翻譯深探主講

1998天體物理學(xué)（典型理科類Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration?sCosmicBackgroundExplorersalite-Cobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevid attheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredforheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexnationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofglaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindings74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanarilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisasientificallyusibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvedforthterpartofadecadethatitis150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。那大約就是宇宙形成的時候。研究人員所發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云既令人驚訝，又在人們的意料之國國家局的obe號（宇宙背景探測器）已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時代的，表明宇宙確實于最早的一次，人們稱之為"大"（此理論認(rèn)為宇宙于一大塊能量的。巨大的宇宙云的存在，實際上是0年代首創(chuàng)的大論得以保持其宇宙論的主導(dǎo)地位不可缺少的。團亞微觀的、密度相當(dāng)大的純能量團，它在向四面八方發(fā)散的過程中放出輻射線，濃縮成粒子，然后形成氣體原子。數(shù)十億年來，這種氣體在引力類設(shè)計Cobe就是要觀察這些最大的物體結(jié)構(gòu)但宇航員還想看到更小的熱點，即，像星系中的星團和超星團這樣一些局部物體的粒子。看2000年與經(jīng)濟（文理科搭配ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhhehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeasthaternmentsarereasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,ludingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertonexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommnications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoftenfoedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworlditakingceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernments75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,ernmentsarebecomingreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsfornningtheappropriateprogrmsndputtingthemintoeffect.而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這也就意味著越來越多地干預(yù)這些門，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保產(chǎn)品的消費發(fā)揮最佳效益。例如，可能利用各種方法鼓勵研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或進行干預(yù)，以便減少自然資源的浪費，開發(fā)尚未利用的資源；或者在日益增多的科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟和工業(yè)項目中直接進行合作。無論如何，一切干預(yù)都離不開科學(xué)家的建議和各種科種深刻的社會結(jié)構(gòu)，持續(xù)了大約一個世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個國家在十年左右就可能完成這個過程。這一切帶來的就是，在社會內(nèi)2001年（文理科搭配）（評分細(xì)則解釋Inlessthan30years?timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain?snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall71）Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillywithdollsequippedwith alitychips,computerswithin-built aliieswilleregardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmellevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrivedAccordingtoBT?sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmensscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenew（aperiodof1,000years）,whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprgresinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearcersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakhroghsanddiscoveriestotakece.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,ludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughomputer-humaninks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatcnstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforeofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonsabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.日期。一些最大的進展將在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)城，包括人預(yù)期的延長和數(shù)十種人造，這些將在現(xiàn)在到2024年之間陸續(xù)實現(xiàn)。希望，它可以模仿感覺，這樣，就能夠發(fā)展全方位感知環(huán)境，就像《全部回憶》中的虛擬假期或特列克星號上的全息艙面?！保?4）但皮通過研究，皮爾遜能夠大多數(shù)突破的發(fā)生時間。然而，對于何時能夠進行超光速旅行，何時人類克隆技術(shù)能夠得以完善，何時可以進行時間旅行，卻依然沒有預(yù)見。但他的確預(yù)見技術(shù)進步引起的社會問題。比如，到2010年，住宅區(qū)附近監(jiān)視器數(shù)量的劇增將問題；仿真機器人2003年人類學(xué)（典型文科類Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstomoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisttbrnchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddipassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanhropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhiaketensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.(63)Theemphaisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddisttlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor?sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor?sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isnabstrctcnceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.多樣性進行研究，是至關(guān)重要的。希望通過這些研究獲得的知識可以促進人與人之間、以及人類與地球上的所有其他生命形態(tài)更加和諧地共人類學(xué)屬于社會科學(xué)。(62) Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitetionsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)rporedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanreaseinglobalhunger—and,asaconsequence,inreasedsocialunrest.What?smore,worldwidefoodreservesareattheirlowestin35years,sopricesarelikelytostayhighfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthedemandside,oneofthekeyissuesisbiofuels.Biofuels,madefromfoodcropssuchascorn,sugarcane,andpalmoil,areseenaseasingtheworld?sdependenceongasolineordiesel.Butwhencrudeoilipensiveaitisnow,thesealternativeenergysourcescsobesoldatmarket-competitiveprices,risingsteeplyinrelationtopetroleumWithone-quarteroftheU.S.cornharvestin2007divertedtowardsbiofuelproduction,theattendantriseerealpriceshasalreadyhadanimpactonthecostandavailabilityoffood.Criticsworrythathegoldrushtowardbiofuelsistakingawayfoodfromthehungry.Leadersinthebiofuelindustryrespondthatenergycostsaremoretoblameforhighfoodpricesthanbiofuels."Energyisthebloodoftheworld,soifoilgoesupthenothercommoditiesfollow,"ClausSauter,COofGermanbioenergyfirmVerbiosaid.Othersarguethatcleaner-burnngbiofuelscouldhelpstemtheeffectsofclimatechange,anotherfactoridentifiedbytheFAOascausingfoodshortages.ystsnotethatscientistsbelieveclimatechangecouldbebehindrecentextremeweatherpatterns,ludingcatastrophicfloods,heatwavesanddrought.Allcandiminishfoodharvestsandstockpiles.Butsocanmarkets.Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitetionsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)rporedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanreaseinglobalhunger—and,a