Unit5課外補(bǔ)充材料及練習(xí)EventsthatShapedtheHistoryofEnglish-

EventsthatShapedtheHistoryofEnglishEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethatoriginatedfromAnglo-FrisiandialectsbroughttoBritainbyAnglo-Saxonmigrants（移居者）.AndEnglishhasevolvedthroughgenerationsofspeakers,undergoing（v.經(jīng)歷）majorchangesovertime.Itshistorycanberoughly（adj.粗略的）dividedintothreestages:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.Hereareafeweventsthatshaped（v.影響…的發(fā)展）thehistoryofEnglish.TheAnqlo-SaxonSettlement:PriortotheAnglo-Saxonsettlement,theRomeEmpiredominatedtheBritishIsles.However,inthe5thcenturyBCE,theRomanswithdrewfromBritainastheirempirebegantocollapse.Lateron,Saxons,Angles,andJutessailedacrossthewaterandcametotheBritishIslesfromvariouspartsofnorthwestGermany.Throughtheyears,thosethreeGermanictribesmixedtheirdifferentGermanicdialects,whichformedwhatlinguistsrefertoasOldEnglish.OldEnglishmaylookveryunfamiliar,andeventhoughitssurvivingelementsformthebasisofModernEnglishvocabulary,themajorityofnativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.TheNormanConquest:In1066,Englandwasinvadedandoccupied（v.占領(lǐng)）bytheNormans,whoweredescendants（n.后代）ofVikingssettlinginFrance.TheyhadabandonedtheVikinglanguageandcultureinfavorofaFrenchlifestyle,buttheystillfoughtlikeVikings.TheyplacedaNormankingontheEnglishthrone（王座）.Andthus,overthenextfewcenturies,FrenchwasthelanguageoftheBritishroyalty（王族）andaristocracy（貴族）,whiletheEnglishlanguage,asthelanguageofthenowlowerclass,wasconsideredavulgar（adj.粗俗的）tongue.ThevocabularyofEnglishinthiserachangedenormously,withatremendousnumberofwordsrelatedtothesystemofgovernmentandreligiousconceptsborrowedfromFrenchandLatin.TheGreatVoWelShift:InthisperiodaseriesofchangesoccurredinEnglishpronunciation,whichgounderthecollectivenameoftheGreatVowelShift.Thechangesinpronunciationweren’ttheresultofspecificsocialorhistoricalfactors,butsocialandhistoricalfactorswouldhavehelpedtospreadtheresultsofthechanges.Asaresult,theso-called‘pure’vowelsounds（元音）whichstillcharacterizemanycontinentallanguageswerelosttoEnglish.Thephonetic（語音的）pairingsofmostlongandshortvowelsoundswerealsolost,whichgaverisetomanyoftheoddities（不規(guī)則現(xiàn)象）ofEnglishpronunciation.Andatpresent,thisphenomenonobscures（v.模糊）therelationshipsbetweenmanyEnglishwordsandtheirforeigncounterparts（對應(yīng)物）.ColoniZationandGlobalization:Thecomplexprocessesofexploration,colonization（殖民化）andoverseastradethatcharacterizedBritain’sexternalrelations（對外關(guān)系）forseveralcenturiesledtosignificantchangeinEnglish.Wordswereabsorbedfromallovertheworld,oftenviathelanguagesofothertradingandimperialnationssuchasSpain,PortugalandtheNetherlands.Atthesametime,newvarietiesofEnglishemerged（v.出現(xiàn)）,eachwiththeirownnuances（細(xì)微差別）ofvocabularyandgrammarandtheirowndistinct（截然不同的）pronunciations.Morerecentlystill,Englishhasbecomeagloballanguage,regularlyusedandunderstoodbymanynations.TheeventualeffectsontheEnglishlanguageofbothofthesedevelopmentscanonlybeguessedtoday,buttherecanbelittledoubtthattheywillbeasimportantaswhateverhashappenedtoEnglishinthepastsixteenhundredyears.英語語言簡史英語起源于盎格魯-弗里西亞方言，是在日耳曼人（主要來自今天的德國西北地區(qū)以及荷蘭）入侵時(shí)被引入不列顛的，其歷史發(fā)展大致可分為古英語、中古英語和現(xiàn)代英語時(shí)期。英語的發(fā)展主要受到兩次入侵的影響。第一次是來自北日耳曼語支（也稱斯堪的那維亞語支）的入侵，他們在公元八、九世紀(jì)征服并使部分不列顛島成為他們的殖民地。第二次是十一世紀(jì)時(shí)來自諾曼人的入侵，他們講的古諾曼語最終發(fā)展為英語的一種變體，稱為盎格魯-諾曼語。古英語（古英語：Pnglisc,英語：OIdEnglish）是指從449年到1066年間在對應(yīng)于今天英格蘭和蘇格蘭東南部的人說的英語。古英語屬于西日耳曼語，和古弗里西語及古撒克遜語有密切關(guān)系。古英語和近代英語無論在讀音、拼寫、詞匯和語法上都很不一樣。古英語的語法和德語及冰島語比較相近，形態(tài)變化很復(fù)雜。中古英語是指1066年到1489年間所使用的英語。這個(gè)時(shí)期的英語和古英語相比，在讀音和拼寫，詞匯和語法方面都產(chǎn)生了較大的變化。一大部分古英語詞匯被淘汰，轉(zhuǎn)而吸收了很多法語和拉丁語的詞匯?，F(xiàn)代英語是指現(xiàn)代使用的英語，其產(chǎn)生開始于元音大推移，大致完成于1550年。在語言學(xué)歷史角度來看，現(xiàn)代英語包含了中古英語后期的英語。撇除個(gè)別的詞匯差異，諸如威廉?莎士比亞作品及《欽定版圣經(jīng)》等17世紀(jì)初的讀物，可視為現(xiàn)代英語；若作更確切劃分，則屬于近代英語。大多數(shù)通曉21世紀(jì)初英語的人大致讀懂這些書籍。以下為古英語/中古英語同現(xiàn)代英語的部分對照（OldEnglish）δhtheres?dehishlaforde,?Ifredecyninge,e?theealraNoremonnanortmestbude.Hecw?et?thebudeont?mIandenortweardumwittaWests?.Hes?deteaht?tt?tlandsleswltelangnorttonan;achitisealweste,butononfeawumstδwumstyccem71umwlciaeFinnas,onhuntoeeonwintra,ondonsumeraonfiscatebet?res?.(translationinModemEnglish)Ohtheresaidtohislord,KingAlfred,thatheofallNorsemenlivednorth-most.Hequoth(said)thathelivedinthelandnorthwardalongtheNorthSea.Hesaidthoughthatthelandwasverylongfromthere,butitisallwasteland,exceptthatinafewplaceshereandthereFinns［薩米人］encamp,huntinginwinterandinsummerfishingbythesea.MiddleEnglish

Ofhemthatwrittenoustofore

Thebokesduelle,andwetherfore

Bentawhtofthatwaswritetho:

Forthigoodisthatwealso

Inouretymeamongoushiere

Dowryteofnewesommatiere,

Essampledoftheseoldewyse

Sothatitmyhteinsuchawyse,

Whanwebendedeandelleswhere,

BelevetotheworldeseereIntymecomendeafterthis.ModemEnglishOftlioaewhow?oteb?fbreαurlives

Theirpreciouslegacysun≈rives:Fromwhatwaswι-ιttenthen,weleεtruh

And∩βit'swellthatwpein?m5

Inourallottedtiι∏conUarthDoWriteanewsomethingsofworth,

Likethosewefromthesesagescite.Sotlιat8uc?i?ilikemannermight.

Wlieu??chaveleftthisnιoιtalsphere.

RcLuaiiiforallflicworldtohearIua≥c?followiιι?ourowpn.EventsthatShapedtheHistoryofEnglishEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethat(發(fā)源于)Anglo-FrisiandialectsbroughttoBritainbyAnglo-Saxonmigrants.AndEnglish (evolve)throughgenerationsofspeakers,undergoing changesovertime.Itshistorycanbe (rough)dividedintothreestages:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.Severaleventshadaleadingrolein (shape)thehistoryofEnglish. (在...之前)theAnglo-Saxonsettlement,theRomeEmpire (支配)theBritishIsles.However,inthe5thcenturyBCE,theRomans (撤出)Britainastheirempirebeganto .Lateron,from (vary)partsofnorthwestGermanycamethreeGermanictribes-Saxons,Angles,andJutes,broughttoBritaintheirdifferentdialects.Thisisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofwhat (被稱作)OldEnglish.OldEnglishmaylookveryunfamiliar,andeventhoughitssurvivingelementsformthebasisofModernEnglishvocabulary, (大多數(shù))nativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.The (occupy)ofEnglandbytheNormansin1066markedtheendoftheOldEnglishera.TheNormansweredescendantsofVikingswho (settle)inFranceandabandonedtheVikinglanguageandculture (熱衷于)aFrenchlifestyle.Duringthisera,Frenchwasthelanguage (speak)bytheBritishroyaltyandaristocracy,whiletheEnglishlanguagewasconsideredavulgartongue.Meanwhile, (極大數(shù)量的)words (與 有關(guān))thesystemofgovernmentandreligionwereborrowedfromFrenchandLatin.Theseriesofchanges (occur)inEnglishpronunciationafter15thcenturygounderthecollectivenameoftheGreatVowelShift.Boththeso-called‘pure’vowelsoundsandthephoneticpairingsofmostlongandshortvowelsounds ( 所有)English.Thesephenomena (引發(fā)；導(dǎo)致)manyoftheodditiesofEnglishpronunciation.Inthecontextofcolonizationand (globalize),Englishvocabularywasenormouslyenlargedby (absorb)wordsfromallovertheworld.Atthesametime,newvarietiesofEnglishemerged,eachwiththeirownnuancesofvocabularyandgrammarandtheirowndistinctpronunciations.Morerecentlystill,Englishhasbecomealinguafranca,agloballanguage,regularlyusedandunderstoodbymanynations.Theeventualeffects theEnglishlanguageofbothofthesedevelopmentscanonlybeguessedtoday,buttherecanbelittledoubtthattheywillbeasimportantas hashappenedtoEnglishinthepastsixteenhundredyears.EventsthatShapedtheHistoryofEnglishEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethat originated/derived/descended from (發(fā)源于)Anglo-FrisiandialectsbroughttoBritainbyAnglo-Saxonmigrants.AndEnglishhasevolvedthroughgenerationsofspeakers,undergoingmajorchangesovertime.Itshistorycanberoughly(rough)dividedintothreestages:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.Severaleventshadaleadingrolein shaping (shape)thehistoryofEnglish.___Prior ___to （在…之前）theAnglo-Saxonsettlement,theRomeEmpire__dominated （支配）theBritishIsles.However,inthe5thcenturyBCE,theRomanswithdrewfrom（撤出）Britainastheirempirebegantocollapse.Lateron,fromvarious（vary）partsofnorthwestGermanyCamethreeGermanictribes-Saxons,Angles,andJutes,___who broughttoBritaintheirdifferentdialects.Thisisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofwhat is referred to as （被稱作）OldEnglish.OldEnglishmaylookveryunfamiliar,andeventhoughitssurvivingelementsformthebasisofModernEnglishvocabulary, the majority of （大多數(shù)）nativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.The__occupation （occupy）ofEnglandbytheNormansin1066markedtheendoftheOldEnglishera.TheNormansweredescendantsofVikingswhohadsettledinFranceandabandonedtheVikinglanguageandculture___infavorof （熱衷于）aFrenchlifestyle.Duringthisera,Frenchwasthelanguage spoken （speak）bytheBritishroyaltyandaristocracy,whiletheEnglishlanguagewasconsideredavulgartongue.Meanwhile,___a（n）tremendous/enormous number of（極大數(shù)量的）words__relatedto/linkedto/relativeto/connectedWith…（與。。。有關(guān)）thes