介詞加關(guān)系代詞定語(yǔ)從句

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句之五兆芳芳創(chuàng)作“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”型定語(yǔ)從句五大考點(diǎn)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn),近年來(lái)高考對(duì)這一語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的考查大有升溫之勢(shì).在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞只有which和whom.如先行詞是物，引導(dǎo)詞用which;如先行詞是人，則引導(dǎo)詞用whom.如：ThisistheshipbywhichIwenttoShanghai.ThisisthestudentforwhomIboughtthebook.考點(diǎn)1復(fù)雜介詞+關(guān)系代詞知識(shí)歸結(jié)：用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只能用whom,指物時(shí)只能用which；介詞選擇的依據(jù)主要是按照從句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞與介詞的固定搭配而定；或以先行詞與從句中的動(dòng)詞關(guān)系及所表達(dá)的寄義而定；或以先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用和寄義而定，并且含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不克不及拆開(kāi)，介詞仍然放在動(dòng)詞之后.(1)按照定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞確定介詞，其動(dòng)詞或介詞搭配，組成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ).例如：Isthisthecarforwhichyoupaidahighprice?(payfor)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.(turntosbforhelp)ThemanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnowisourEnglishteacher.(shakehandswithsb)(2)按照定語(yǔ)從句中的形容詞確定介詞，其形容詞與介詞搭配，組成形容詞短語(yǔ).例如：ThetwothingsaboutwhichKarlMarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidioms.(besureabout)TheteacherofwhomthestudentsinourclassarefondisMrWang,ourEnglishteacher.(befondof)(3)按照定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是暗示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、辦法、東西等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系.當(dāng)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可辨別用when,where,why替換.例如：I”llneverforgetthedayonwhich(=when)Ijoinedthearmy.Thefactoryinwhich(=where)hisfatherworksisfarawayfrommyhometown.Idon”tknowthereasonforwhich(=why)hewaslate.(4)按照句子的意思確定介詞.有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是由固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)組成的，這時(shí)，要按照句子所要表達(dá)的意思，選用不合的介詞.例如：ThisisthepilotforwhomIboughtacamera.Thisisthepilotwithwhommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.（2004全國(guó)卷）Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths, thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich解析：關(guān)系代詞which指代thejourney,定語(yǔ)從句恢復(fù)為獨(dú)立的句子是：Thesailingtimeofthejourneywas226days.故答案選A.（2004全國(guó)卷）TheEnglishplay mystudentsactedattheNewYear'spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich解析：本句主句部分應(yīng)是TheEnglishplayattheNewYear'spartywasagreatsuccess.從句補(bǔ)全為獨(dú)立的句子是：Mystudentsactedintheplay.故答案選C.（2004上海卷）Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone theycantalkfrequently.A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom解析：先行詞為someone,被關(guān)系代詞whom代替在從句中作talkwith的賓語(yǔ)，介詞with可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前，identify...as...意為“把……當(dāng)作……”，故答案選D.考點(diǎn)2龐雜介詞+關(guān)系代詞知識(shí)歸結(jié)：用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞有which,whom,whose.經(jīng)常使用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的龐雜介詞有：asaresultof,atthebackof,becauseof,bymeansof,forwantof,infrontof,incaseof,onaccountof等.例如：Wegottoahouseatthebackofwhichwasalargegarden.IsthereacertaintestbymeansofwhichtheNo.1willbedecided?考點(diǎn)3復(fù)雜介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞知識(shí)歸結(jié)：用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞有which,whose.介詞的選擇取決于關(guān)系代詞后的名詞及整個(gè)句子的寄義.高考考例：（1995上海）Intheoffice,Ineverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m. timemanypeoplehavegonehome.A.whoseB.thatC.onwhichD.bywhich解析：介詞by暗示時(shí)間的意思是“到那時(shí)為止”.這句話(huà)的意思是“在辦公室里，我似乎直到下午5：30才有空，那時(shí)許多人都已經(jīng)回家了”.故答案選D.考點(diǎn)4the+名詞+of+關(guān)系代詞知識(shí)歸結(jié)：用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞只有which.該結(jié)構(gòu)暗示所有關(guān)系，口語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常使用“whose+名詞”代替.非正式文體中可以用“ofwhichthe+名詞”.高考考例：（2000上海）RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase, wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose解析：答案選B.本題就是一個(gè)考查the+名詞+of+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)的一個(gè)典型例子.這里thepriceofwhich指代thepriceofthevase,答案也可以是whoseprice.考點(diǎn)5暗示部分的詞語(yǔ)+of+關(guān)系代詞知識(shí)歸結(jié)：此時(shí)，指人的關(guān)系代詞只能是whom,指物的關(guān)系代詞只能是which.暗示部分的詞語(yǔ)罕有的有:不定代詞all,both,none,neither,either,some,any,數(shù)詞（含基數(shù)詞，序數(shù)詞，分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)）；數(shù)詞+名詞；the+最初級(jí)/比較級(jí)，以及暗示數(shù)目或數(shù)量的詞語(yǔ)many,most,few,several,enough,halfa,aquarter.高考考例：（2004湖北卷）Therearetwobuildings, standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich解析：答案為D.thelargerofwhich指代thelargerofthetwobuildings;B選項(xiàng)缺少一個(gè)連詞.（2004遼寧卷）Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80% aresoldabroad.A.ofwhich B.whichofC.ofthem D.ofthat解析：答案為A.80%ofwhich指代的是80%oftheshoes.本題意為：這家工場(chǎng)每年生產(chǎn)的50萬(wàn)雙鞋子有80%都是銷(xiāo)往國(guó)外的.“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句罕有錯(cuò)誤我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),經(jīng)常會(huì)看到"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,即把從句中的某一介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)提到關(guān)系代詞前.使用這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)五類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤.現(xiàn)在歸結(jié)如下：一、關(guān)系詞的誤用1.ThepersontowhoyoushouldwriteisMrHall.(whom)Ilostthebookinthattherearefivecolorpictures.(which)Thedayonwhenwecansendmenintospacehasatlastcome.(which)Hewentbacktothehouseinwherehewasborntwentyyearsago.(which)簡(jiǎn)析:當(dāng)介詞位于從句的句首時(shí),介詞后一般用關(guān)系代詞whom(指人,如1不成為who所代替)或which(指物,如2.先行詞即便為暗示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞,介詞后也不克不及用when或where,如3和4).不過(guò),注意介詞from有時(shí)按照句意的需要,也可以接where.如：Hehidhimselfbehindthedoor,fromwherehesawthemantakeaphotoofsomethingonthedesk.他躲在門(mén)前面，從那里他看見(jiàn)那團(tuán)體拍攝了桌子上的什么東西一下.(指frombehindthedoor”從門(mén)前面”，并不是指fromthedoor”從門(mén)”)二、拆開(kāi)從句中極固定的動(dòng)詞搭配5.Hewastheboyafterwhomthewomanhadlookedformanyyears.(whomthewomanhadlookedafterformanyyears)簡(jiǎn)析:若將定語(yǔ)從句中搭配極其固定的短語(yǔ)中的介詞提前,其中的短語(yǔ)可能會(huì)失去它們自己的意義或可能使句子產(chǎn)生歧義,如lookafter,lookfor,dependon,goinfor(迷戀)等短語(yǔ).三、介詞與定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞搭配不當(dāng)6.Thefarminwhichweworkedtenyearsagoisn'twhatitusedtobe.(on)Shewantedtofindthewaywithwhichshecouldmakeeveryonelivemorehappily.(in)簡(jiǎn)析:6.onthefarm為習(xí)慣搭配，暗示"在農(nóng)場(chǎng)";7.in與way搭配,暗示"用……辦法，以……方法".四、介詞與定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分搭配不當(dāng)8.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersonfromwhomshecouldturnforhelp.(to)Thisisthetreeinwhichtheboatwastied.(to)Canyoufindanobjectwithwhichyourtoyissimilar?(to)簡(jiǎn)析:8.turntosb.forhelp暗示"向某人求助";9.tie與to連用，暗示"拴/系到……上"；10.similar與to搭配,暗示"與……相似".五、介詞與句子的具體寄義搭配不當(dāng)11.Ican'tremembertheageinwhichIwonthatprize.(at)12.Thatistheageatwhichpeopleliveinpeaceandhappy.(in)簡(jiǎn)析:按照全句意義，11中的age作"年歲"解，應(yīng)與at搭配；12中的age暗示"時(shí)期，時(shí)代",應(yīng)與in搭配.練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)摹敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”填空.Wehavemanylabs，thelargest wasbuiltlastyear.Thestrangeforceisgravity theearthpullsallbodies.TheEnglishplay mystudentsactedattheNewYear”spartywasagreatsuccess.Heofferedusalotofmoney wecouldn”tbuythesemachines.Nowwehaveverypowerfultelescopes wecanstudytheskies.Idon’tthinkthenumberofpeople thishappensisverylarge.A.whomB.towhomC.onwhomD.whichTheschoolhas3，000students， 1，800aremen.A.whoseB.ofwhomC.thatD.ofwhichRecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase, wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhoseThegentleman youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhomShewrotealotofstoriesforchildren, thisisoneexample.A.inwhichB.ofwhichC.amongthemD.ofthemHeofferedusalotofmoney wecouldn’tbuythesemachines.A.withoutwhichB.withthatC.withwhichD.withoutthatMary, forhelp,hasgonetoEngland.A.whoIcangotoB.whomIcangoC.towhomIcangoD.IcangotoNowwehaveverypowerfultelescopes wecanstudytheskies.A.inwhichB.withwhichC.throughwhichD.bywhichTheman shewasmarriedwasasoldier.A.whomB.towhomC.withwhomD.whoTom, Iwenttotheconcert,isafriendofmine.A.whomB.whoC.withwhomD.whoseYesterdayMr.Lifinallyboughthisownhouse, isahospital.A.inwhereB.totheeastofwhichC.totheeastofitD.intheeastofthatMybrother'spurse,heput￥1,000,wasmissingonthebus.A.thereB.whichC.inwhichD.thatThefootballmatch thestudentscompetedyesterdaywasverywonderful.A.inwhichB.whichC.inthatD.thatThereason hewaslateagainwasthathewascaughtinatrafficjamintherushhour.A.whichB.inwhichC.forwhichD.ofwhichHisglasses, hecouldseenothing,wastakenawaybyanaughtyboy.A.whichB.withoutwhichC.withwhichD.withoutthoseThecomputer, hepaid￥3,000,wasonceownedbyhisuncle.A.whichB.forwhichC.thatD.tothatInthepastwelostmanychances, wepaidlittleattention.A.whichB.thatC.inwhichD.towhichThepen, Ihadbeenwritingfortenyears,wasbroken.A.withwhichB.withthatC.asD.withitMaryhastwobrothers, aredoctors.A.bothoftheyB.bothofwhomC.bothofthemD.whomofbothTheproblem youarguedaboutyesterdayhasbeensolved.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.forwhichMyauntboughtmeabook,thename Ihaveforgotten..A.ofitB.whichC.whoseD.ofwhichOnthewayhomeImetmyfriendJohn,from h