誤。選項A和選項D文章中沒提到。44.A 根據(jù)文章最后一段，有些人認為也許不是游戲?qū)е滦『⒂斜┝A向，而是某些小孩在玩游戲之前就已有暴力傾向。但下文“…stillplayacontributingrole”解釋說即使這樣，游戲反過來又加深這些小孩的暴力傾向。文章還說“Itseemsunrealistictoinsistthatpeoplearenotinfluencedbywhattheysee.”所以“televisionadvertising”是用來證明孩子會受所聽所見影響的。故選項B、C、D不正確?！绢}海拾貝】（1）segment分割，部分（2）aggressive攻擊性的（3）squish壓碎（4）splatter飛濺PassageTwoThecollapseoftheEarth’smagneticfield—whichguardstheplanetandguidesmanyofitscreatures—appearstohavestartedseriouslyabout150yearsago,theNewYorkTimesreportedlastweek.Thefield’sstrengthhasdecreasedby10or15percentsofarandthishasincreasedthedebateoverwhetheritsignalsareversaloftheplanet’slinesofmagneticforce.Duringareversal,themainfieldweakens,almostvanishes,andreappearswithoppositepolarity(極).Thetransitionwouldtakethousandsofyears.Oncecompleted,compassneedlesthathadpointednorthwouldpointsouth.Areversalcouldcauseproblemsforbothmanandanimals.Astronautsandsatelliteswouldhavedifficulties.Birds,fishandanimalsthatrelyonthemagneticfieldfornavigationwouldfindmigrationconfusing.Butexpertssaidtheeffectswouldnotbeabigdisaster,despiteclaimsofdoomandvagueevidenceoflinksbetweenpastfieldreversalsandspeciesextinctions.Althoughatotaltransitionmaybehundredsorthousandsofyearsaway,therapiddeclineinmagneticstrengthisalreadyaffectingsatellites.Lastmonth,theEuropeanSpaceAgencyapprovedtheworld’slargesteffortattrackingthefield’sshifts.Agroupofnewsatellites,calledSwarm,istomonitorthecollapsingfieldwithfargreaterprecision.“Wewanttogetsomeideaofhowthiswouldevolveinthenearfuture,justlikepeopletryingtopredicttheweather,”saidGauthierHulot,aFrenchgeophysicistworkingonthesatelliteplan.“I’mpersonallyquiteconvincedweshouldbeabletoworkoutthefirstpredictionsbytheendofthemission.”Nomatterwhatthenewfindings,thepublichasnoreasontopanic.Evenifatransitioniscomingonitsway,itmighttake2,000yearstomature.Thelastonetookplace780,000yearsago,whenearlyhumanswerelearninghowtomakestonetools.DeepinsidetheEarthflowhotcurrentsofmeltediron.Thismechanicalenergycreateselectromagnetism.Thisprocessisknownasthegeophysicalgenerator.Inacar’sgenerator,thesomeprincipleturnsmechanicalenergyintoelectricity.Nooneknowspreciselywhythefieldperiodicallyreverses.Butscientistssaytheresponsibilityprobablylieswithchangesinthedisorderlyflowsofmeltediron,whichtheyseeassimilartothegasesthatmakeupthecloudsofJupiter.45.Accordingtothepassage,theEarth’smagneticfieldhas______.A.misguidedmanyamanandanimalsB.beguntochangetoitsoppositedirectionC.causedthechangesonthepolaritiesD.beenweakeningitsstrengthforalongtime46.DuringthetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfield______.A.compasswillbecomeuselessB.manandanimalswillbeconfusedindirectionsC.themagneticstrengthoftheEarthwilldisappearD.themagneticstrengthoftheEarthwillbestronger47.Theauthorsays“...thepublichasnoreasontopanic”because______.A.thetransitionisstillthousandsofyearsfromnowB.thetransitioncanbepreciselypredictedbyscientistsC.theprocessofthetransitionwilltakeaverylongtimetofinishD.thenewtransitionwillcome780,000yearslater48.ThecauseofthetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfieldcomesfrom______.A.themovementdeepinsidetheEarthB.theperiodicallyreversesoftheEarthC.theforcecomingfromouterspaceD.themechanicalmovementoftheEarth【答案與解析】45.D 第一段“ThecollapseoftheEarth’smagneticfieldappearstohavestartedseriouslyabout150yearsago”以及第二段“Thefield’sstrengthhasdecreasedby10or15percentsofar”說明選項D是正確的。雖然文章提到選項B的內(nèi)容，但是根據(jù)第二段“thishasincreasedthedebateoverwhetheritsignalsareversaloftheplanet’slinesofmagneticforce”，可以知道reversal并沒有被證實已經(jīng)發(fā)生。46.B 第三段“Areversalcouldcauseproblemsforbothmanandanimals.”和“…findmigrationconfusing”說明選項B正確。“compassneedlesthathadpointednorthwouldpointsouth.”說明選項A錯誤?！啊璽hemainfieldweakens,almostvanishes,andreappears”說明選項C和D不全面。47.C 第五段“Evenifatransitioniscomingonitsway,itmighttake2,000yearstomature.”說明選項C正確。選項A是說這種轉(zhuǎn)換幾千年后才開始，而根據(jù)第二段“Thefield’sstrengthhasdecreasedby10or15percentsofar”可知實際情況是這種轉(zhuǎn)變已經(jīng)開始了，故選項A不正確。選項B文章中沒提到。而選項D跟文中事實不相符。48.A 根據(jù)文章最后一段“…theresponsibilityprobablylieswithchangesinthedisorderlyflowsofmeltediron…”以及倒數(shù)第二段“DeepinsidetheEarthflowhotcurrentsofmeltediron”可知是地球深層熔化的鐵不規(guī)則的流動導(dǎo)致的地球磁場變化，故選A項?！绢}海拾貝】（1）magnetic有磁性的（2）reversal反轉(zhuǎn)，改變極性（3）panic驚慌PassageThreeTheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasajarringreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeravisceralresponsenomatterhowcloseorfarawayfromhometheeventhappened.Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoraleoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen’tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?“Theuseofterrorismasatacticispredicateduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisincommensuratewiththeactualthreat,”saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBullietofColumbiaUniversity.“Everytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolencebecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrificqualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson,”BulliettellsWebMD“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.”Forexample,BullietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,wasactuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappenedintheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed,buttheeventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericanswhowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening’snewscastcountedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.Bullietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesofagroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerratherthananindividualcriminalact.“Youdon’thavethenotionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It’sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized,”saysBulliet.“Therandomnessandtheubiquityofthethreatgivetheimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities.”PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.ArmyReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyinAfghanistan,saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresorttopsychologicalwarfarebecauseit’stheonlytactictheyhaveavailabletothem.“Theydon’thaveM-16s,andwehaveM-16s.Theydon’thavethemightymilitarypowerthatwehave,andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothingslikekidnapping,”saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.“Inpsychologicalwarfare,evenonebeheadingcanhavethepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwithkilling1,000oftheenemy,”HarountellsWebMD.“Youhaven’treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykillingonepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiringfear,anxiety,tenor,andmakingusallfeelbad,you’veachievedalotofdemoralization.”49.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTamongthereasonsthatchangetherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?A.Breakthemoraleoftheiropponent.B.Advancesintechnology.C.ThepopularityoftheInternet.D.Prosperityofmedia.50.AccordingtoRichardBulliet,whydoes“publicizingthatviolencebecomeanimportantpartoftheactitself”?A.Becausepsychologicalterrorismisatactic.B.Becauseterrorismdependsonaclimateoffearratherthanontheactualthreat.C.Becausetheuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthatisinappropriatetotheactualthreat.D.Becausepublicizingtheviolencecanmakemorepeopleknowtheactualthreat.51.TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat______.A.theimpactofpsychologicalterrorrelieslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedB.therearevariouswaystohavetheimpactofpsychologicalterrorC.theAmericanmediaiseffectiveD.thewaysdeterminestheeffect52.Therandomnessandtheubiquityoftheterroristactsbringtothepublictheimpressionthat______.A.theterroristsareexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivesB.thethreatisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerC.theterroristsarepowerfulandpervasiveD.theforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized【答案與解析】49.A 第二段最后一句提到了改變心理戰(zhàn)規(guī)則的三個原因，不包含A項。50.C C項與第五段“Theuseofterrorism...aclimateoffearthatisincommensuratewiththeactualthreat”表述相符，其中選項C中的“inappropriate”是對文章中“incommensurate”的同義替換，都是“不對稱的”意思。51.A 第六段第一句“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact”為此段中心句。后文進一步提出“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.”其后提到的“Iranianhostagecrisis”也即伊朗人質(zhì)危機是作為例子說明這一點，對事件的報道方式?jīng)Q定了效果。其中“cover”和選項A中的“publicize”都是“報道”的意思，故選A項。52.D 第七段明確提到恐怖活動給人的印象是“…theforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized...（恐怖力量變得統(tǒng)一化而非個性化）”。【題海拾貝】（1）PsychologicalTerror心理上的恐怖（2）instill灌輸（3）hostagecrisis人質(zhì)危機（4）demoralization士氣沮喪（5）tactic戰(zhàn)略，策略PassageFourInayearmarkedbyuncertaintyandupheaval,officialsatNewOrleansuniversitiesthatdrawapplicantsnationwidearenotfollowingtheusualrulesofthumbwhenitcomestocollegeadmissions.Theonlysurebet,theysay,isthatthisfall’senteringclasses—thefirstsinceKatrina—willbesmallerthanusual.Intypicalyears,mostcollegeadmissionsofficialscanpredictfairlybythispointintheadmissionscyclehowmanyhighschoolseniorswillcommittoenrollingintheirinstitutions.Manyofthemostselectiveschoolsrequirestudents—whoincreasinglyareapplyingtomultipleinstitutions—tomaketheirchoicesbyMay1.LoyolaUniversity,whosetrusteeswillvoteMay19onwhethertodropseveraldegreeprogramsandeliminate17facultypositions,receivedfewerapplications—about2.900todate,comparedwith3,500inrecentyears.Theschoolhopestoenroll700freshman,downfrom850inthepastfewyears.HistoricallyblackDillardUniversity,whichisoperatingoutofahotelandwasforcedtocancelitsannualMarchopenhouse,alsosawdrops,asdidXavierUniversity,ahistoricallyblackCatholicinstitutionthatfellbehinditsrecruitmentschedule.Dillardwon’treleasenumbers,butspokeswomanMaureenLarkinssaysapplicationsweredownandenrollmentsareexpectedtobelowerthaninthepast.XavieradmissionsdeanWinstonBrownsaysitsapplicantpoolfellbyabouthalfoflastyear’srecord1,014;hehopestoenroll500freshman.Incontrast,TulaneUniversity,whichisthemostselectiveofthefouranddevelopedanaggressiverecruitmentscheduleafterthehurricane,enjoyedan11%increaseinapplicationsthisyear,toarecord20,715.Evenso,officialspredictthatfeweradmittedstudentswillenrollandareprojectingasmaller-than-usualfreshmanclass—1,400,comparedwithamoretypical1,600.TulaneofficialsannouncedinDecemberthattheywouldeliminatesomedepartmentsandfacultypositions.LikeTulane,otherschoolsaretakingextrastopsthisyeartowooadmittedstudent,oftenbyenlistinghelpfromalumniaroundthecountryandreachingouttostudentswithmoree-mail,phonecallsorWeb-basedinteractionssuchasblogs.Inaddition,Loyolaisrelaxingdeadlines,sweeteningthepotwithlargerscholarshipsandfreezingtuitionatlastyear’slevel.Dillard,too,isfreezingtuition.It’salsohostingtown