演講的文體特點

StylisticFeatureofSpeechWhatisPubicSpeaking?Publicspeakingisthewayofmakingyourideaspublic,ofsharingthemwithotherpeopleandinfluencethem.TypesofPublicSpeakingInformative信息性演講Persuasive勸說性演講QualificationofaGoodSpeechApropertopicwithaclearpurpose選題合適，意圖明確Wealthycontentsandconvincingmaterials內(nèi)容豐富，有理有據(jù)Reasonablestructureandlogicaldevelopment展開得當，布局合理AppropriateRhetoric修辭得體BasicStructureofaSpeechIntroductionBodyConclusionBeginningtheSpeechGettheAudience’sAttentionEstablishtheneedRevealthetopicandyourinterestorpointofviewEstablishcredibilityandgoodwillwiththeaudiencePreviewthebodyofthespeechHowtoopenyourspeechAskingrhetoricalquestion設問Creatingasuspense懸念Relatingastory/anexample講故事/舉例Citingaquotation引言Acknowledgingaudience/referringtotheaudience致謝/點題Reviewinghistory回顧歷史DevelopmentoftheBodySupportingMaterialsExamples事例Statistics數(shù)據(jù)Testimony/Quotation證言/引言TransitionsOrganizationalPatternsTopicalChronologicalPast/present/futureSpatialClassificationProblem/solutionCause/effect/solutionTopicalWhatissueswilldeterminethe2004PresidentialElection?-----HealthCare-----Economy-----NationalSecurityclassificationWhowillwinthe2004PresidentialElection?------Independence------Democrats------RepublicansConclusion/endingthespeechSummarizeSignaltheendofthespeechMotivetheaudienceHowtoconcludeSummingupgist總結要點Citingaquotation引言Referringtotheintroduction首尾呼應Issuingachallengeoranappeal提出挑戰(zhàn)，呼吁行動LanguagestyleClarityandEconomy簡潔、清晰Precision準確Vividness生動Appropriate恰當ClarityoflanguageAvoidpolysyllabicwords.Useforeignwordsandphrasessparingly.Avoidtechnicallanguagewhenspeakingtolistenersoutofyourprofession.PrecisionoflanguageUse“omnibus”wordssparinglyAvoidhazywordsAvoidwordsthathavebecomeemotionallychargedlabels(Synonyms)Concreteandprecise具體準確Taxeswillgoup.Taxeswillincreaseby22percent.Sheiswealthy.Shemakes＄400,000ayear,hasawinterhomeinSanDiegoandasummerhomeinSwitzerland,andownsfourdifferentsportscars.用alarmingly（貶義）代替surprisingly（中性）使聽眾體會的巨大危險或不愉快來臨時的吃驚，緊張得情緒。用turnout(貶義）代替result(中性）使聽眾體會到結果得出人意料和不知所措。用challenging(褒義)代替difficult(中性）使聽眾感受到困難的相對有趣和積極性。用determined(褒義)代替unyielding(中性)時聽眾感受到講話人堅決地毫不動搖的決心。VividnessoflanguageAvoidtheoverworkedwordsandexpressionsUsepersonalpronouns.Varythesentence.Usefigurativelanguageoccasionally.UseassertivesentenceUseactivevoicevividness形象的描繪色彩、聲音、光、味覺、嗅覺等的感性語言稱之為生動的語言（Beebe,1994:294）富蘭克林羅斯福于1941年在日本偷襲珍珠港后在國會所做的演講Adatewhichwillliveinworldhistory.Adatewhichwillliveininfamy.(一個遺臭萬年的日子)美國人們的憤慨和對日本侵略者的譴責AssertivesentenceThecommitteerejectedtheproposal.TheproposalwasfavoredbymanagementActivevoiceManagementfavoredtheproposal.Theproposalwasfavoredbymanagement.Varythesentence“Itisinvain,sir,toextenuatethematter.Gentlemenmaycry,Peace,Peace--butthereisnopeace.Thewarisactuallybegun!Thenextgalethatsweepsfromthenorthwillbringtoourearstheclashofresoundingarms!Ourbrethrenarealreadyinthefield!Whystandwehereidle?Whatisitthatgentlemenwish?Whatwouldtheyhave?Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!”“先生，大事化小，小事化無的做法無濟于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事實上戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)開始！不久北方刮起的風暴即將帶來震耳的隆隆炮聲。我們的弟兄已經(jīng)開赴戰(zhàn)場，為什么我們還在這里投閑置散？諸君究竟希望什么？他們會得到什么？難道生命真的這樣可貴，和平真的這樣美好，竟值得用枷鎖和奴役為代價？全能的上帝啊，制止他們這樣做吧！我不知道別人選擇什么樣的道路，但對我來說，不自由，毋寧死！”————不自由，毋寧死——帕特里克.亨利里根總統(tǒng)就挑戰(zhàn)者號航天飛機失事做的悼詞：Thisisatrulynationalloss.Nineteenyearsagoalmosttotheday,welostthreeastronautsinaterribleaccidentontheground.Butwe’veneverlostanastronautinflight.We’veneverhadatragedylikethis.Andperhapswe’veforgottenthecourageittookforthecrewoftheshuttle.appropriateness

occasion/purpose/audienceChecktomakesurethatthewordsyouareusingarenotgoingtooffendanyone.Sexist,ageist,racistTipsforEffectiveSpeakingOvercomingStageFrightVocalEffectsVisualAidsNonverbalMeansofCommunicationTypesofDeliveryVocalEffectsVolumePronunciationandArticulationPitchandInflectionsRatePauseNonverbalMeansofCommunicationPersonalappearanceEyecontactPostureGestureFacialExpressionTypesofDeliveryManuscriptDelivery念稿演講MemorizedDelivery背誦演講ImpromptuDelivery即興演講Outline/ExtemporaneousDelivery提綱演講FiguresofspeechSimileMetaphorPersonificationAntithesisClimaxSynecdocheMetonymyAlliterationonomatopoeiaSimile“Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity.”“100年前，一位偉大的美國人——今天我們就站在他象征性的身影下——簽署了《解放宣言》。這項重要法令的頒布，對于千百萬灼烤于非正義殘焰中的黑奴，猶如帶來希望之光的碩大燈塔，恰似結束漫漫長夜禁錮的歡暢黎明?！薄矣幸粋€夢想——馬丁·路德·金Metaphor“Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishedinthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Andsowe'vecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.”“100年后，黑人依然沒有獲得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲慘地蹣跚于種族隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物質(zhì)繁榮翰海的貧困孤島上。100年后，黑人依然在美國社會中間向隅而泣，依然感到自己在國土家園中流離漂泊。”

————我有一個夢想——馬丁·路德·金PersonificationBookscannotbekilledbyfire.Peopledied,butbooksneverdie.Nomanandnoforcecanabolishmemory…Inthiswar,weknow,booksareweapons.----byFranklinD.RooseveltAntithesis“Idonotshrinkfromthisresponsibility--Iwelcomeit.Idonotbelievethatanyofuswouldexchangeplaceswithanyotherpeopleoranyothergeneration.