初中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)講解

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一?概念：英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (TheActiveVoice)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(ThePassiveVoice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。例：1.TheymaketrainsinXi'n.>>TrainsaremadeinXi'nbythem.XmbeatsXxeveyday.>>XxisbeatenbyXmeveryday.二?構(gòu)成be+done(p.p.--及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are+v.p.p.一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were+v.p.p.一般將來(lái)時(shí) willbe/begoingtobe+v.p.p.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) wouldbe/was,weregoingtobe+v.p.p現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/arebeing+v.p.p.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/werebeing+v.p.p.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has+been+v.p.p情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 aux.v.(must/can/could/may…)+be+v.p.p.三?被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用當(dāng)我們不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí);例：1.Hiscarwasstolenlastnight.Basketballisplayedinmostcountries.動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心 (常由by引起)例：1.Alotofarticles(that)wehavelearnedwerewrittenbyLuXun.四?不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況某些及物動(dòng)詞+adv表主動(dòng)，特別是后加副詞(如well,easily等)時(shí)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有被動(dòng)含義，這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有sell,write,wear,wash,photograph,clean,cook,cut例：1.Thisbooksellswell.Yourpenwritesreallywell/smoothly.Thisdress(that)mymomboughtformewearswellShedoesnotphotographwell.Thecheesedoesritcuteasily.It"stoosoft.句子是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有： happen,takeplace,(dis)appear,rise,breakout,comeabout,cometrue,comeout,runout,turnout例:1.Atrafficaccidenthappenedjustnow.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinmyhometown.Hedisappears.Whenagaypersoncomesout,theyletpeopleknowthatheisagay.連系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)： 感官系動(dòng)詞：look、feel、sound、smell、taste "表變化的系動(dòng)詞”：become、grow、turn、fall、get "表保持的系動(dòng)詞”：keep,reamain,stay④prove+形容詞，名詞或不定式五.注意使役動(dòng)詞(make,have,let)和感官動(dòng)詞(see,watch,notice,hear,find)后跟省略了to的動(dòng)詞不定式,但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中必須還原 to。例：1.Wenoticedastrangerentertheclassroom.>>Astrangerwasnoticedtoentertheclassroom.Wehearedhimsingthatmorning.>>Hewashearedtosingthatmorning.Theyfoundhimstealanecklacefromashop.>>Hewasfoundtostealanecklacefrom...注意：這些感官動(dòng)詞在中考中會(huì)出現(xiàn)其后跟 doing的備選項(xiàng)，其意義為“看到，聽(tīng)到，發(fā)現(xiàn)，注意到某人正在做某事）含雙賓語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：直接賓語(yǔ)（物）和間接賓語(yǔ)（人）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有兩種情況：把間接賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)仍保留原位；例:1.Hegaveabooktome.>>>Iwasgivenabookbyhim.Heboughtagiftforme.>>>Iwasboughtagiftbyhim.把直接賓語(yǔ)改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞 to或for。例:1.Hegaveabooktome.>>>AbookwasgiventomebyhimHeboughtagiftforme.>>>Agiftwasboughtformebyhim.有些不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞構(gòu)成“及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)” ，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)注意不能丟掉介詞例:lookafter,lookat,takecareof,takeaphotoof，laughat,beusedforHelooksafterhissister.>>>Hissisterislookedafterbyhim.Wemusttakegoodcareofourchildren.>>>Ourchildrenmustbetakengoodcareof.Iwilltakeaphotoofyou.>>>Youwillbetakenaphotoofbyme.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu) 2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主要用法 3?使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)需要注意的問(wèn)題【課前預(yù)習(xí)】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)就是 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的疊合，即“ have+been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”。試比較以下幾組句子的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：主動(dòng)：Hehasrepairedthemachinefortwohours.（他修理這臺(tái)機(jī)器已有兩小時(shí)了）被動(dòng)： Themachinehasbeenrepairedfortwohours.（這臺(tái)機(jī)器已修了兩小時(shí)了）2. 主動(dòng)句：Theteacherhasborrowedthebooks. （老師把那些書借走了）被動(dòng)句：Thebookshavebeenborrowedbytheteacher. （那些書被老師借走了）【本課重點(diǎn)】一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的肯定式：由“ have/has+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Twowindowshavebeenbroken.兩個(gè)窗子被打破了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式：由“ have/has+not+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Thecarhasnotbeenrepaired.這輛汽車還沒(méi)有修好?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)式：由“ Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：①一Hasherworkbeenfinished?她的工作完成了嗎？—Yes，ithas.是的，完成了。②一Havethecarsbeenrepaired?這些汽車修好了嗎？一No,theyhaven't.不，還沒(méi)有?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊疑問(wèn)式：由"疑問(wèn)詞+ have/has+主語(yǔ)+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Howlonghasherworkbeenfinished?她的工作完成有多久了？Whohasbeenhelpedbythenewcomputer?誰(shuí)已經(jīng)得到了這臺(tái)新計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助？Howmanynewwordshavebeenlearnedbythestudents?這些學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了多少單詞？二、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主要用法表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前（即現(xiàn)在的過(guò)去） ，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。例如：Thedoorhasbeenlocked.門被鎖上了。（結(jié)果是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有人能進(jìn)去）表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能將持續(xù)下去，常與 for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于Howlong...?句型中。例如：Theyhavebeentoldaboutitformanytimes.有人告訴他們這事很多次了。 （可能還會(huì)有人告訴他們）Howlonghasthemachinebeenused?這機(jī)器使用有多久了？三、 使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)需要注意的問(wèn)題現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，即 have/has和been,兩者缺一不可。注意與一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候，其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有影響；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)盡管發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側(cè)重說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。例如：Thehousewasbuiltlastyear.這房子是去年建造的。Thehousehasbeenbuilt.這房子已經(jīng)建好了。由finish,buy,start,begin,post,return,borrow,join,marry,open等詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)如 forfourdays,howlong等連用，而要改換動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)。例如：譯：這本書買了多久了？誤：Howlonghasthisbookbeenbought?正:Howlongagowasthisbookbought?但這類動(dòng)詞的否定式可表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)過(guò)程，具有延續(xù)性，因而可與 since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間段連用。例如：Nobookshavebeenboughtsineelastweek.自上周以來(lái)，沒(méi)有人來(lái)買過(guò)書。短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要保持完整性，不可省略短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞。例如：Theorphanhasbeenwelllookedafter.這位孤兒一直受到很好的照顧?！眷柟叹毩?xí)】1.Nopermissionhas foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengiven B.gave C.given D.begiveBy2003,28Chineseculturerelics onWorldHeritageListbyUNESCO.A.beplaced B.placed C.havebeenplacedD.haveplacedAlotofmoney toprotecttheoldtemple.A.havebeenspent B.hasspentC.havespent D.hasbeenspentTheSummerPalace bysomanytouriststhatsomeoftherelicsarenotwellprotected.A.hasbeenvisitedB.isvisited C.tobevisited D.visitsTheGreatWall manytimesinhistory.A.isrebuilt B.hasbeenrebuilt C.beenrebuilt D.rebuilt6.TheStonehengeexistedformorethan3,000years.A.isB.beC.hasbeenD.hasbeen6.TheStonehengeexistedformorethan3,000years.A.isB.beC.hasbeenD.hasbeen—Howmanytimes nottoplaywithfire?—I'msorry.I'llneverdothatagain.A.doyoutellB.hadyoutoldC.areyoutoldD.haveyoubeentoldA.doyoutellB.hadyoutoldC.areyoutoldD.haveyoubeentoldThefire tothefifthfloor. allthepeople ?C.hasgot;Do;save D.hasgot;Have;savedOldpaintings accordingtothedescriptions.A.arecarefullyrecreated B.havebeencarefullyrecreatedC.haveberecreated D.beencarefullyrecreatedTheancientking'stomb bythieves.A.bestolenB.stoleC.stolen D.hasbeenstolenMorevisitors toBeijingsineetherepairproject .A.havebrought;wascompleted B.havebeenbroug