王佐良《歐洲文化入門》筆記和課后習(xí)題詳解

絎?绔犮€€甯岃厞緗楅┈鏂囧寲

1.1銆€澶嶄範絎旇

鈪?/span>.Thehistoricalbackground

鈪?/span>.PoliticalStructureandSocialLife

鈪?/span>.Homer

鈪?/span>.LyricPoetry

鈪?/span>.Drama

鈪?/span>.History

1Herodotus

2Thucydides

鈪?/span>.PhilosophyandScience

1Pythagoras

2Heracleitus

3Democritus

4Socrates

5Plato

6Aristotle

7ContendingSchoolsofThought

8Science

鈪?/span>.Art,Architecture,SculptureandPottery

1Art

2Architecture

3Sculpture

4Pottery

鈪?/span>.TheimpactofGreekLiterature

鈪?/span>.Thehistoricalbackground錛堝巻鍙茶儗鏅級

(1)AwarbrokeoutbetweenGreeceandTroy,andthewarendedinTroy鈥檚defeat.

(2)ThemostprosperousperiodofGreekculturewasthefifthcenturyBC.AfterrepellingthePersianinvasion,Athensestablisheddemocracy.ThewarbetweenAthensandSpartaendedthisgloriousperiod.

(3)Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,AlexanderEmperoroftheKingdomofMacedonruledGreece.

(4)In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.

錛?錛夊笇鑵婂拰鐗規(guī)礇浼婁箣闂寸垎鍙戜簡鎴樹簤錛屾垬浜変互鐗規(guī)礇浼婄殑澶辮觸鑰屽憡緇堛€?/p>

錛?錛夊笇鑵婃枃鍖栨渶涓虹箒鑽ｇ殑鏃舵湡鏄叕鍏冨墠浜斾笘綰€傚嚮閫€娉㈡柉鐨勫叆渚靛悗錛岄泤鍏稿緩绔嬩簡姘戜富鏀挎不銆傞泤鍏稿拰鏂反杈句箣闂寸殑鎴樹簤緇撴潫浜嗚繖涓€杈夌厡鏃舵湡銆?/p>

錛?錛夊叕鍏冨墠鍥涗笘綰笅鍗婃湡錛岄┈鍏墮】鐜嬪浗鐨勪簹鍘嗗北澶у笣緇熸不浜嗗笇鑵娿€?/p>

錛?錛夊叕鍏冨墠146騫達紝緗楅┈緇熸不浜嗗笇鑵娿€?/p>

鈪?/span>.PoliticalStructureandSocialLife錛堟斂娌葷粨鏋勫拰紺句細鐢熸椿錛?/p>

Athenswasademocraticcountry.However,onlymalecitizensofthecountryparticipatedindemocracy.Women,children,foreignersandslavesdidnot.Athenianslovedsports.Everyfouryears,theyheldsportsactivitiesonMountOlympus.

闆呭吀鏄竴涓皯涓誨浗瀹訛紝鐒惰€屽彧鏈夊浗瀹剁殑鐢鋒€у叕姘戞墠浜湁姘戜富錛屽濂熾€佸瀛愩€佸鍥戒漢浠ュ強濂撮毝鏄病鏈夌殑銆傞泤鍏鎬漢鐑埍榪愬姩錛屾瘡闅斿洓騫達紝浠栦滑閮戒細鍦ㄥゥ鏋楀尮鏂北涓婁婦琛岃繍鍔ㄦ椿鍔ㄣ€?/p>

鈪?/span>.Homer錛堣瘲浜鴻嵎椹級

鈽匱heGreeksregardedHomerastheirepicpoet.Histwoepics,theIliadandtheOdyssey,havesurvived.

鈽卼heIliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroy.TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.

鈽卼heOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomeislandofIthaca.IttellssomeoftheadventuresheencounteredintheOdysseyduringthelongseavoyage,andhowhereunitedwithhisloyalwifePenelopeintheend.

鈽呭笇鑵婁漢鎶婅嵎椹綋浣滄槸浠栦滑鐨勫彶璇楄瘲浜恒€備粬鐨勪袱閮ㄥ彶璇椾綔鍝侊紝鈥滀紛鍒╀簹鐗光€濆拰鈥滃ゥ寰瘋禌鈥濈暀瀛樹簡涓嬫潵銆?/p>

鈽呪€滀紛鍒╀簹鐗光€濊榪扮殑鏄敱闃夸冀闂ㄥ啘棰嗗鐨勫笇鑵婂崡閮ㄥ煄閭﹁仈鐩熷鎶楃壒媧涗紛鐨勪簨銆傛晠浜嬩腑鐨勮嫳闆勫垎鍒槸鐗規(guī)礇浼婄殑榛戝澶氬拰甯岃厞鐨勯樋鍠€鐞夋柉鍜屽ゥ寰蜂慨鏂€傚湪鏈€鍚庣殑鎴樻枟涓紝璧厠澶氳闃垮杸鐞夋柉鍜岀壒媧涗紛鏉€姝諱簡錛岀壒媧涗紛琚礂鍔竴絀哄茍琚儳鎺夈€?/p>

鈽呪€滃ゥ寰瘋禌鈥濊榪頒簡鐗規(guī)礇浼婃垬浜夊悗濂ュ痙璧涘洖瀹朵埂浼婅惃鍗″矝鐨勪簨銆傚畠鎻忚堪浜嗗湪婕暱鐨勬搗涓婅埅琛屼腑濂ュ痙璧涙墍閬囧埌鐨勪竴浜涘啋闄╋紝浠ュ強浠栨渶鍚庢槸濡備綍涓庝粬閭ｅ繝璐炵殑濡誨瓙浣╁唴媧涙櫘鍥㈣仛鐨勪簨鎯呫€?/p>

鈪?/span>.LyricPoetry錛堟姃鎯呰瘲錛?/p>

Homer鈥檚epicswerenottheonlyformofpoetrytheGreekshadwritten.Therewereotherforms,suchaslyrics.Ofthemanylyricpoetsofthetime,twoarestilladmiredbyreaderstoday:SapphoandPindar.

鍙ゅ笇鑵婁漢闄や簡鍐欏彶璇楋紝榪樺啓鎶掓儏璇椼€傝繖涓椂鏈熺殑閲嶈鎶掓儏璇椾漢鍖呮嫭SapphoandPindar.

鈪?/span>.Drama錛堟垙鍓э級

TheGreeksstartedactingearlyonreligiousfestivals,includingcomedies.Forthisreason,animportantdramaappearedinthefifthcenturyBC.

Threeimportantdramawriters:

a.Aeschylus(525鈥?56B.C.)

b.Sophocles(496鈥?06B.C.)

c.Euripides(484鈥?06B.C.)

鏃╁湪閬ヨ繙鐨勮繃鍘伙紝甯岃厞浜哄氨寮€濮嬪湪瀹楁暀鑺傛棩鏃舵紨鎴忥紝鍖呮嫭鍠滃墽銆備互姝や負鐢憋紝鍏厓鍓嶄簲涓栫邯鍑虹幇浜嗕竴縐嶉噸瑕佺殑鎴忓墽銆?/p>

鈪?/span>.History錛堝巻鍙蹭綔鍝侊級

1Herodotus(484鈥?30B.C.)錛堣但緗楀鏂級

Heisoftencalled鈥淔atherofHistory鈥?wroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.

浠栬縐頒負鈥滃巻鍙蹭箣鐖垛€濓紝鍐欑殑涓昏鏄笇鑵婂拰娉㈡柉涔嬮棿鐨勬垬浜夈€?/p>

2Thucydides(about460鈥?04B.C.)錛堜慨鏂簳寰鳳級

YoungerthanHerodotus,heismoreaccurateasanhistorian.MacaulaycalledThucydides鈥渢hegreatesthistorianthateverlived.鈥?/p>

浠栬钁楀悕鐨勫巻鍙插瀹禡acaulay縐頒負鏈€浼熷ぇ鐨勫巻鍙插瀹躲€?/p>

鈪?/span>.PhilosophyandScience錛堝摬瀛﹀拰縐戝錛?/p>

1Pythagoras(about580鈥?00B.C.)錛堟瘯杈懼摜鎷夋柉錛?/p>

Founderofscientificmathematics.Heandhisschoolcreatedtheabstractconceptsofbasicmathematics:point,line,magnitude,surface,bodyandthefirsttheoryofproportion.

鏁板瀛︾鐨勫鍩轟漢銆備粬鍜屼粬鐨勫媧懼垱绔嬩簡鍩虹鏁板鐨勬娊璞℃蹇碘€斺€旂偣錛岀嚎錛岄潰錛屼綋縐紝鍜屾瘮渚嬬殑絎竴鍘熺悊銆?/p>

2Heraclitus(about540鈥?80B.C.)錛堣但鎷夊厠鍒╃壒錛?/p>

Tohim,鈥渁llisflux,nothingisstationary.鈥?/p>

鎶婄墿璐ㄧ殑涓€鍒囪搗婧愬綊浜庣伀銆?/p>

3Democritus(about460鈥?70B.C.)錛堝痙璋熷厠鍒╃壒錛?/p>

Hespeculatedabouttheatomicstructureofthingsastheearliestadvocateofatomictheory.

鎺ㄦ祴浜嬬墿鐨勫師瀛愮粨鏋勶紝浠栨槸鍘熷瓙鐞嗚鐨勬渶鏃╁€″鑰呫€?/p>

4Socrates錛堣嫃鏍兼媺搴曪級

Dialecticalmethod杈╄瘉娉?/p>

5Plato錛堟煆鎷夊浘錛?/p>

HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including:

TheApology(Socrates鈥?defenceofhimselfatthetrial),

Symposium(aboutbeautyandlove),

TheRepublic(abouttheidealstate).

Plato鈥檚philosophyiscalledIdealism.

鏌忔媺鍥劇殑瀵硅瘽鏈€涓哄嚭鍚嶃€傛湁鍚嶇殑瀵硅瘽鍖呮嫭:銆婄敵杈╃瘒銆嬨€婁細楗瘒銆嬪拰銆婄悊鎯沖浗銆嬨€?/p>

鏌忔媺鍥劇殑鍝插琚О涓虹悊鎯充富涔夈€?/p>

6Aristotle錛堜簹閲屽＋澶氬痙錛?/p>

Hewroteepoch-maltingworks,whichdominatedEuropeanthoughtformorethanathousandyears

浠栦功鍐欎簡璺ㄧ邯鍏冪殑钁椾綔錛屼富瀹頒簡嬈ф床鎬濇兂涓€鍗冨騫淬€?/p>

7ContendingSchoolsofThought錛堢櫨瀹朵簤楦ｏ級

Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,fourschoolsofphilosophersoftenarguedwitheachother.TheyweretheCynics,theSkeptics,theEpicureansandtheStoics.

鍚庢潵錛屽湪鍏厓鍓嶅洓涓栫邯錛岃タ鏂瑰摬瀛﹀洓媧劇粡甯鎬簰鐩鎬簤璁恒€傝繖鍥涙淳鍒嗗埆鏄姮鍎掍富涔夊媧俱€佺枒璁哄媧俱€佷紛澹侀笭椴佸媧俱€佹柉澶氫簹瀛︽淳銆?/p>

8Science錛堢瀛︼級

鈽匛uclidisevennowwell-knownforhisElements,atextbookofgeometry.

鈽匒rchimedes(287鈥?12B.C.)didimportantworknotonlyingeometry,butalsoinarithmetic,mechanics,andhydrostatics.

鈽匒rchimedesfoundthelawofbuoyancyinthebathtub.

鈽呮鍑犻噷寰楀洜涓轟粬鐨勫嚑浣曟暀縐戜功銆婂嚑浣曞師鏈€嬭€屽嚭鍚嶃€?/p>

鈽呴樋鍩虹背寰鳳紙鍏厓鍓?87-212錛夌殑璐＄尞涓嶄粎鍦ㄥ嚑浣曟柟闈紝鑰屼笖鍦ㄦ暟瀛︼紝鍔涘錛屽拰嫻佷綋闈欏姏瀛︽柟闈㈤兘鏈夋垚灝便€?/p>

鈽呴樋鍩虹背寰峰湪嫻寸幾涓矏嫻存椂鍙戠幇浜嗘誕鍔涘畾寰嬨€?/p>

鈪?/span>.Art,Architecture,SculptureandPottery錛堣壓鏈紝寤虹瓚錛岄洉濉戝拰闄跺櫒錛?/p>

1Art錛堣壓鏈級

GreekartisavisualproofofGreekcivilization.

甯岃厞鑹烘湳鏄叾鏂囨槑鐨勮璇併€?/p>

2Architecture錛堝緩絳戯級

Greekarchitecturecanbegroupedintothreestyles:theDoricstylewhichisalsocalledthemasculinestyle;theIonicstylewhichisalsocalledthefemininestyle;andalaterstylethatiscalledtheCorinthianstyle.

鍙ゅ笇鑵婂緩絳戝彲浠ュ垝鍒嗕負涓夌椋庢牸錛氬閲屽厠椋庢牸錛屼篃琚О涓虹敺鎬ч鏍鹼紱浜屼負鐖卞ゥ灝間簹椋庢牸錛屼篃琚О涓哄コ鎬ч鏍鹼紱縐戞灄鏂紡椋庢牸銆?/p>

3Sculpture錛堥洉濉戯級

i.DiscusThrower閾侀ゼ

ii.VenusdeMilo綾蟲礇鐨勭淮綰蟲柉

iii.Laocoongroupabout125B.C.鍏厓鍓?25騫寸殑緹ゅ儚

4Pottery錛堥櫠鍣級

TherewereBlack-figurepaintings(700鈥?00B.C.)andRed-figurepaintings(鈥?0B.C.).

TheBla