被動語態(tài)精講

被動語態(tài)初中被動語態(tài)語法講解（一） 語態(tài)分類英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)?，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.（主動）Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.（被動）漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。（二） 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以give為例，列表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are+done一般過去時：was/were+done一般將來時：shall/will+bedone一般過去將來時：should/would+bedone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：am/is/are+being+done過去進(jìn)行時：was / were + being +done現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has+been+done過去完成時：had + been + done將來完成時：shall/will+havebeen+done過去將來完成時：should/would+havebeen+done［注］被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時和過去將來進(jìn)行時。常見的八種時態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrown in the southofthecountry.一般過去時：(1)Theyagreed on the buildingofanewcar factory last month.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.一般將來時：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.過去將來時：(l)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.過去進(jìn)行時：(1)Theworkerswere mending theroad.Theroadwasbeing mended.現(xiàn)在完成時：(1)Someonehastold methe sportsmeeting might beputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.過去完成時：(1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.（四） 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。（l）Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.（五） 被動語態(tài)的使用當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by短語?！癕r.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2?突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in+名詞作狀語,而代替by短語。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.（六）主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法（1） Myauntinvited me toherdinnerparty.主語謂語賓語f I wasinvited（bymyaunt）toherdinnerparty.主語謂語 賓語（2） Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.f Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。2?把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be+過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3?把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in+地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語。語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時所注意的問題把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正確)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(錯誤)含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，貝V在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.注意：1?一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞to,如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.2?—般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。Anewskirtwasmadeforme.Themeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.由動詞+介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：不及物動詞+介詞，女口： agreeto, askfor,laughat, operatedon,listen to,look after, thinkof,talkabout等。The patientis beingoperatedon.The problemis solved.Itneedn't betalkedabout.及物動詞+副詞：如：bringabout, carryout.findout.giveup,handin,makeout.passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout.turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ))的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.—Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstruetions.—Weweretoldtofollowherinstruetions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式都不帶to,但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to,這時不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語，也就是說不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語不存在省略to的問題。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.—Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody,noone等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody,作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.誤：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing,nobody,noone作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.誤：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?誤：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well,badly,easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：（1） Theclothwasheseasily.這布很好洗。（2） Thenewproductsellswell. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。對比：Thebookssellwell.（主動句）Thebooksweresoldout.（被動句）Themeatdidn'tcookwell. （主動句）Themeatwascookedforalongtime. （被動句）下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如:feel,look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。第二，謂語是及物動詞leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook?誤：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.誤：Herhandwashadburned.第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：The firebrokeout inthe capitalbuilding.誤：The firewas broke outin the capitalbuilding.第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。When we got tothe topofthe mountain,the sunhadalreadyrisen.誤：The sun had already beenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.誤：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：ItaughtmyselfEnglish.誤：MyselfwastaughtEnglish.Weloveeachother.誤：Eachotherisloved.在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，例如:據(jù)說 Itissaidthat…據(jù)報導(dǎo) It is reported that …據(jù)推測 It is supposed that …希望 Itishopedthat…眾所周知 It is wellknownthat…普遍認(rèn)為 It is generallyconsidered that…有人建議 It is suggestedthat…It is reportedthatitisgoingto raintomorrow.It is wellknownthatThomasEdison inventedthe electrie lamp.初中被動語態(tài)練習(xí)題1. ( ) 1ThePeople'sRepublicofChina _ onOctober 1, 1949.A. foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound() 2English inCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken() 3This English song bythegirls after class.A. oftensingsB. often sangC.is often sangD.isoftensung() 4This kindof car in Japan.A, makesB. madeC. is making D.ismade()5Newcomputers allovertheworld.A. isusedB.areusingC.areusedD.haveused2( ) 1Ourroommust clean.A. keepB. bekeptC. tobekeptD. tokeep() 2-I'd liketobuy thatcoat.-I'm sorry. .A.itsoldB.it'ssellingC.It'sbeensoldD.ithadbeensold() 3 Anewhouse at thecorner of theroad.A.isbuildingB.isbeingbuiltC.beenbuiltD.bebuilding() 4 Thekey on the tablewhen I leave.A. wasleft B. will beleftC. isleft D.hasbeenleft() 5 Doctors in everypartofthe world.A.need B.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed()6Hisnewbook nextmonth.A.willbepublishedB.ispublishingC.isbeingpublishedD.hasbeenpublished3() 1Japanese ineverycountry.A. is not spoken B. are spokenC.isspeaking D. is not speaking( ) 2 Thesepapers yet.A. have notwritten B.have not been writtenC. has not written D. has not been written() 3 The sportsmeet be held untilnext week.A.didn'tAB.，亠wontC.isn'tD.doesn't()1-Myshoesarewornout.A.Can'ttheybemended?B.Letmehavealookatit.C.Howmuchdothey，cost?D.Can'ttheymended?()2thewatchbeenrepairedyet?Ibadlyneedit.A.DoesB.HasC.IsD.Are()3thesedesksbeneeded?A.WillB.AreC.HasD.Do5() 1Why totalkaboutityesterday?A.didn'tameetinghold B.wasn'tameetingheld C.wasn'theldameeting D.ameetingwasn'theldTOC\o"1-5"\h\z()2Whowasthebook ?A.write B.wrote C.written D.writtenby()3Where theseboxesmade?A.was B.were C.is D.am6()1Theflowersoften.A.mustbewaterB.mustbewateredC.mustwateredD.mustwater()2Thebooksmayfortwoweeks.A.bekeptB.beborrowedC.keepD.borrow()3ThebrokenbikeherebyMrSmith.A.canmendB.canmendedC.canbemendD.canbemendTOC\o"1-5"\h\z7()1Theoldbridgeinmyhometown nextmonth.A. is going to be rebuiltB. willrebuiltC.aregoing to berebuiltD. aregoingtorebuilt() 2 The play atthe theatrenextSunday.A. is going to be shownB. willshownC.willshowD. is shown()3Theoldstonebridge nextweek.A.isgoingtoberebuiltB.willberebuildC.aregoingtoberebuiltD.willrebuild8()1Nowthesemagazines__inthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekeptB.arekeepingC. havebeenkeepingD.havebeenkept() 2Thepot for hotwater.A.used;keepingB.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeepD.areused;keep()3TeainthesouthofChina.A.growsB.isgrownC.weregrownD.willgrow()4Thebridgestwoyearsago.A.isbuiltB.builtC.werebuiltD.wasbuilt()5Wetclothesareoftenupnearafireinrainyweather.A.hangB.hangedC.hangingD.hung9() 1Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing() 2Theteapot water.A. isfilledwithB. filledof C.fullingof D.filled() 3 Old people must belookedafterwelland politely.A. speaktoB.spoken C.speak D.spokento() 4 Old people must .A. lookafterwellB. belooked wellafterC. lookedwell afterD.belookedafterwell10() 1Newly-bornbabies inhospital.A. are takengood care B.aretakengood careofC.takegoodcareofD.takegoodcare() 2 Theywere at thesuddennoise.A.frighteningB. frightenedC.frightenD.frightens()3Thesewallsstone.A.aremadeofB.madeof.C.aremadeintoD.madeinto11()1JanetosingusanAmericansonglastSaturday.A.calledB.wasaskedC.toldD.wassaid() 2Thepapers tothem.A.wereshownB. showC.shown/D.haveshown( ) 3Thecoat hersister.A.madetoB.weremadeforC.wasmadeforD.wasmadeto12()11 fiveminutestodecidewhetherIshouldgoornot.A.gaveB.wasgivingC.hadgivenD.wasgiven()2Goodcare suchthings.A.shouldtakeofB.shouldbetakenC.shouldbetakingD.shouldbetakenof()3Shewill goodcare.A.take;ofB.betaken;ofC. take; foryouD.betaken;ofyou13()1Theteachermadehimhishomework.A.todoB.doC.didD.done()2Theboy_streetswithoutpayintheolddays.A.wasmadetocleanB.madecleanC.madetocleanD.wasmadeclean()3Thesechildren dance.A.wereseentoB.wereseenforC.wereseenD.sawto14()1Thesestones well.A.arefittedB.fitC.fitsD.isfitted()2Thebike 500yuan.A.wascostB.costedC.costD.iscosted()3Theimportantmeetingonacoldmorninglastyear.A.was'hadB.washeldC.heldD.had15()1Greatchanges inthepasttenyearsinChina.A.tookplaceB.havetakenplaceC.weretakingplaceD.hadtakenplace() 2Youcan'tusethecomputer,it .A.wasbrokendownB.iswrongC.isbadD.hasbrokendown() 3 Greatchanges inour country duringthepast 20years.A.havehappenedB. happenedC.havebeenhappenedD.werehappened() 4 Thewatchhas often down.A.satB.lainC.brokenD.fell16() 1 Pleasepassmeanothercup.This