機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語

Lesson11、thebranchofscientificanalysis,whichdealswithmotions,time,andforces,iscalledmechanicsandismadeupoftwoparts,staticsanddynamics.Staticsdealswiththeanalysisofstationarysystems,i.e.,thoseinwhichtimeisnotafactor,anddynamicsdealswithsystems,whichchangewithtime.對運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間和作用力作出科學(xué)分析的分支成為力學(xué)。他由靜力學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)兩部分組成。靜力學(xué)對靜止系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析，即在其中不考慮時(shí)間這個(gè)引述，動(dòng)力學(xué)對事件而變化的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析。2、Anytwosuchforcesactingonabodyconstituteacouple.Thearmofthecoupleistheperpendiculardistancebetweentheirlinesofaction,andtheplaneofthecoupleistheplanecontainingthetwolinesofaction.作用在一個(gè)剛體上的兩個(gè)這樣的的里構(gòu)成一個(gè)力偶。力偶臂是這兩個(gè)條作用線之間的垂直距離，力偶面是包含著兩條作用線的平面。3、Mechanicsdealwithtwokindsofquantities:scalarsandvectors.Scalarquantitiesarethosewithwhichamagnitudealoneisassociated.Examplesofscalarquantitiesinmechanicsaretime,volume,density,speed,energy,andmass.Vectorquantities,ontheotherhand,possessdirectionaswellasmagnitude.Examplesofvectorsaredisplacement,velocity,acceleration,force,moment,andmomentum.力學(xué)涉及兩種類型的量，標(biāo)量和矢量。標(biāo)量是那些只有大小的量。在力學(xué)中標(biāo)量的例子有時(shí)間、體積、密度、速率、、能量和質(zhì)量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移、速度、加速度、力、力矩、動(dòng)量。Lesson2（此課后面沒翻譯，翻譯的不太準(zhǔn)確諒解）1、Theturningofapartinalatheisanotherexampleofseveralforcesinaction.（asshowninfigure1）車床車削是一些力在起作用的另一個(gè)例子。figure1(如圖)。2、Ifthisworkpieceisheldbetweenthecentersofthelathe,thecentersexertacompressiveforceagainstthework.如果這個(gè)工件在放在車床中心之間,中心車床對工作產(chǎn)生壓力。3、Rotarymotionisrequiredtodrillholes,turnpartsinalathe,millsurfaces,ordriveageneratororfanbelt.扶輪運(yùn)動(dòng)需要去鉆孔，在車床上轉(zhuǎn)換兩件,表面,或驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)或風(fēng)扇皮帶4、HarmonicandIntermittentMotion（諧和運(yùn)動(dòng)和間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)）:Anysimplevibration,suchastheregularback,andforthmovementoftheendofapendulum,issimpleharmonicmotion.Lesson41、Virtuallyallmachinescontainshafts.Themostcommonshapeforshaftsiscircularandthecrosssectioncanbeeithersolidorhollow.實(shí)際上，幾乎所有的機(jī)器中都裝有軸。軸的最常見的形狀是圓形，其截面可以是實(shí)心的，也可以是空心的（空心軸可以減輕重量）。有時(shí)也采用矩形軸，例如，螺絲起子的頭部.套筒扳手和控制旋鈕的桿。2、Ashaftmusthaveadequatetorisonalstrengthtotransmittorqueandnotbeoverstresseditmustalsobetorsionalstiffenoughsothatonemountedcomponentdoesnotdeviateexcessivelyfromitsoriginalangularpositionrelativetoasecondcomponentmountedonthesameshaft.為了在傳遞扭矩時(shí)不發(fā)生過載，軸應(yīng)該有適當(dāng)?shù)目古?qiáng)度。軸還應(yīng)該具有足夠的抗扭強(qiáng)度，以使在同一軸上的兩個(gè)傳動(dòng)零件之間的相對轉(zhuǎn)角不會(huì)過大。3、Componentssuchasgearsandpulleysaremountedonshaftsbymeansofkey.Thedesignofthekeyandthecorrespondingkeywayintheshaftmustbeproperlyevaluated.Forexample,stressconcentrationsoccurinshaftsduetokeyways,andthematerialremovedtofromthekeywayfurtherweakenstheshaft.齒輪和皮帶輪等零件通過鍵連接在軸上。在鍵及軸上與之相對應(yīng)的鍵槽的設(shè)計(jì)中，必須進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的計(jì)算。例如，軸上的鍵槽會(huì)引起應(yīng)力集中，由于鍵槽的存在會(huì)使軸的橫截面積減小，會(huì)進(jìn)一步減弱軸的強(qiáng)度。4、Anotherimportantaspectofshaftdesignisthemethodofdirectlyconnectingoneshafttoanother.Devicessuchasrigidandflexiblecouplingsaccomplishthis.軸的設(shè)計(jì)工作中的另一個(gè)重要方面是一根軸與另一根軸之間的直接連接方法。這是由剛性或者彈性聯(lián)軸器來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。Lesson51、Thetermshaftusuallyreferstoarelativelylongmemberofroundcrosssectionthatrotatesandtransmitspower.Oneormorememberssuchasgears,sprockers,pullys,andcamsareusuallyattachedtotheshaftbymeansofpins,keys,splines,snaprings,andotherdevices.Theselattermembersareamongthe"associatedparts"consederedinthistext,asatecouplingsanduniversaljoints,whichservetoconnecttheshafttothesourceofpowerorload.2、Itisapparentthatshaftscanbesubjectedtovariouscombinationsofaxial,bending,andtorsionalloads,andthattheseloadsmaybestaticorfluctuating.3、Torsionaldefectioncanaffecttheaccuracyofacamorgeardrivenmechanism.Furthermore,thegreatertheflexibility-eitherlateralortorsional-thelowerthecorrespondingcriticalspeed.4、Agearcanbegrippedaxiallybetweenashoulderontheshaftandaspacer,withtorquebeingtransmittedthroughakeyways.Lesson71、Fastenersaredeviceswhichpermitoneparttobejoinedtoasecondpartand,hence,theyareinvolvedinalmostalldesigns.Theacceptabilityofanyproductdependsnotonlyontheselectedcomponents,butalsoonthemeansbywhichtheyarefastenedtogether.Theprincipalpurposesoffastenersaretoprovidethefollowingdesignfeatures;緊固件是將一個(gè)零件與另一個(gè)零件進(jìn)行連接的零件。因此，幾乎在所有的設(shè)計(jì)中都要用到緊固件。人們對于任何產(chǎn)品的滿意程度不僅取決于其組成部件，還取決于其連接方式。2、Theimportanceoffastenerscanberealizedwhenreferringroanycomplexproduct,Inthecaseoftheautomobile,thereareliterallythousandsofpartswhicharefastenedtogethertoproducethetotalproduct.Thefailureorlooseningofasinglefastenercouldresultinasimplenuisancesuchasadoorrattleorinaserioussituationsuchasawheelcomingoff.Suchpossibilitiesmustbetakenintoaccountintheselectionofthetypeoffatenerforthespecificapplication.通過任何一個(gè)復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品，都可以認(rèn)識到緊固件在其中的重要性。以汽車為例，它是由數(shù)千個(gè)零件連接在一起而成為一輛車。一個(gè)緊固件的失效或松脫可能會(huì)帶來像車門嘎嘎響這類小麻煩，也可能造成像車輪脫落這種嚴(yán)重的后果。因此，在為一個(gè)特定的用途選擇緊固件時(shí)，應(yīng)該考慮到上述各種可能性。Lesson81、Threadedfasternersperformthefunctionoflocating,clamgping,adjusting,andtransmitingforcefromonemachinemembertoanother.Theyarethoroughlystandardizedandgenerallydesignedforuseinmassproductionofmachines.2、Matchingexternalandinternalthreadssothattheyaremaybeassembledisthekeytoallthreadfasteners.3、AparticularSAEgradespecilicationcanbemetbyanumberofdifferentsteels,thusfastermanufacturershavesomelatitudeinselectingthematerialsbestsuitedtotheirspecificproductionfaclities.4、Formoderateloadsandspeedesthecorrectselectionofastandardofthebearingonthebasisofloadratingwillusuallysecuresatisfactoryperformance.對于中等載荷和轉(zhuǎn)速，根據(jù)額定負(fù)荷選擇一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軸承，通常都可以保證其具有令人滿意的工作性能。5、Thedeflectionoflessmagnitudethanthatoftheshaftsorothercomponentsassociatedwiththebearing.當(dāng)載荷較大時(shí)，軸承零件的變形，盡管它通常小于軸和其它與軸承一起工作的零部件的變形，將會(huì)變得重要起來。Lesson91、Wherespeedsarehighspecialcoolingarrangementsbecomenecessarywhichmayincreasefrictionaldrag.在轉(zhuǎn)速高的場合需要有專門的冷卻裝置，而這可能會(huì)增大摩擦阻力。2、Itisnotsurprisingthat,owingtothehighstressesinvolved,apredominantformoffailureshoulsbemetalfatigue,andagooddealofworkiscurrentlyinprogressintendedtoimprovethereliabilityofthistypeofbearing.滾動(dòng)軸承由于在工作中會(huì)產(chǎn)生高的應(yīng)力，其主要失效形式是金屬疲勞，這一點(diǎn)并不奇怪，目前正在進(jìn)行大量的工作以求改進(jìn)這種軸承的可靠性。3、Thefitofthebearingracesontotheshaftorontothehousingisofcriticalimportancebecauseoftheircombinedeffectontheinternalclearanceofthebearingaswellaspreservingthedesireddegreeofinterferencefit.軸承套圈與軸或軸承座的的配合非常重要，因?yàn)樗鼈冎g的配合不僅應(yīng)該保證所需要的過盈量，而且也應(yīng)該保證軸承的內(nèi)部間隙。4、Theinnerraceisfrequentlylocatedaxiallybyabuttingagainstashoulder.Aradiusatthispointisessentialfortheavoidanceofstressconcentrationandballracesraeprovidedewitharadiusorchamfertoallowspaceforthis.內(nèi)圈通常是通過緊靠在軸肩上進(jìn)行軸向定位的。軸肩出的圓弧半徑主要是為了避免應(yīng)力集中。在軸承內(nèi)圈上加工出一個(gè)圓弧或者倒角，用來提供容納軸肩處圓弧半徑的空間。5、Wherelifeisnotthedetermingfactorindesign,itisusualtodeterminemaximumloadingbytheamounttowhichabearingwilldeflectunderload.在使用壽命不是設(shè)計(jì)中的決定因素的場合，通常根據(jù)軸承受載荷時(shí)產(chǎn)生的變形量來確定其最大載荷。Lesson131、Oneoftheprimaryconsiderationsindesigninganymachineorstructureisthatthestrengthmustbesufficientlygreaterthatthestresstoassurebothsafetyandreliability.Toassurethatmechanicalpartsdonotfailinservice,itisnecessarytolearnwhytheysometimesdofail.Thenweshallbeabletorelatethestresseswiththestrengthstoachievesafety.在設(shè)計(jì)任何機(jī)器或者結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，所考慮的主要事項(xiàng)之一是其強(qiáng)度應(yīng)該比它所承受的應(yīng)力要大得多，以確保安全與可靠性。要保證機(jī)械零件在使用過程中不發(fā)生失效，就必須知道它們在某些時(shí)候會(huì)失效的原因，然后，才能將應(yīng)力與強(qiáng)度聯(lián)系起來，以確保其安全。2、Ideally,indesigninganymachineelement,theengineershouldhaveathisdisposaltheresultsofagreatmanystrengthtestsoftheparticularmaterialchosen.Thesetestsshouldhavebeenmadeonspecimenshavingthesameheattreatment,surfaceroughness,andsizeastheelementheproposestodesign,andthetestsshouldbemadeunderexactlythesameloadingconditionsasthepartwillexperienceinservice.設(shè)計(jì)任何機(jī)械零件的理想情況為，工程師可以利用大量的他所選用的這種材料的強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。這些試驗(yàn)應(yīng)該在與所設(shè)計(jì)的零件有相同的熱處理，表面粗糙度和尺寸大小的試件進(jìn)行，而且試驗(yàn)應(yīng)該在與零件使用過程中承受的載荷完全相同的情況下進(jìn)行。3、Mosthardness-testingsystemsemployastandardloadwhichisappliedtoaballorpyramidincontactwiththematerialtobetested.Thehardnessisthenexpressedasafunctionofthesizeoftheresultingindentation.Thismeansthathardnessisaneasypropertytomeasure,becausethetestisnondestructiveandtestspecimensarenotrequired.Usuallythetestcanbeconducteddirectlyonanactualmachineelement.大多數(shù)硬度試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)是將一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的載荷加在與被試驗(yàn)材料相接觸的小球或者棱錐上。因此，硬度可以表示為所產(chǎn)生的壓痕尺寸函數(shù)。這表明由于硬度是非破壞性試驗(yàn)，而且不需要專門的試件，因而硬度是一個(gè)容易測量的性能。通常可以直接在實(shí)際的機(jī)械零件上進(jìn)行硬度試驗(yàn)。Lesson171、Thefirststepinthemanufactureofanyproductisdesign,whichusuallytakesplaceinseveraldistinctstages:(a)conceptual;(b)functional;(c)productiondesign.Duringtheconceptualdesignstage,thedesignerisconcernedprimarilywiththefunctionstheproductistofulfill.制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段；（a）概念設(shè)計(jì)；b功能設(shè)計(jì)c生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在概念設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。2、Oftenaprototypeorworkingmodelismadethatcanbetestedtopermitevaluationoftheproductastofunction,reliability,appearance,serviceability,andsoon.通常要制造出樣機(jī)或著實(shí)物模型，并對其進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，評價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等3、Asmanufacturingprogresses,itisinevitablethatsituationswillarisethatmayrequiremodificationsofthematerialsbeingused.Experiencemayrevealthatsubstitutionofcheapermaterialscanbemade.在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可以采用某些便宜材料作為代替。24/27課Workingdrawingsarethedrawingsfromwhichadesignisimplemented.Allprinciplesoforthographicprojectionandtechniquesofgraphicscanbeusedtocommunicatethedetailsofaprojectinworkingdrawings.Adetaildrawingisaworkingdrawingofasinglepart(ordetail)withinthesetofworkingdrawings.工作圖是將設(shè)計(jì)變?yōu)閷?shí)際產(chǎn)品所依據(jù)的圖樣。所有的正投影原理和繪圖技術(shù)都可以用來在工作圖中表達(dá)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的細(xì)節(jié)。零件圖是在一整套工作圖中關(guān)于一個(gè)零件（或細(xì)節(jié)）的工作圖。TitleBlocksInpractice,titleblocksusuallycontainthetitleorpartname,drafter,date,scale,company,andsheetnumber.Otherinformation,suchastolerances,checkers,andmaterials,alsomaybegiven.Anymodificationsorchangesaddedafterthefirstversiontoimprovethedesignisshownintherevisionblocks.標(biāo)題欄在實(shí)踐中，標(biāo)題欄中通常包括標(biāo)題或零件名稱、制圖員、日期、比例、公司和圖號。另外，還可以包含公差、審核人員和材料等信息。在第一次制圖之后，任何為了改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方案而作的修改和更正都應(yīng)該在修改欄中標(biāo)明。Theallocationofproperproductiontolerancesisthereforeamostimportanttaskifthefinishedproductistoachieveitsintendedpurposeandyetbeeconomicaltoproduce.Thesizeofthetolerances,asspecifiedbythedesigner,dependsonthemanyconditionspertainingtothedesignaswellasonpastexperiencewithsimilarproductsifsuchexperienceisavailable.要使產(chǎn)品能夠以較低的價(jià)格被生產(chǎn)出來并且能夠滿足設(shè)計(jì)的要求，規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)募庸す钍亲顬橹匾墓ぷ?。公差的大小是由設(shè)計(jì)人員所確定的，它取決于許多與設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的條件以及過去在設(shè)計(jì)類似產(chǎn)品時(shí)所獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)（如果有這方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)的話）。Apartissaidtobeattheleastmaterialcondition(LMC)whenthedimensionsareallatthelimitsthatgiveapartwiththesmallestamountofmaterial.當(dāng)所有的尺寸都處在允許零件含有的材料量為最小的極限狀態(tài)時(shí)，就稱這個(gè)零件處于最小實(shí)體狀態(tài)（LMC）。Ifthevariationsduetochancecausesaretoogreat,itisusuallynecessarytomovetheoperationtomoreaccurateequipmentratherthanspendmoreeffortintryingtoimprovetheprocess.如果隨機(jī)原因?qū)Τ叽缱兓挠绊戇^大，一般來說采用更精密的加工設(shè)備，要比花費(fèi)更多精力來改變生產(chǎn)過程更為有效Lesson291、 Thetechniqueofdimensioningpartswithinarequirerangeofvariationtoensureinterchangeabilityiscalledtolerancing.Eachdimensionisallowedacertaindegreeofvariationwithinaspecifiedzone,ortolerance.forexample,apart^sdimensionmightbeexpressedas20+-0.50,whichallowsatolerance(variationinsize)of1.00mm.給零件標(biāo)注尺寸使其在一個(gè)規(guī)定的區(qū)間內(nèi)變動(dòng)，以保證他們具有互換性的技術(shù)稱為公差技術(shù)。允許每個(gè)尺寸在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)具有一定的變動(dòng)量，稱為公差。例如，一個(gè)零件的尺寸可以被表示成20+-0.50，其公差（尺寸變動(dòng)量）為1.00mm。單詞basicholesystem基孔制basicshaftsystem基軸制Leesson331Engineeringandtechnologystudentsmustbecamecomputerliterate,tounderstandtheapplicationsofcomputerandtheiradvantages.Nottodosowillplacestudentsataseriousdisadvantageinpursuingtheircareers.工程技術(shù)專業(yè)的學(xué)生們應(yīng)該通曉計(jì)算機(jī)，了解計(jì)算機(jī)的用途和它們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。不這樣做，就會(huì)使學(xué)生們在將來的職業(yè)生涯中處于非常不利的地位。2、Engineersgenerallyagreethatthecomputerdoesnotchangethenatureofthedesignprocessbutisasignificanttoolthatimprovesefficiencyandproductivity工程師們通常認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)不會(huì)改變設(shè)計(jì)過程的性質(zhì)。3、Computerofapplicationsinengineeringandothertechnicalfields.Mostgraphicalsolutionsthatarepossiblewithapencilcanbedoneonacomputerandusuallymoreproductively.Applicationsvaryfrom3Dmodelingandfiniteelementanalysisto2Ddrawingsandmathematicalcaiculation.計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)在工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用幾乎沒有任何限制，大部分可以鉛筆完成的圖解方法都可以用計(jì)算機(jī)完成，而且通常效率更高。其應(yīng)用從建立三維模型和有限元分析，直到繪制平面圖和進(jìn)行數(shù)字計(jì)算。4、Thesesystemsoffermanyadvantageesovertraditionaldesignandmanufacturingsystems,ineludinglessdesigneffort,moreefficentmaterialuse,reducedleadtine,greateraccuracy,andimprovedinventorycontroi.包括減少時(shí)間工作量，提高材料利用率，縮短產(chǎn)品研制周期，提高精度和改善庫存管理。graphicshasanaimostlimitlessnumberLesson361、 enginlathes,ofcourse,aregeneral-purposemachinesusedinproductionandmaintenanceshopsallovertheworld.普通車床是全世界的生產(chǎn)車間和維修車間里廣泛使用的通用機(jī)床。2、 Thetracerorduplicatinglatheisdesignedtoproduceirregularlyshapedpartsautomatically.靠模車床或仿形車床被設(shè)計(jì)用來對形狀不規(guī)則的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)加工。3、machineswithawidevarietyofpoweraccessories.Theprincipalfeatureofallturretlathes,however,isthatthetoolscanperformaconsecutiveserialsofoperationsinpropersequence.Oncethetoolshavebeensetandadjusted,littleskillisrequiredtoturnoutduplicateparts.高生產(chǎn)率的磚塔車床是裝有許多動(dòng)力附件的非常復(fù)雜的機(jī)器。然而，所有磚塔車床的主要特點(diǎn)是刀具能按適當(dāng)順序完成一系列的加工工序。一旦這些刀具被安裝調(diào)整好后只只需要很低的技術(shù)就可以車削加工很多相同的零件。4、 Thefirstscrewmachineweredesignedtofeedbarstockandwireusedinmakingsmallscrewparts.單軸自動(dòng)螺絲車床，顧名思義，一次僅能加工一根棒料。Withthesinglespndlemachine,theturretindexesaroundthespindle.在單軸車床上，磚塔圍繞主軸轉(zhuǎn)位。Withamultiplespindlemaching,however,thespindleitselfindexes.然而，在多軸自動(dòng)車床上，主軸自己轉(zhuǎn)位。6、 Averticalturretlatheisbasicallyaturretlathethathasbeenstoodonitsheadstockend.立式磚塔車床基本上就是將其從床頭箱一端向下而豎立起來的一臺(tái)磚塔車床。Manyoftoday^smoresophisticatedlathesarecalledmachiningcenterssincetheyarecapableofperforming,inadditiontothenormalturningoperations,certainmillinganddrillingoperations.當(dāng)前許多技術(shù)更為先進(jìn)的車床叫做加工中心。因?yàn)樗麄兂送瓿沙Ｒ?guī)的車削工作之外，還可以完成某些銑削鉆削工作單詞：turret磚塔，六角刀架，六角頭generalpurpose多方面的，多種用途的Lesson651.AccordingtotheTool&ManufacturingEnglishHandbook,processplanningisthesystematicdeterminationofthemethodsbywhichaproductistobemanufacturedeconomicallyandcompetitively.根據(jù)《工具與制造工程師手冊》，工藝設(shè)計(jì)就是系統(tǒng)地確定能夠經(jīng)濟(jì)地和有競爭力地將產(chǎn)品制造出來的方法。2.Aplannermustmanageandretrieveagreatdealofdataandmanydocuments,includingestablishedstandards,machinabilitydata,machinespecifications,toolinginventories,stockavailability,andexistingprocessplans.工藝人員應(yīng)該管理和檢索大量的數(shù)據(jù)和很多文件。其中包括已建立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可加工性數(shù)據(jù)，機(jī)器的規(guī)格，工藝裝備的清單，原材料庫存量和一些目前正在應(yīng)用的工藝文件。3.Thisisprimarilyaninformation-handingjob,andthecomputerisanidealcompanion.這主要是一些信息處理工作，而計(jì)算機(jī)是完成這項(xiàng)工作的一個(gè)理想助手。4.MostimportantforCIM,computer-aidedprocessmachinereadabledatainsteadofhandwrittenplans.SuchdatacanreadilybetransferredtoothersystemswithintheCIMhierarchyforuseinplanning.對計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造最為重要的是，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)可以生成機(jī)器可以閱讀數(shù)據(jù)，而不是手寫的規(guī)程。這種數(shù)據(jù)可以傳遞到計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造體系中的另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，用以編制工藝規(guī)程。5.Inthevariantapproach,asetofstandardprocessplansisestablishedforallpartsfamiliesthathavebeenidentifiedthroughgrouptechnology.在派生法中，對采用成組技術(shù)確定的一個(gè)零件族中的所有零件，編制一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的加工工藝規(guī)程。6.Again,GThelpstoplacethenewpartinanappropriatefamily.Thestandardplanistheneditedtosuitthespecificrequirementsofaparticularjob.成組技術(shù)可以幫助把新零件歸類于適當(dāng)?shù)牧慵逯?。通過對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工藝規(guī)程的編輯，可以滿足對特定工作的專門要求。7.Inthegenerativeapproach,anattemptismadetosynthesizeeachindividualplanusingappropriatealgorithmsthatdefinethevarioustechnologicaldecisionsthatmustbemadeinthecourseofmanufacturing.在創(chuàng)成法中，通過采用確定加工制造過程中各種工藝決策的適當(dāng)算法，將各個(gè)單獨(dú)的工藝規(guī)程綜合起來。Lesson661、Oneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufacturingtechnologiesisnumericalcontrol(NC).PriortotheadventofNC,allmachinetoolsweremanuallyoperatedandcontrolled.先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)中的一個(gè)最基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（NC）。在數(shù)控技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，所有的機(jī)床都是有人工操作和控制的。2、Amongthemanylimitationsassociatedwithmanualcontrolmachinetolls,perhapsnoneismoreprominentthanthelimitationofoperatorskills.在與人工可控制的機(jī)床有關(guān)的很多局限性中，操作者的技術(shù)大概是最突出的問題。3、Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanmanuallyoperatedmachines,theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly,theyarefaster,andthelong-runtoolingcostslower.數(shù)字控制的機(jī)器比人工操縱的機(jī)器的精度更高、生產(chǎn)零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快，而且長期的工藝裝備成本更低。4、Thedevelopmentofaconceptknownasdirectnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvedthepaperandplas