很全面的跨文化交際課件-歡迎下載

很全面的跨文化交際課件-歡迎下載第一頁，共39頁。4.WhatisCommunication?ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood)第一頁第二頁，共39頁。ElementsofcommunicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)feedback第二頁第三頁，共39頁。LinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunication第三頁第四頁，共39頁。InteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel第四頁第五頁，共39頁。5.Characteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.第五頁第六頁，共39頁。6.InterculturalCommunicationSamovar&Porter

Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.第六頁第七頁，共39頁。InterculturalCommunication

Vs

Cross-culturalCommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,relationshipmanagement,communicativestyles(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)第七頁第八頁，共39頁。Warm-up:

Readthefollowingsayingsaloud,anddiscusswithyourpartner:whatdotheymeantoyou?Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.----ConfuciansayingOneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.----EnglishproverbGodgavetoeverypeopleacup,cupofclay,andfromthiscuptheydranklife…Theyalldippedinthewater,buttheircupsweredifferent.----R.Benedict

第八頁第九頁，共39頁。High-contextCulture:Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation).Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.第九頁第十頁，共39頁。Low-contextCulture:Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Examplesoflow-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.第十頁第十一頁，共39頁。Summary:languageandcultureLanguageisareflectionofculture,andcultureisareflectionoflanguage.Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse(themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols).Language,ontheotherhand,wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.第十一頁第十二頁，共39頁。WhatisverbalcommunicationVerbal:connectedwithwordsandtheiruseVerbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageEasiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.第十二頁第十三頁，共39頁。Howdifferentthinkingpatternsaffectourlife?WesternmedicineVstraditionalChinesemedicineWesterncookingDifferentviewsoncontractsWesternersvalueobjectivity,specificityandprecisionandmakesenseoftheworldbyreasoningandanalyzing.Chinesearemoresubjectiveandvalueintuitionalot,throughwhichtheygetaninsightintothingsaroundthem.第十三頁第十四頁，共39頁。4.CommunicationStylesandCultureComparethefollowingtwospokendiscourseanddecidewhichonemightbegivenbyaChineseandwhichbyanAmerican?BecausemostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.Inductivepattern(topicdelayed)第十四頁第十五頁，共39頁。WhichisgivenbyaChinese?WhichbyanAmerican?B.IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997.

deductivepattern(topicfirst)第十五頁第十六頁，共39頁。DifferentCommunicationStyles2）東方：歸納法（個別→一般）VS西方：演繹（一般→個別）induction(specific→general)deduction(general→specific)第十六頁第十七頁，共39頁。ChineseInductive?

Americandeductive?

Intheeast,peoplesometimesadoptthedeductivepattern.(inacloserelationshiporrelativelyequalstatus)Inthewest,peopledonotexcludetheuseofinductivepattern.(borrowmoney,oraskforabig,embarrassingfavor)Inboththeeastandwest,thepersoninahigherstatustendstousethedeductivepatternwhiletheoneinalowerstatustendstousetheinductivepattern.第十七頁第十八頁，共39頁。1.NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!第十八頁第十九頁，共39頁。Definition:(1)“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959)第十九頁第二十頁，共39頁。Definition:(2)Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)第二十頁第二十一頁，共39頁。1.1BodyLanguageBodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.第二十一頁第二十二頁，共39頁。(1)GeneralAppearanceandDressConcernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones?第二十二頁第二十三頁，共39頁。1.2Paralanguage(伴隨語言)Itreferstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities.

Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchnon-semanticaspectsofspeechastone,volume,pitchandtempo,pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation.Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages.第二十三頁第二十四頁，共39頁。(1)Pitch

Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis.Whenoneisexcited,his/hervoicewouldbehighinpitch,quickinrate,andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences;Whenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.第二十四頁第二十五頁，共39頁。(2)VolumeControl

TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.

Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.第二十五頁第二十六頁，共39頁。(3)Silence

Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement--disagreement,thoughtful--ignorance,consideration--inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.第二十六頁第二十七頁，共39頁。Timesystems(Hall,1976):Doyoustillremembertimeorientation?MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)

美國人類學(xué)家霍爾（EdwardHall）在《超越文化》（BeyondCulture）一書中首次區(qū)分了兩種不同的時間觀念,即“單向計時制”（monochronictime）和“多向計時制”（polychronictime)第二十七頁第二十八頁，共39頁。MonochronicTime(M-Time)

Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.

e.g.AmericanPeople“單向計時制重視日程安排、階段時間和準(zhǔn)時”,

認(rèn)為“時間是線性的、可分割的，就象一條道路或帶子向前伸展到未來，向后延伸到過去”。第二十八頁第二十九頁，共39頁。MonochronicTime(M-Time)在我們看來，同時做兩件事幾乎有點不道德?！背钟羞@種時間取向的英美人士把時間看成具體實在（tangible）的東西,可以節(jié)省（save）、花費（spend）、賺得（earn）、浪費（waste）、失去（lose）、彌補（makeup）、計量(measure）、甚至當(dāng)成商品一樣買賣（buy,sell）和擁有（have）。美國人特別強調(diào)把時間分割成不同的時段來安排活動,強調(diào)守時,嚴(yán)格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）第二十九頁第三十頁，共39頁。PolychronicTime(P-Time)

P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic.PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.

e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures第三十頁第三十一頁，共39頁。Definitionof

EthnocentrismDefinition

“theviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”(WilliamG.Sumner)Examples

“Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.”“arrangedmarriage”

第三十一頁第三十二頁，共39頁。Reasonforethnocentricideas

Allcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofone’sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers.第三十二頁第三十三頁，共39頁。NegativeImpactofEthnocentrismIfpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.第三十三頁第三十四頁，共39頁。

StereotypesDefinition

Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatare