2011四六級沖刺完全版

2011年大學(xué)四六級沖刺成功法則Part1．正確,錯誤答案的命題規(guī)律（1）正確答案的特征同義改寫的手段同義詞替換詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化正話反說，反話正說具體與抽象轉(zhuǎn)化從句與簡單句的轉(zhuǎn)化（2）錯誤答案的命題特點：1.張冠李戴2.過于絕對3.斷章取義推理過度偷換概念，小動作字面意思，膚淺直白因果顛倒，邏輯混亂擴(kuò)大范圍無據(jù)比較時態(tài)語態(tài)錯誤一.選項練習(xí)1.Thisorganizationmaysucceedmarvelouslyatwhatitwantstodo,butwhatitwantstodomaynotbeallthatimportant.A.TheorganizationismarvelousinmakingagoodgoalB.Theorganizationwillsucceedgreatlyinwhatitisrequiredtodo.C.Althoughtheorganizationreachesitsgoals,thegoalsarenotbeoflittleimportance.D.WhattheorganizationwantsismarvelousE.Theauthorquestionsthegoalsoftheorganization2.ThisbookcontainsatotallynewoutlookthatcontainsthewisdomofthepastwithscientificknowledgetosolvetheproblemofthepresentA.ProblemsofthepastandpresentaresolvedinthisbookB,Inthebook,currentknowledgeandpastwisdomarecombinedtosolvecurrentproblemsC.OnlybyusingknowledgeofthepastandpresentcanwesolvetheproblemsD.Thedifferentbookcombinesthewisdomofthepastwithscientificknowledgetohandlepresentproblems.E.Noneoftoday’sproblemscanbesolvedwithoutscientificknowledge3.Whenthereisanabsenceofreliableinformationaboutdrugs,therisksinvolvedinusingthemaregreatlyincreased.A.Thereisnoreliableinformationaboutdrugs.B.UsingdrugsismoredangerouswhenwegetwronginformationfromdoctorsC.TherisksinvolvedinusingdrugshaveincreasedD.PeopleshouldtrytofindoutaboutdrugsbeforeusingthemE.Therearenorisksinvolvedinusingdrugsifwehavereliableinformationaboutthem4.Taxesbeingsohigh,thedescendantsofthewealthyclassofthenineteenthcenturyarebeingforcedtorentouttheirestatestopayingguestsInthenineteenthcentury,thewealthyclassrentedoutestatesBecauseofhightaxes,familiesthatwererichonehundredyearsagonowrentoutestatesGuestspayhightaxeswhentheyrentoldestatesSomefamiliesthatwereoncewealthyarehavingtroublepayingtheirtaxes.Hightaxeshavedestroyedthelivesofsomeoftheoldwealthyfamilies5.AccordingtothedefinitionofChinesetraditionalmedicine,acupunctureisknowntothetreatmentofdiseasenotthereliefofpainsbyinsertingveryfineneedlestothebodyatspecificpointscalledloci.A.acupuncturecanbeusedtotreatillnessandrelievepainsB.finelypointedneedlescalledlociareusedinacupuncture.C.inChinesetraditionalmedicine,acupunctureisknowntotreatdiseaseratherthanrelievingpainsD.thoseusingacupuncturetreatdiseasebyplacingneedlesintothebodyatspecificpointsE.onlythosewhopracticetraditionalChinesemedicineuseacupuncture6.Afavoritedefinitionofjokinghaslongbeentheabilitytofindsimilaritybetweendissimilarthingsthatis,hiddensimilarities.A.JokingistheabilitytofindsimilarityindissimilarthingsB.ittakesalongtimetodeveloptheabilitytotellgoodjokesC.thisdefinitionistofindhiddensimilarityinafewpeople’seyesD.manypeopledefinejokingastheabilitytofindsimilarityindissimilarthingsE.theauthoragreeswiththisdefinition7.SincetheRomanticperiod,mostmoderntheoryhasdealtwiththepeculiaractofthepoetratherthanhisproductoritseffectontheaudience.A.mostmoderntheorydoesnotdealwiththepoemitselforitseffectontheaudienceB.mostmoderntheoryofpoetrydealswiththeactofthepoetsC.sincetheRomanticperiod,newtheoryhasdealtwiththeeffectofpoetryonthereaderD.theauthorbelievesthatnewtheoryshouldonlydealwiththepeculiaractofthepoetE.moderntheoryisconsideredtobeginattheRomanticPeriod特殊句型結(jié)構(gòu)的突破一.倒裝句子1.否定副詞放句首要求倒裝(1)AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigurestocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.(3)NolongercouldIcountonpeopletotakeprecautionstodealwiththoseseriousproblems.2.某些固定詞組要求倒裝(1)NotonlyhastheGovernmentrefusedtoconsultwiththepeopleofAustraliaonthisissueofdecreasingthedutyrates,theyhavealsorefusedtoconsultwiththemonincreasingtheexportandimportbetweentowcountries.(2)Soaddictedtoelectronicgamesthestudentsbecamethatourschoolsshouldcontrolthetimeofsurfingtheinternetforthechildren.3.某些語法要求倒裝(1)However,shouldpolicymeasuresbetakentoboosteconomicgrowthandmakethegrowthprocessmoreinclusivetothepoor,theWorldBankwouldreckonthat500millionpeoplecouldbebroughtoutofextremepovertyby2008.4.為了平衡句子關(guān)系要求倒裝(1)Coupledwiththecentralizationofeconomicgrowthisthedisappearanceoftheextendedfamiliesinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.(2)Alongwiththemgoessocialmobility,ambitionstoriseintheurbanworld,amainfactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthenineteenthcentury.二．主語、賓語后置1.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperienceofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydetermineshischaracterandlaterpersonality.2.Manycommunitieshavealowliteracyrate,makingimpossiblehandingoutAIDSliteratureandexpectatiingpeopletoreadit.3.Hesaysourdoctorsmustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathswithoutproperuseofmedicinearepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.4.IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocraticwayaboutmoralproblems.三.與than搭配的短語或結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯(1)else/otherthan:除……之外(2)nothingelsethan/but:相當(dāng)于nothingbut,意為“只，只有”(3)nothingifnot:極其(4)would/hadrather/sooner…than:寧愿……也不……(5)nosooner…than…:一……就(6)nomorethan:僅僅，只是(7)nolessthan:簡直是，實在是(8)no/noneotherthan:正是，就是(9)nomore…than…/notanymore…than:和……一樣都不(10)more…than…:與其……不如下面舉例說明：1.Whathedidwasnothingelsethanapracticaljoke.2.Hewouldratherdiethanyield.3.Nosoonerhadhegotoffthetrainthanhisdaughterrantowardshim.4.Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.5.Asanation,theFrencharenomoreeagertolearnabouttheirwartimefailingsthanaretheJapanese.6.Hedidn’tknowanyoneattheweddingotherthanthebrideandgroom.7.HeisnoneotherthanthemanImetinLosAnglesfiveyearsago.四.與but搭配的短語和結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯(1)notonly…butalso…:不但……而且……(2)notthat…butthat…:不是因為……，而是因為……；不是說……，而是說……(3)butthat…:要不是……(4)butfor…:要不是……(5)butthen…:但另一方面(6)cannothelpbutdosomething:不得不……(7)cannotchoosebutdosomething:不得不……(8)havenochoice/alternativebuttodo…:不得不(9)thereisnothingfor…buttodosomething:除了……別無他法(10)nothingbut…:除了……之外沒有……；不過是……；僅僅是……(11)anythingbut…:完全(絕對)不是……；一點也不……(12)allbut…:幾乎；除……之外其余都(=allexcept)五.as作為介詞或連詞時的翻譯及結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯(1)justas:正如(2)asif/asthough:好像(3)AistoBasCistoD.A比之于B正如C比之于D。(4)as…as:和……一樣(5)asfarassomeoneisconcerned:據(jù)某人所知；就……而言(6)notsomuch…as…:與其說……(還/倒)不如說……；有時也可以改變成notso(7)much…but…，意思不變。(8)notsomuchas…:連……都不肯……(9)notso+形容詞+but+從句:雖然……但是……(10)nothing+like(near)as(so)…as…:遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不像……那樣(11)Aisnot…aswellasB.B實施或被實施某種行為，但A沒有(12)as…so…:像……那樣，……也就……；隨著……，也就……(13)as作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)，一般位于句首，常見有：(14)asto關(guān)于；asfor至于；asyet至今仍其他：(1)...notsomuchas(but)...與其說……還不如說……(2)...notsomuchthatas(but)that與其說……還不如說……(3)...notsomuchas(=noteven)甚至于不……，連……也不……例1：Heisnotsomuchateacherasascholar.譯文：與其說他是老師，還不如說是學(xué)者。(注意翻譯時動作的對象)例2：Itwasn'tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.譯文：與其說我喜歡他的外表，不如說我喜歡他的品格。例3：It'snotsomuchthatIdon'twanttocomebutIjusthaven'tgotthetime.譯文：倒不是因為我不想來，而是我根本沒有時間。例4：Hedidn'tsomuchassaythankyouafterallwe'ddoneforhim.譯文：我們?yōu)樗闪四敲炊嗍?，他甚至連謝謝都沒有說一聲。例5：Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.譯文：與其將錢借給他，還不如把錢丟進(jìn)大海。其他句型的翻譯1.(1)...notsomuchas(but)...與其說……還不如說……(2)...notsomuchthatas(but)that與其說……還不如說……(3)...notsomuchas(=noteven)甚至于不……，連……也不……例1：Heisnotsomuchateacherasascholar.譯文：與其說他是老師，還不如說是學(xué)者。(注意翻譯時動作的對象)例2：Itwasn'tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality.譯文：與其說我喜歡他的外表，不如說我喜歡他的品格。例3：It'snotsomuchthatIdon'twanttocomebutIjusthaven'tgotthetime.譯文：倒不是因為我不想來，而是我根本沒有時間。例4：Hedidn'tsomuchassaythankyouafterallwe'ddoneforhim.譯文：我們?yōu)樗闪四敲炊嗍?，他甚至連謝謝都沒有說一聲。例5：Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.譯文：與其將錢借給他，還不如把錢丟進(jìn)大海。(注意翻譯時動作的對象)[注意]：more...than...1)sheismorebeautifulthanhersister.她比她姐姐漂亮。2)Georgeismoreintelligentthanaggressive.與其說喬治言行放肆，不如說他聰穎過人。以上第1)句是more...than結(jié)構(gòu)的一般用法，即在兩個不同的事物之間就同一方面作比較；而第2)句是就同一個人的兩個不同方面作比較。因此要譯成“與其說……還不如說……”。more...than結(jié)構(gòu)在上述1)2)兩句中的用法也適用于less...than結(jié)構(gòu)，得出相反的含義：例如：1)Johnislessdaringthanquick-witted.與其說約翰膽大，不如說他腦子靈活。2)Georgewaslessintelligentthanaggressive.與其說喬治聰穎過人，不如說他言行放肆。2．nonebut(=nothingbut):只有(=only)Nonebutthebravedeservesthefair.只有英雄才配得上美人。Shechosenonebutthebest.她只選最好的。Sheisnothingbutachild.她只不過是個孩子。3．noneotherthan:(表示驚訝)不是別人，正是……(=nooneelsebut)It’snoneotherthanTom!WethoughtyouwereinAfrica.4．nonethe+比較級詞+for:毫不，一點也不Hespent2weeksinhospitalbuthe’snonethebetterforit.他在醫(yī)院里待了兩個星期，但一點也沒好轉(zhuǎn)。Mycarisnonetheworseforwear.我的車子一點也沒有損耗。nonethewiser:不知情Ifwetakeonlyonepieceofcake,motherwillbenonethewiser.如果我們只拿一小塊蛋糕，母親是不會知道的。5．nonetoo:(在形容詞或副詞前)不太；一點都不Theserviceinthisrestaurantisnonetoofast.這家旅館的服務(wù)一點效率都沒有。6．a(chǎn)nythingbut:①除之外什么都(此處的but等于except)②決不(=notatall)Ieatanythingbut(except)fish.除了魚，我什么都吃。Sheisanythingbutagoodcook.她決不是個好廚師。(即：除了好廚師，她什么都是。)7．Itisnotthat...butthat...這不是說……，而是說……例1:Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterismuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.譯文：這并不是說在一種情況下所使用的磅秤和另一種情況下所用的天平在構(gòu)造原理上或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計量上必然更加準(zhǔn)確。8．cannot...too...再……也不過分例1:Wecannotbetoocarefulofhealth.我們無論如何注意健康也不為過。例2:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.你開車時再小心也不過分。例3:Wecannotbetoofaithfultoourduties.我們必須盡力忠于職守。9．noless...than，意為：“和……同樣是……”。例如：Humanisnolessananimalthanamonkeyis.人和猴都是動物。nolessthan的意思為：“簡直是，實在是”，例如：1)Itisnolessthanblackmailtoasksuchahighprice.如此索要高價，簡直是敲詐。10．Itoccurstosb.that…(某人)想起……例1:ItoccurredtomesuddenlythatIhadmethimsomewhere.譯文：我突然想起在什么地方見過他。例2:Itoccurredtomethatshewasjealousofme.譯文：我突然發(fā)覺她嫉妒我。11．other...than...或otherthan...不同于，非；除了例l:Plantswhichrefinecrudeoresareoftenlocatedincountriesotherthanthoseinwhichthecrudeoresaremined.譯文：提煉礦石的廠房通常不是設(shè)在采礦石的國家而設(shè)在其它國家。例2:Reactionsotherthanthedesiredoneoftenoccurwhenreactantsarebroughttogether.譯文：當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時，常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應(yīng)。(即：…常發(fā)生與希望有的反應(yīng)不同的反應(yīng)。)12．nothingbut(=nonebut=only):僅僅，只不過Wecouldseenothingbutfog.除了霧之外我們什么也看不見。13．makenothingof:(常和can一起用)不理解；不重視,輕視(=thinknothingof)Icouldmakenothingofthepassage.我不理解這篇文章。Hemakes/thinksnothingofworkingtenhoursaday.他不在乎一天工作十小時。14．tosaynothingof:更不用說(=nottomention/withoutmentioning)Threepeoplewerebadlyhurt,tosaynothingofdamagetothebuilding.三個人受了重傷，建筑物的損害更不用說了。15．havenothingtodowith:與……無關(guān)Ihavenothingtodowiththeaccident.我與這場事故無關(guān)。16．nothingifnot:格外地；非常地(=very/much/extremely)Hewasnothingifnotclever.(=Hewasveryclever.)他格外聰明。nothingof:無……的部分；無……的氣質(zhì)Therewasnothingoftheladyinherbehavior.她的舉止根本沒有淑女的氣質(zhì)。17．a(chǎn)llbut幾乎，差一點，除……以外其余都是butfor要不是butthat+從句：若不是……例1：Sheallbutfaintedwhensheheardthenews.譯文：她聽到這一消息時幾乎暈倒了。注：此句中a11but意為nearly，almost。試對比：Allbutthelittlechildrenthoughtthatthetripwasexciting.譯文：除了小孩，大家都認(rèn)為這次旅行是激動人心的。此句中allbut意為a11except。例2：Butfortherainweshouldhaveapleasantjourney.譯文：要不是下雨，我們的旅行本來是愉快的。例3：Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthetime.譯文：若不是他那時缺錢，他是會幫助我們的。注1).butthat引導(dǎo)的從句中謂語用陳述語氣。2).butthat有靈活的譯法。如：NothingwouldsatisfythatchildbutthatIplaceheronmylap.(那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在懷里。)18.“only+todo”意為“……，結(jié)果卻……”，即表示與句子謂語動作的目的相反的結(jié)果。例1:Theydon'thavetopayforexpensiveseatsatthetheatre,thecinemaortheopera,onlytodiscover,perhaps,thattheshowisdisappointing.譯文：他們不必花錢去戲院、電影院或歌劇院買價格很貴的票，(如果去了，)結(jié)果卻可能發(fā)現(xiàn)，所演的節(jié)目令人失望。例2:Theyhurriedthereonlytofindthemeetingcanceled.譯文：他們匆匆忙忙趕到那兒，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)會議被取消了。19.notmore/-erthan與nomore/-erthan結(jié)構(gòu)比較：JohnisnotbetterthanTom.JohnisnobetterthanTom.前一句表示“約翰不比湯姆好”，屬于普通的比較結(jié)構(gòu)；后一例用了no情況就不同了。nobetterthan相當(dāng)于asbadas，含義是兩人一樣壞。這里，“no+形容詞或副詞比較級+than”所表示的可以說是該形容詞或副詞的反意。例如：noricherthan=aspooras和……一樣窮nobiggerthan=assmallas和……一樣小nolaterthan=asearlyas和……一樣早同樣地：Ihavenottakenmorethansixcoursesthissemester.Ihavetakennomorethansixcoursesthissemester.前一句的含義是本學(xué)期選的課不多于六門；后一句的含義是只選了六門。強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”。20.nomore...than...(=not...anymorethan)和……—樣都不……(表示前后都否定)例如：1)JackisnomoreintelligentthanJohn.(=JackisnotintelligentanymorethanJohn.)杰克與約翰一樣都不聰明。2)Amancannomoreflythanabirdcanspeak.(=Amancannotflyanymorethanabirdcanspeak.)人不會飛翔，就像鳥不會說話一樣。Part2閱讀的出題規(guī)律和技巧第二節(jié)詞匯和句子的特定含義的理解概論：閱讀中的詞匯題通常會有兩種情況，一種是考生一看到所考的單詞立刻心跳加速：“完了，這個詞不認(rèn)識，大綱上也沒有?！边€有就是一看到單詞，立刻欣喜不已：“哈哈，這么容易的單詞?！钡谝环N情況下考生往往會隨便猜一個選項，錯誤率很高。而第二種情況下，考生往往落入命題專家的陷阱，不知不覺地失了分，原因是考生并沒有掌握閱讀詞匯題的基本命題原則。在閱讀部分的詞匯題要考的并不是考生認(rèn)不認(rèn)識題中所考的單詞，否則便是命題失效。此處要考的是考生閱讀中的推斷能力，也就是說題中所考單詞的詞義必定能根據(jù)上下文推斷出來。所以考生在遇到閱讀中的詞匯題時，一定要冷靜，去上下文中細(xì)找，推斷出詞義后，可將詞義代入原文看是否通暢。

經(jīng)?？纪x關(guān)系：并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系表示同義：例如：and,indeed,justas,also,besides,等均為表示并列關(guān)系。標(biāo)點符號暗示語義關(guān)系：破折號、冒號、或括號均表示同義解釋。并列句子的同位和同性詞很重要。題型特點:當(dāng)詢問詞句在上下文的特殊含義，注意結(jié)合原文進(jìn)行理解，判斷在文章中的特殊含義。有的詞匯是大綱的詞匯，還有可能是超綱詞匯或句子，要注意引申含義,解題思路：回原文定位，并從語法和詞義上對原文原句進(jìn)行精確剖析，先排除字面意思，然后判斷句子與下文的邏輯關(guān)系，上下文是關(guān)鍵，上下文指的是關(guān)鍵詞(考查的詞或詞組)所在的句子本身，更主要的是這個句子的上下句或更遠(yuǎn)的上下文。一般而言，上下文線索所提示的意義與關(guān)鍵詞的關(guān)系要么為同義關(guān)系，要么題干特點:Accordingtotheauthor,theword“…”meansby“…”,theauthormeanswhichofthefollowingisclosetinmeaningto“…”theword“…”inthepassagemeans“…”inthepassageistheword“…”mostlikelymeans正確答案,錯誤答案的特點:1,2例1Overseasassignmentsarebecomingincreasinglyimportanttoadvancementwithinexecutiveranks.Theexecutivestationedinanothercountrynolongerneedfearbeing“outofsightandoutofmind.”Heorshecanbesurethattheoverseaseffortiscentraltothecompany’splanforsuccess,andthatpromotionsoftenfolloworaccompanyanassignmentabroad.Ifanemployeecansucceedinadifficultassignmentoverseas,superiorwillhavegreaterconfidenceinhisorherabilitytocopebackintheUnitedStateswherecross-culturalconsiderationsandforeignlanguageissuesarebecomingmoreandmoreprevalent(普遍的).Inthispassage,“outofsightandoutofmind”(Lines2-3,Para.3)probablymeans.A.beingunabletothinkproperlyforlackofsightB.beingtotallyoutoftouchwithbusinessathomeC.missingopportunitiesforpromotionwhenabroadD.beingawayfromoverseasassignmentsandtheircould-beadvancement 例2Whileit’struethatweallneedacareer,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledgeinfieldsfarremovedfromourownandthatwearebetterforourunderstandingoftheseothercontributions—betheyscientificorartistic.Itisequallytruethat,instudyingthediversewisdomofothers,welearnhowtothink.Moreimportantly,perhaps,educationteachesustoseetheconnectionsbetweenthings,aswellastoseebeyondourimmediateneedsinabroadway.Bysaying“Whileit’struethat…betheyscientificorartistic?(Lines1-3,Para.5),theauthormeansthat________.A.anincredibleamountofknowledgeshouldbeincludedineducationalprogramsB.humanwisdomhasaccumulatedatanextraordinarilyhighspeedC.humanintellectualdevelopmenthasreachednewheightsD.theimportanceofabroadeducationshouldnotbeoverlooked例3Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersreoordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemosteffi-cient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcanlpaigns.Computersarereliedonbvmanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Thephrase"ringupsales"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans"_____".A.informationaboutsellingtowhowhatandwhenB.keepthebasicrecordsforsellersC.callthesalesmanagerD.keeptrackofthegoods例4Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too"shesays.By"EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet"(Line1),theauthormeansA.Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.B.Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.C.Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.D.Speroisnotinadesperatesituation.第二節(jié)問論據(jù)所證明的論點題型特點:事實說話往往是最有效的論證方式之一，命題專家在設(shè)置題目時往往也會針對文中的事例設(shè)問，考查考生對局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。例證題1994年第一次出現(xiàn)在考研試卷上，共兩道題，占4分。但在1995年至1998年間，沒有出現(xiàn)過一道例證題，1999年再次出現(xiàn)，一樣是兩道題，占4分。之后，幾乎每年的考題都有兩道至三道例證題，這就說明考研命題的一大特點，命題規(guī)則總是不斷重復(fù)的?？忌鷤冊趹?yīng)用例證原則解題時還應(yīng)注意常用的例證方式有兩種：一是先提出觀點，后舉例說明；二是先列舉事例再做出結(jié)論?？忌鷳?yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會舉一反三，不要被各種原則的變化形式所迷惑。

當(dāng)詢問論據(jù)的寫作目的時,注意區(qū)分論點和論據(jù)。題干特點:sthorsbismentionedtoillustrateTheauthormetionstheexampleofsthtodemonstratetheexampleofsthismentionedtoshowwhenmentioningtheexampleofsth,theauthormeanswhatdoestheauthorillustratewithsth?theexampleofsthisnotedtosuggestbycitingtheexampleofsth,theauthormeansbyreferringtotheexampleofsth,theauthorindicatesthat實例分析:例1HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneeded,buttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401(k)andKeoghretirementplans,theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet,andthelikelihoodoflargeinheritances,thereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations.題目:Whenmentioning“theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet”,thewriter[A]iscallingattentiontotheretirementplansandlargerinheritance[B]isshowingthehugebenefitsofattendingthestockmarket.[C]isshowingthatolderpeoplecanberichenoughforretirement.[D]isjustifyingtheineffectivenessoffederaltaxandbenefitpolicies.例2Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.題目:Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.

［A］expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.［B］focusingonmonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroad［C］farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.［D］muchmoretalentedthanpreviouslyimagined例3Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn'thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica'sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain'sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou'regoingtobe.Thatdoesn'tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ItdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.題目:ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof_________.

［A］gettingfinancialsupportfromoverseas

［B］gettingovertheirout-datedanti-colonialprejudices［C］buildingindustrialinfrastructure

［D］beinginvadedinsovereignty第三節(jié)推理題的解題概論:1.推理題是測試中較難的一種題型，且出現(xiàn)的比例也日趨變大，有必要予以重視。這類試題的答案不可能直接在文章中找到，要根據(jù)上下文中出現(xiàn)過的暗示、隱喻，經(jīng)過思考推敲、歸納分析推理才能確定。2.因此能否抓住文中內(nèi)含語義成了正確選擇的關(guān)鍵。必須注意結(jié)論與文中所列舉的事實依據(jù)相一致，做出一個合情、合理、合乎邏輯的結(jié)論此外，有時還要求考生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容推斷出短文的出處，它在上一段或下一段的內(nèi)容是什么。只有在真正領(lǐng)悟了文章的內(nèi)容、作者的寫作風(fēng)格后，才能做好這類題。此類題目最常見的提問形式有：1.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?2.Wecaninferfromthepassage.3.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthat.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldthewriterprobablyagreewith?5.Theauthorimplies／isimplyingthat.6.Thelastsentenceofthepassageimpliesthat.7.Thepassagesuggeststhat.8.Itismostlikelythat.9.Thepassageisintendedto.10.Aninferencewhichmaynotbemadefromthispassageis.分析共同特征:很多題都包括以下詞組:theauthorbelievesthat,whatcanbeinferred?包含以下詞匯:infer,imply,conclude,maybelieve,cansee特別提示推理題涉及到文章,段落,句子的推理,但其實都是根據(jù)文章某些細(xì)節(jié)做推理,只是覆蓋面大小而已,在進(jìn)行推理的過程中,要記住以下四個原則所謂推理,其實就是同義轉(zhuǎn)化,只不過是句子層面的同義轉(zhuǎn)化所謂推理,只是使用最普通的邏輯,特殊情況絕對不能用做推理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所謂推理,只能在原文提供的證據(jù)范圍內(nèi)推理,絕對不可以按照自己的經(jīng)驗,即使某個選項是科學(xué)的,但原文沒有證據(jù),也一樣不可以入選所謂推理,只能進(jìn)行一步推理,不要推理太遠(yuǎn),甚至一推到底例1Afterarebellioninacertaincountrywasputdown,thecountry’sparliamentdebatedhowtodealwiththedefeatedrebels.Onesideproposedthatalltherebelsbeimprisonedinordertodeterthosewhomightbestronglytemptedtorebelinthefuture.Theothersidearguedagainstimprisonmentbecauseitwouldonlydiscouragefutureinsurrectionists(起義者),fromsurrendering.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A].imprisonmentisaharshpenaltyforarebel[B].Arebelwillpreferasentenceofimprisonmenttodeath.[C].Therewillbenofuturerebellioninthecountry.[D].Itisunlikelythatfuturerebelswillsurrender.例2ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat'sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Weknowfromthepassagethat.A.legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionB.moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC.thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationD.lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits例3Atthesametime,wehavefullyenteredtheInformationAge,.Startingbreakthroughsininformationtechnologyhaveirreversiblyalteredtheabilitytoconductbusinessunconstrainedbythetraditionallimitationsoftimeorspace.Today,it’salmostimpossibletoimagineaworldwithoutintranets,e-mail,andportablecomputers.Withstunningspeed,theInternetisprofoundlychangingthewaywework,shop,dobusiness,andcommunicate.Weknowfromthepassagethat.A)TherapiddevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhastakenbusinessmenbysurpriseB)InformationtechnologyhasremovedtherestrictionsoftimeandspaceinbusinesstransactionC)TheInternet,intranets,e-mail,andportablecomputershavepenetratedeverycorneroftheworld.D)Thewaywedobusinesstodayhasbroughtaboutstartlingbreakthroughsininformationtechnology.第四節(jié)判斷作者或人物的觀點和語氣題概論:作者寫篇文章，在表露自己感情態(tài)度時，往往會使用不同的表達(dá)方法。有的直抒胸意，通過個別詞匯、個別句子等讓讀者一目了然，而很多作者的語氣和態(tài)度往往不是直接在文章中寫出來，這并不意味著作者沒有自己的情緒和態(tài)度，而是運用一些含有感情色彩、體現(xiàn)價值、描述情景的措辭或其他修辭手段(如：比喻，嘲諷)等形式表現(xiàn)出來。因此，在識別作者的態(tài)度或觀點時，要注意尋找這些詞。一般來說，這些詞通常是名詞、形容詞或副詞。例如，作者在展開主題時所使用的修飾詞satisfaction(滿意)，tobesure(當(dāng)然了)，fragrant(令人愉快的)，magnanimous(寬宏大量)等，還有諸如ruffled(煩惱的)，stingy(吝嗇的)之類帶有消極意義的詞。觀點態(tài)度題常見的詞匯:褒義詞：positive贊成的；supporting支持的；praising贊揚的；optimistic樂觀的admiring羨慕的；interesting有趣的;serious嚴(yán)肅的；enthusiastic熱情的；pleasant愉快的；concerned關(guān)切的;sober冷靜的；approving贊同，認(rèn)可；informative提供信息的；instructive有教育意義的，啟發(fā)性的；positive正面的，肯定的；humorous幽默的，等。中性詞：indifferent冷淡的，不關(guān)心的；neutral中立的；detached超然的；concerned關(guān)心的；indifferent不感興趣的；objective客觀的；serious嚴(yán)肅的；impersonal不帶個人感情的；impartial不偏祖的；apathetic漠不關(guān)心的。貶義詞：disgusted感到惡心的；critical批判的，挑剔的；negative否定的,反對的；suspicious懷疑的；tolerant容忍的，忍讓的；worried擔(dān)憂的；questioning質(zhì)疑的；pessimistic悲觀的；subjective主觀的；doubtful表示懷疑的；ironic諷刺性的；depressed沮喪的，等共性特點:題干中往往包括theauthor’attitudetowardssthisthat選項內(nèi)容基本在以下詞語范圍內(nèi):optimistric,pesssimistic,indiferent,puzzled,biased,objective,gloomy,feared,supportive,indignant,confused,oppr