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CuttingMachineMechanicaldesignmeansthedesignofthingsandsystemsofamechanicalnature—machines,products,structures,devices,andinstruments.Forthemostpartmechanicaldesignutilizesmathematics,thematerialssciences,andtheengineering-mechanicssciences.Machinedesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneeds.Itisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermsoftermsofitssize,shapeandconstructiondetails,butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmachinedesignaretypicallycalleddesigners,ordesignengineers.Machinedesignisbasicallyacreativeactivity.However,inadditiontobeinginnovative,adesignengineermustalsohaveasoildbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,dynamics,materialsengineering,strengthofmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.TheapplicationoftheCuttingMachineinthecontinuouscastingmachineContinuouscastingisanadvancedcastingmethods,theprincipleistomoltenmetal,continuouslypouredintoamoldcalledthespecialmold,thesolidification(crust)ofthecasting,continuousfromtheothersideofmoldout,itwillbeofarbitrarylengthofthecasting.ContinuousCastingathomeandabroadhavebeenwidelyused,suchascontinuousingot(ingotsteelornon-ferrousmetals),suchascontinuouscastpipe.Continuouscastingandgeneralcastongmethodhasthefollowingadvantages:Becauseofthemetalbyrapidlycooling,thecrystallizationofdense,homogeneous.goodmechanicalproperties;Continuouscasting,thecastinggatingsystemisnotontheriser,socontinuousingotrollingatthefirstgo,whennotcuttail,savedthemetal,improvetheyield;Simplifiedtheprocess,removetheformsandotherprocesses,thusreducingthelaborintensity;requiredfortheproductionareahasbeengreatlyreduced;Easytoachievecontinuouscastingproductionmechanizationandautomation,whentheingotcastingandrollingcanachievesignificantlyimprovedproductionefficiency.Castingrodlinecuttingcontinuouscastingmachineatwork,itishandledbythePLCcontrolsolenoidvalve,sothatthesolenoidvalvecontrolcylinderbycylinderdriveconnectedcomponents,implementationofaccuratecastingrodsfixed-lengthcutting,cuttingreturntoinitialpositionautomatically.Acuttingmachinecuttingtwoseparately-castrods,theincisiondepthof35mm,thenbybreakingmachineisbreaking.Castingrodisalinecuttingmachinecaneffectivelyenhancetheproductivity,butalsointermsofpriceandusethevastnumbersofuserscanbeacceptedbyanewtypeofautomaticcuttingmachine.BythePLC-controlledpneumaticcuttingmachinecastingrod,oneoftheconvergenceofairpressureautomaticcontrol,robotictechnologyandPLCcontroltechnology.PLCcontrolofallpneumaticsolenoiddirectionalvalve,cylinderdrivemachinerybyhandtocompletetheorderofcuttingprocess,implementationofmechanicaldesign,electricalcontrolandeffectiveintegrationofpneumaticcontrol.Thiscuttingmachinehasaconvenientcontrol,stableperformance,simplestructure.Regulation,maintenanceconvenience,highproductivity,hasbroadapplicationprospects.ThechoiceofshaftAshaftisarotatingorstationarymember,usuallyofcircularcrosssection,havingmounteduponitsuchelementsasgears,pulleys,flywheels,cranks,sprockets,andotherpower-transmissionelements.Shaftmaybesubjectedtobending,tension,compression,ortorsionalloads,actingsinglyorincombinationwithoneanother.Whentheyarecombined,onemayexpecttofindbothstaticandfatiguestrengthtobeimportantdesignconsiderations,sinceasingleshaftmaybesubjectedtostaticstresses,completelyreversed,andrepeatedstresses,allactingatthesametime.Theword"shaft"coversnumerousvariations,suchasaxlesandspindles.Anaxleisashaft,witherstationaryorrotating,norsubjectedtotorsionload.Ashirtrotatingshaftisoftencalledaspindle.Wheneitherthelateralorthetorsionaldeflectionofashaftmustbeheldtocloselimits,theshaftmustbesizedonthebasisofdeflectionbeforeanalyzingthestresses.Thereasonforthisisthat,iftheshaftismadestiffenoughsothatthedeflectionisnottoolarge,itisprobablethattheresultingstresseswillbesafe.Butbynomeansshouldthedesignerassumethattheyaresafe;itisalmostalwaysnecessarytocalculatethemsothatheknowstheyarewithinacceptablelimits.Wheneverpossible,thepower-transmissionelements,suchasgearsorpullets,shouldbelocatedclosetothesupportingbearings,Thisreducesthebendingmoment,andhencethedeflectionandbendingstress.AlthoughthevonMises-Hencky-Goodmanmethodisdifficulttouseindesignofshaft,itprobablycomesclosesttopredictingactualfailure.Thusitisagoodwayofcheckingashaftthathasalreadybeendesignedorofdiscoveringwhyaparticularshafthasfailedinservice.Furthermore,thereareaconsiderablenumberofshaft-designproblemsinwhichthedimensionareprettywelllimitedbyotherconsiderations,suchasrigidity,anditisonlynecessaryforthedesignertodiscoversomethingaboutthefilletsizes,heat-treatment,andsurfacefinishandwhetherornotshotpeeningisnecessaryinordertoachievetherequiredlifeandreliability.Becauseofthesimilarityoftheirfunctions,clutchesandbrakesaretreatedtogether.Inasimplifieddynamicrepresentationofafrictionclutch,orbrake,twoinertiasI1andI2travelingattherespectiveangularvelocitiesW1andW2,oneofwhichmaybezerointhecaseofbrake,aretobebroughttothesamespeedbyengagingtheclutchorbrake.Slippageoccursbecausethetwoelementsarerunningatdifferentspeedsandenergyisdissipatedduringactuation,resultinginatemperaturerise.Inanalyzingtheperformanceofthesedevicesweshallbeinterestedintheactuatingforce,thetorquetransmitted,theenergylossandthetemperaturerise.Thetorquetransmittedisrelatedtotheactuatingforce,thecoefficientoffriction,andthegeometryoftheclutchorbrake.Thisisprobleminstatic,whichwillhavetobestudiedseparatelyforeathgeometricconfiguration.However,temperatureriseisrelatedtoenergylossandcanbestudiedwithoutregardtothetypeofbrakeorclutchbecausethegeometryofinterestistheheat-dissipatingsurfaces.Thevarioustypesofclutchesandbrakesmaybeclassifiedasfollows:1.Rimtypewithinternallyexpandingshoes2.Rimtypewithexternallycontractingshoes3.Bandtype4.Diskoraxialtype5.Conetype6.MiscellaneoustypeTheanalysisofalltypeoffrictionclutchesandbrakesusethesamegeneralprocedure.Thefollowingsteparenecessary:1.Assumeordeterminethedistributionofpressureonthefrictionalsurfaces.2.Findarelationbetweenthemaximumpressureandthepressureatanypoint3.Applytheconditionofstaticalequilibriumtofind(a)theactuatingforce,(b)thetorque,and(c)thesupportreactions.Miscellaneousclutchesincludeseveraltypes,suchasthepositive-contactclutches,overload-releaseclutches,overrunningclutches,magneticfluidclutches,andothers.Apositive-contactclutchconsistsofashiftleverandtwojaws.Thegreatestdifferencesbetweenthevarioustypesofpositiveclutchesareconcernedwiththedesignofthejaws.Toprovidealongerperiodoftimeforshiftactionduringengagement,thejawsmayberatchet-shaped,orgear-tooth-shaped.Sometimesagreatmanyteethorjawsareused,andtheymaybecuteithercircumferentially,sothattheyengagebycylindricalmating,oronthefacesofthematingelements.Althoughpositiveclutchesarenotusedtotheextentofthefrictional-contacttype,theydohaveimportantapplicationswheresynchronousoperationisrequired.Devicessuchaslineardrivesormotor-operatedscrewdriversmustruntodefinitelimitandthencometoastop.Anoverload-releasetypeofclutchisrequiredfortheseapplications.Theseclutchesareusuallyspring-loadedsoastoreleaseatapredeterminedtoque.Theclickingsoundwhichisheardwhentheoverloadpointisreachedisconsideredtobeadesirablesignal.Anoverrunningclutchorcouplingpermitsthedrivenmemberofamachineto"freewheel"or"overrun"becausethedriverisstoppedorbecauseanothersourceofpowerincreasethespeedofthedriven.Thistypeofclutchusuallyusesrollersorballsmountedbetweenanoutersleeveandaninnermemberhavingflatsmachinedaroundtheperiphery.Drivingactionisobtainedbywedgingtherollersbetweenthesleeveandtheflats.Theclutchisthereforeequivalenttoapawlandratchetwithaninfinitenumberofteeth.Magneticfluidclutchorbrakeisarelativelynewdevelopmentwhichhastwoparallelmagneticplates.Betweentheseplatesisalubricatedmagneticpowdermixture.Anelectromagneticcoilisinsertedsomewhereinthemagneticcircuit.Byvaryingtheexcitationtothiscoil,theshearingstrengthofthemagneticfluidmixturemaybeaccuratelycontrolled.Thusanyconditionfromafullsliptoafrozenlockupmaybeobtained.切割機機械設(shè)計是指機械裝置和機械系統(tǒng)——機器、產(chǎn)品、結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)備和儀器的設(shè)計。大部分機械設(shè)計需要利用數(shù)學(xué)、材料科學(xué)和工程力學(xué)知識。機械設(shè)計是一門通過設(shè)計新產(chǎn)品或者改進老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它是一個廣闊的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,不僅要研究產(chǎn)品在尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的基本構(gòu)想,還要考慮產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的有關(guān)問題。進行各種機械設(shè)計工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計人員或者設(shè)計工程師。機械設(shè)計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)新性,還必須在機械制圖、運動學(xué)、動力學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機械制造工藝等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。切割機在連續(xù)鑄造中的應(yīng)用連續(xù)鑄造是一種先進的鑄造方法,其原理是將熔融的金屬,不斷澆入一種叫做結(jié)晶器的特殊金屬中,凝固(結(jié)殼)了的鑄件,連續(xù)不斷地從結(jié)晶器的另一端拉出,它可獲得任意長或特定的長度的鑄件。連續(xù)鑄造在國內(nèi)外已被廣泛采用,例如連續(xù)鑄造(鋼或有色金屬錠),連續(xù)鑄管等。連續(xù)鑄造和普通鑄造法比較有下述優(yōu)點:由于金屬被迅速冷卻,結(jié)晶致密,組織均勻,機械性能較好;連續(xù)鑄造時,鑄件上沒有澆注系統(tǒng)的冒口,故連續(xù)鑄錠在軋制時不用切頭去尾,節(jié)約了金屬,提高了收得率;簡化了工序,免除造型及其它工序,因而減輕了勞動強度;所需生產(chǎn)面積也大為減少;連續(xù)鑄造生產(chǎn)易于實現(xiàn)機械化和自動化,鑄造時還能實現(xiàn)鑄連軋,大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率。棒料切割機在連續(xù)的切割中工作,它的工作是由PLC控制電磁閥,使電磁閥控制氣缸,并由氣缸驅(qū)動與其連接的部件,實現(xiàn)對鑄棒的準(zhǔn)確定長切割,切割后自動返回初始位置。一個切割機分別切割兩條鑄棒,其切口深度為35mm,然后由壓斷機進行壓斷。棒料切割機是一種既能有效的提高生產(chǎn)率,又在價格和使用方面能被廣大用戶所接受的一種新型的自動控制切割機。由PLC控制的氣動棒料切割機,其中融合了氣壓自動控制、機器人技術(shù)和PLC控制技術(shù)。PLC控制各個氣動換向閥的電磁鐵,由氣缸驅(qū)動機械手完成順序切割過程,實現(xiàn)了機械設(shè)計、電器控制和氣動控制的有效結(jié)合。這種切割機具有控制方便,性能穩(wěn)定,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,調(diào)節(jié)、維修方便,生產(chǎn)率高等優(yōu)點,具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。軸的選擇軸是一種轉(zhuǎn)動或靜止的桿件。通常有圓形橫截面。在軸上安裝像齒輪,皮帶輪,飛輪,曲柄,鏈輪和其他動力傳遞零件。軸能夠承受彎曲,拉伸,壓縮或扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷,這些力相結(jié)合時,人們期望找到靜強度和疲勞強度作為設(shè)計的重要依據(jù)。因為單根軸可以承受靜壓力,變應(yīng)力和交變應(yīng)力,所有的應(yīng)力作用都是同時發(fā)生的?!拜S”這個詞包含著多種含義,例如心軸和主軸。心軸也是軸,既可以旋轉(zhuǎn)也可以靜止的軸,但不承受扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷。短的轉(zhuǎn)動軸常常被稱為主軸。當(dāng)軸的彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)變形必需被限制于很小的范圍內(nèi)時,其尺寸應(yīng)根據(jù)變形來確定,然后進行應(yīng)力分析。因此,如若軸要做得有足夠的剛度以致?lián)锨惶螅敲春蠎?yīng)力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但決不意味著設(shè)計者要保證;它們是安全的,軸幾乎總是要進行計算的,知道它們是處在可以接受的允許的極限以內(nèi)。因之,設(shè)計者無論何時,動力傳遞零件,如齒輪或皮帶輪都應(yīng)該設(shè)置在靠近支持軸承附近。這就減低了彎矩,因而減小變形和彎曲應(yīng)力。雖然來自M.H.G方法在設(shè)計軸中難于應(yīng)用,但它可能用來準(zhǔn)確預(yù)示實際失效。這樣,它是一個檢驗已經(jīng)設(shè)計好了的軸的或者發(fā)現(xiàn)具體軸在運轉(zhuǎn)中發(fā)生損壞原因的好
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