語言學(xué)教程課后答案

胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》課后答案Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.Function:theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike’sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator’singenuithorintuitionalone.synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.diachronic:studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.descriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.phaticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.metalanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,etcompetence:languageusefsunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.langue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.Broadandnarrowtranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.<th>isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated<t>.Both<th>and<t>areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.Vowl:aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.Mannerofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.Placeofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.Distinctivefeatures:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.Complementarydistribution:therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.Suprasegmental:suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.Suprasegmental:aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorpoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).derivation:differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.root:thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.allomorph:anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.42.Stem:anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.boundmorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein"dog’s”.freemorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.45.lexeme:Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.doginthemanger”)46.lexicon:alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.grammaticalword:wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.lexicalword:wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.49.open-class:awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.blending:arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.loanvoord:aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.52.loanblend:aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.leanshift:aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.acronym:ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.55.loss:thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.back-formation:anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.dissimilation:theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.folketymology:achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogouscategory:partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate,etc.concord:alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.paradigmaticrelation:arelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandheothersabsent.64.immediateconstituentanalysis:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents wordgroups(orphrases),whichareintrunanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.endocentricconstruction:oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentre,orhead,ofthewhole.Henceanendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasaheadedconstruction.exocentricconstruction:aconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanytoanyofitsconstituents.deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction,i.e.theunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelationsbetweenitsdifferentconstituents,suchsatherelationbetween,theunderlyingsubjectanditsverb,oraverbanditsobject.surfactestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.c-command:oneofthesimilarities,orofthemoregeneralfeatures,inthesetwogovernmentrelations,istechnicallycalledconstituentcommand,c-commandforernmentandbindingtheory:itisthefourthperiodofdevelopmentChomsky’sTGGrammar,whichconsistsofX-bartheme:thebasis,orthestartingpoint,ofthemunicativedynamism:theextenttowhichthesentenceelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.72.ideationalfunction:thespeaker’sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhisownerpersonalfunction:theuseoflanguagetoestablishandmaintainsocialrelations:fortheexpressionofsocialroles,whichincludethecommunicationrolescreatedbylanguageitself;andalsoforgettingthingsdone,bymeansoftheinteractionbetweenonepersonandanother..textualfunction:theuseoflanguagetheprovideformakinglinkswithitselfandwithfeaturesofthesituationinwhichitisused.conceptualmeaning:thecentralpartofmeaning,whichcontainslogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.denotation:thecoresenseofawordoraphradethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworld.connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressapropostion,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.reference:theuseofanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.synonymy:isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessplentaryantonymy:membersofapairincomplementaryantonymyarecomplementarytoeachfieldcompletely,suchasmale,female,absent.gradableantongymy:membersofthiskindaregradable,suchaslong:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.converseantonymy:aspecialkindofantonymyinthatmemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition,suchasbuy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.relationalopposites:converseantonymyinreciprocalsocialroles,kinshiprelations,temporalandspatialrelations.Therearealwaystwoentitiesinvolved.Onepresupposestheother.Theshorter,better;worse.etcareinstancesofrelationalopposites.hyponymy:arelationbetweentowwords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate)isincludedinthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym)superordinate:theupperterminhyponymy,i.e.theclassname.Asuperordinateusuallyhasseveralhyponyms.Underanimal,forexample,therearecats,dogs,pigs,etc,semanticcomponent:adistinguishableelementofmeaninginawordwithtwovalues,e.g<+human>compositionality:aprincipleforsentenceanalysis,inwhichthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.selectionrestriction:semanticrestrictionsofthenounphrasesthataparticularlexicalitemcantake,e.g.regretrequiresahumansubject.prepositionallogic:alsoknownasprepositionalcalculusorsententialcalculus,isthestudyofthetruthconditionsforpropositions:howthetruthofacompositepropositionsandtheconnectionbetweenposition;whatistalkaboutinanutterance,thatpartofthespeechactwhichhastodowithreference.predicatelogic:alsopredicatecalculus,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofsimple.assimilationtheory:language(sound,word,syntax,etc)changeorprocessbywhichfeaturesofoneelementchangetomatchthoseofanotherthatprecedesorfollows.cohorttheory:theoryoftheperceptionofspokenwordsproposedinthemidT980s.Itsaaumesa“recognitionlexicon”inwhicheachwordisrepresentedbyafullandindependent”recognistionelement”.Whenthesystemreceivesthebeginningofarelevantacousticsignal,allelementsmatchingitarefullyacticated,and,asmoreofthesignalisreceived,thesystemtriestomatchitindependentlywitheachofthem,Whereveritfailstheelementisdeactivated;thisprocesscontinuesuntilonlyoneremainsactive.contexteffect:thiseffecthelppeoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentherecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.frequencyeffect:describestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageinlanguage.98.inferenceincontext:anyconclusiondrawnfromasetofproposition,fromsomethingsomeonehassaid,andsoon.Itincludesthingsthat,whilenotfollowinglogically,areimplied,inanordinarysense,e.g.inaspecificcontext.99.immediateassumption:thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprogressesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordinencountered.100.languageperception:languageawarenessofthingsthroughthephysicalsenses,esp,sight.101.languagecomprehension:oneofthethreestrandofpsycholinguisticresearch,whichstudiestheunderstandingoflanguage.102.languageproduction:agoal-directedactivety,inthesensethatpeoplespeakandwriteinordetomakefriends,influencepeople,conveyinformationandsoon.103.languageproduction:agoal-directedactivity,inthesensethatpeoplespeakandwriteinordertomakefriends,influencepeople,conceyinformationandsoon.104.lexicalambiguity:ambiguityexplainedbyreferencetolexicalmeanings:e.g.thatofIsawabat,whereabatmightrefertoananimalor,amongothers,stabletennisbat.macroproposition:generalpropositionsusedtoformanoverallmacrostructureofthestory.modular:whichaassumesthatthemindisstructuiedintoseparatemodulesorcomponents,eachgovernedbyitsownprinciplesandoperatingindependentlyofothers.parsing:thetaskofassigningwordstopartsofspeechwiththeirappropriateaccidents,traditionallye.g.topupilslearninglatinpositions:whateverisseenasexpressedbyasentencewhichmakesastatement.Itisapropertyofpropositionsthattheyhavetruthvalues.psycholinguistics:isconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructure.Psycholinguisticscanbedividedintocognitivepsycholinguistics(beingconcernedaboveallwithmakinginferencesaboutthecontentofhumanmind,andexperimentalpsycholinguistics(beingconcernedsomehowwhthempiricalmatters,suchasspeedofresponsetoaparticularword).psycholinguisticreality:therealityofgrammar,etc.asapurportedaccountofstructuresrepresentedinthemindofaspeaker.Oftenopposed,indiscussionofthemeritsofalternativegrammars,tocriteriaofsimplicity,elegance,andinternalconsistency.schemataintext:packetsofstoredknowledgeinlanguageprocessing.storystructure:thewayinwhichvariouspartsofstoryarearrangedororganized.writingprocess:aseriesofactionsoreventsthatarepartofawritingorcontinuingmunicativecompetence:aspeaker’sknowledgeofthetotalsetofrules,conventions,erningtheskilleduseoflanguageinasociety.DistinguishedbyD.Hymesinthelate1960sfromChomsle^sconceptofcompetence,intherestrictedsenseofknowledgeofagrammar.genderdifference:adifferenceinaspeechbetweenmenandwomen”gendendifference”116.linguisticdeterminism:oneofthetwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis,i.e.languagedeterminesthought.117.linguisticrelativity:oneofthetwopointsinSpir-Whorfhypotheis,i.e.there’snolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguages.118.linguisticsexism:manydifferencesbetweenmeandwomeninlanguageusearebroughtaboutbynothinglessthanwomen’splaceinsociety.sociolinguisticsoflanguage:oneofthetwothingsinsociolinguistics,inwhichwewanttolookatstructuralthingsbypayingattentiontolanguageuseinasocialcontext.sociolinguisticsofsociety;oneofthetwothingsinsociolinguistics,inwhichwetrytounderstandsociologicalthingsofsocietybyexamininglinguisticphenomenaofaspeakingcommunity.variationistlinguistics:abranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestherelationshipbetweenspeakers’socialstartsandphonologicalvariations.performative:anutterancebywhichaspeakerdoessomethingdoessomething,asapposedtoaconstative,bywhichmakesastatementwhichmaybetrueorfalse.constative:anutterancebywhichaspeakerexpressesapropositionwhichmaybetrueorfalse.124.locutionaryact:theactofsayingsomething;it’sanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon,andphonology.Namely.,theutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.125.illocutionaryact:theactperformedinsayingsomething;itsforceisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.conversationalimplicature:theextrameaningnotcontainedintheliteralutterances,underatandabletothelisteneronlywhenhesharesthespeaker’sknowledgeorknowswhyandhowheviolatesintentionallyoneofthefourmaximsofthecooperativeprinciple.entailment:relationbetweenpropositionsoneofwhichnecessarilyfollowsfromtheother:e.g.”Maryisrunning”entails,amongotherthings,”Maryisnotstandingstill”.129.ostensivecommunication:acompletecharacterizationofcommunicationisthatitismunicativeprincipleofrelevance:everyactofostensivecommunicationcommunicatesthepresumptionofitsownoptimalrelevance.relevance:apropertythatanyutterance,orapropositionthatitcommunicates,must,inthenatureofcommunication,necessarilyhave.Q-principle:oneofthetwoprinciplesinHorn’sscale,i.e.Makeyourcontributionnecessary(G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Saynomorethanyoumust(givenQ).divisionofpragmaticlabour:theuseofamarkedcrelativelycomplexand/orexpressionwhenacorrespondingunmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternateexpressionisavailabletendstobeinterpretedasconveyingamarkedmessage(onewhichtheunmarkedalternativewouldnotorcouldnothaveconveyed).constraintsonHornscales:thehearer-basedo-Principleisasufficiencyconditioninthesensethatinformationprovidedisthemostthespeakerisableto..third-personnarrator:ofthenarratorisnotacharacterinthefictionalworld,heorsheisusuallycalledathird-personnarrator.136.I-narrator:thepersonwhotellsthestorymayalsobeacharacterinthefictionalworldofthestory,relatingthestoryaftertheevent.137.directspeech:akindofspeechpresentationinwhichthecharactersaidinitsfullestform.138.indirectspeech:akindofspeechpresentationinwhichthecharactersaidinitsfullestform.139.indirectspeech:akindofspeechpresentationwhichisanamalgamofdirectspeech.narrator’srepreaentationofspeechacts:aminimalistkindofpresentationinwhichapartofpassagecanbeseenasasummeryofalongerpieceofdiscourse,andthereforeevenmorebackgruondedthanindirectspeechrepresentationwouldbe.narrator”srepresentationofthoughtacts:akindofcategoriesusedbynoveliststorepresentthethoughtsoftheirofcharactersareexactlyasthatusedtopresentspeechacts.Forexample,,sheconsideredhisunpunctuality.142.indirectthought:akindofcategoriesusedbynovelisttorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlyasthatusedtopresentindirectspeech.Forexample,shethoughtthathewoulebelate.feeindirectspeech:afurthercategorywhichcanoccur,whichisanamalgamofdirectspeechandindirectspeechfeatures.narrator’srepresentationofthoughtacts:akindofthecategoriesusedbynoveliststopresentthethoughtsoftherircharactersareexactlythesameasthoseusedtorepresentaspeeche.g.Hespentthedaythinking.145.indirectthought:akindofcategoriesusedbynovelisttorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlyasthatusedtopresentindirectspeech.Forexample,shethoughtthathewouldbelate.feeindirectspeech:afurthercategorywhichcanoccur,whichisanamalgamofdirectspeechandindirectspeechfeatures.narrator”srepresentationofthought:thecategoriesusedbynoveliststopresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlythesameasthoseusedtorepresentaspeeche.g.Hespentthedaythinking.freeindirectthought:thecategoriesusedbynoveliststorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlythesameasthoseusedtorepresentaspeech,e.g.Hewasboundtobelate.directthought:categoriesusedbynoveliststorepresentthethoughtsoftheircharactersareexactlythesameasthoseusedtorepresentaputersystem:themachineitselftogetherwithakeyboard,printer,screen,diskdrives,programs,puterliteracy:thosepeoplewhohavesufficientknowledgeandskillintheuseofcomputersandcomputerputerlinguistics:abranchofappliedliguistics,dealingwithcomputerprocessingofhumanlanguage.Call:computer-assistedlanguagelearning(call),referstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeigngramndedinstruction:theuseofcomputerstomonitorstudentprogress,todirectstudentsintoappropriatelessons,material,etc.155.localareanetwork:arecomputerslinkedtogetherbycablesinaclassroom,lab,orbuilding.Theyofferteachersanovelapproachforcreatingnewactivitiesforstudentsthatprovidemoretimeandexperiencewithtargetlanguage.CD-ROM:computerdisk-readonlymemoryallowshugeamountofinformationtobestoredononediskwithquichaccesstotheinformation.Studentsandteacherscanaccessinformationquicklyandefficientlyforuseinandoutoftheclassroom.machinetranslation:referstotheuseofmachine(usuallycomputer)totranslatetextsfromonelanguagetoanother.concordance:theuseofcomputertosearchforaparticularword,sequenceofwords.orperhapsevenapartofspeechinatext.Thecomputercanalsoreceiveallexamplesofaparticularword,usuallyinacontext,whichisafurtheraidtothelinguist.Itcanalsocalculatethenumberofoccurrencesofthewordsothatinformationonthefrequencyofthewordmaybegathered.annotation:ifcorporaissaidtobeunannotated-itappearsinitsexistingrawstateofplaintext,whereasannotatedcorporahasbeenenhancedwithvarioustypeoflinguisticinformation,annotation:ifcorporaissaidtobeunannotated—itappearsinitsexistingrawstateofplaintext,wher