從句與反義疑問句

從句主語從句A主語從句可直接位于主語的位置，如果從句較長，謂語又較短，可用it作形式主語，而將從句放在句末。常見的句型有：A*Itisafact\apity\aquestion\goodnewsthat...A*Itseems\appears\happened\hasturnedoutthat...*Itisclear\important\likely\possiblethat...A*Itissaid\reported\estimated\hasbeenprovedthat...Itissaidthatcomicbookscreateaconnectionbetweenpeopleofthesamegeneration.AItseemsthattheperformanceisveryuseful.Awhat引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“...的東西時”，一般不用it作形式主語。Whatwelackisexperience.AAwhat,who,when,why,whether等詞含有各自的疑問意義，但它們引導(dǎo)的主語從句，都用陳述語序。AHowtheplanistobecarriedoutshouldbediscussedagain.AIdidknowwhyIfeltlikecrying.A賓語從句賓語從句可位于及物動詞、介詞和某些形容詞后。連詞that?？墒÷浴＝樵~后一般接疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。inthat(因為),exceptthat(除了),butthat(只是)已構(gòu)成固定搭配，其他介詞后一般不接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。A*IpromisedthatIwouldchangethesituation.A*AllthisisdifferentfromwhatAmericanyoungpeoplewouldsayaboutfriendship.A*Heiscertainthatwatchingsomuchtelevisionisnotgoodforchildren.A*Thisarticleiswell-writtenexceptthatitisabittoolong.A賓語從句后如有賓補，要用形式賓語it來代替，而把賓語從句移至賓補之后。AHehasmadeitclearthathewouldnotchangehismind.AA在think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞后的賓語從句中，如果謂語是否定的，一般將否定詞移至主句謂語上，賓語從句則變成肯定形式。AHedidn'tthinkthatthemoneywaswellspent.表語從句A表語從句出現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語+系動詞+表語從句”的句子中。表語從句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引導(dǎo)外，還可由because,asif(though)等引導(dǎo)。that常可省略。如主句主語為reason,只能用that引導(dǎo)表語從句，不可用because.APerhapsthemostimportantthingtorememberisthatthereisnoonecommontypeoflifeinAmerica.AAThereasonwhysomanypeoplediedthereisthattherewerenotenoughfoodsupplies.AItlooksasifsuccessfulinternationalculturalcommunicationwillmaketheworldsmaller.AA同位語從句同位語從句用于對前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進一步說明，一般用連詞that引導(dǎo)，由于先行名詞的意義不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導(dǎo)。常見的先行名詞有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有時由于謂語較短，將同位語從句位于謂語之后。AAShefinallymadethedecisionthatshewouldjointhefashionshow.AAIhadnoideahowmanybooksIcouldborrowatatime.AAThenewscamethattheirteamhadwonthechampionship.A定語從句A定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位于先行詞之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。AA*限制性定語從句A限制性定語從句修飾先行詞，對先行詞起修飾作用，緊接先行詞之后，無逗號，若省去，原句意思不完整。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有時也可指物，相當于ofwhich；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定語從句中。關(guān)系代詞除了引導(dǎo)定語從句，替代先行詞外，還在從句中擔任主語、賓語、定語等。ThecomputersandcableswhichmakeuptheInternetareownedbypeopleandorganizations.Thosewholivealoneorwhoaresickmayhavetroubleingettingclosetootherpeople.AThegirlwhoseparentsdiedinanaccidentislivingwithhergrandmother.AA1)當先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞或先行詞前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容詞最高級修飾時，只能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)從句。ThatisallthatI'veheardfromhim.He'sthefirstpersonthatI'mgoingtointerviewthisafternoon.2)關(guān)系代詞的省略A在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞常可省略。關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞，作介詞賓語時不可用that，只可用which或whom引導(dǎo)從句，并且不可省略，但當介詞位于賓語從句句末時，作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞仍可用that，也可省略AThisisoneofthosethingswithwhichwehavetoputup.AAThisisoneofthosethings(which\that)wehavetoputupwith.AA引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語，意義上相當于一個“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。AEvenincomicbookswhere(=inwhich)therearenowords,thestoriesarefullyexpressedthroughthedrawings.Nooneknowsthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewassoangrythatday.AA*非限制性定語從句A非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞，也可修飾整個主句，起補充說明作用，與主句之間有逗號隔開，若省去，原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系詞不可省略。Everyobjecthasagravitationalpull,whichisratherlikemagnetism.*“介詞+which\whom\whose”引導(dǎo)的定語從句A"介詞+which\whom\whose”可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動詞的固定搭配，或先行詞的習慣搭配。AAThisisthecomputeronwhichhespentallhissavingsAAItiswrittenbyapersonwithwhomweareallfamiliar.AA*as引導(dǎo)的定語從句Aas引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于“such...as”及“thesame...as”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，代替整個主句，從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。AAThesearenotsuchproblemsascanbeeasilysolved.(as代替先行詞problems)AAsismentionedabove,nosinglecompanyorgroupcancontrolwhathappensontheInternet.(as代替主語)A狀語從句AA*時間狀語從句A引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有：Awhen,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。AWehavelearntquitealotaboutitsincewecamehere.assoonas,hardly(scarcely)...when,nosooner...than,each(every)time,themoment,immediately(that)等oAAssoonasIsentane-mailmessage,Ireceivedpositiveresponses.AThemomentheheardthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.AA*地點狀語從句A引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞是where,wherever.AWherevershewent,shetookherlittledaughterwithher.AA*原因、結(jié)果和目的狀語從句A1)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有：because,as,since,now(that),seeingthat,consideringthat,inthat等。AConsideringthatheisafreshman,wemustsayheisdoingwell.A2)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：so...that,such...that,sothat,that,so等。AMickeyMouseissoattractivethatthechildrenarereluctanttoleave.A3)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞有：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,lest等，從句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情態(tài)動詞。Wegotupearlythismorningsothatwecouldcatchthefirstbustotherailwaystation.AA*條件和讓步狀語從句A1)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組有if,unless,as(so)longas,onconditionthat,incase,provided(providing)that,supposing等.AAslongasyouhavetherightequipment,youcanuseatelephonelinetotransmitcomputerdata.A2)弓I導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組有though,although,whether,eventhough,evenif,nomatterwhat(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,evenif等引導(dǎo)狀語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換成含有as的部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，具有強調(diào)意義。其結(jié)構(gòu)為“形容詞(副詞、動詞、名詞)+as+主語+謂語”。ANomatterwhatyoumaysay,Iwouldnotchangemymind.AYoungasheis,heisquiteexperiencedinthiswork.(=thoughheisyoung)AChildasheis,hecanspeakEnglishfluently.(=thoughheisachild)AA*方式狀語從句A引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的連詞有as,justas,asif,asthough等。asif,asthough引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反。Theyoungmanmadetheexperimentjustastheteacherhadtaughthim.AEverythingwentonasusualasifnothinghadhappened.反意疑問句歸納：1)反意疑問句由兩部分組成：前一部分陳述，后一部分提問。2)如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分就用否定形式；如果前一部分用否定，后，部分就用肯定形式。即：前肯后否，前否后肯。3)如果前句的謂語是行為動詞，則反意疑問部分需借助助詞do,don’tdosedoesn’t或did(didn’t)，需使用哪一個，視乎時態(tài)、人稱而定。一些特殊的反意疑問句：陳述部分的主語是I'm...句型時，疑問部分要用aren'tIo如：I'manEnglishteacher,aren'tI?我是一名英語老師，不是嗎？陳述部分是感嘆句時，疑問部分用be+主語。如：Whatbeautifulhats,aren'tthey?多么漂亮的帽子，不是嗎？陳述部分是省去主語的祈使句時，疑問部分用willyou。如：Don'tbelatenexttime,willyou?下次不要遲到了，好嗎？Comehere,willyou/won'tyou?到這兒來，好嗎？注意：Let's開頭的祈使句，疑問部分用shallwe，Letus開頭的祈使句，疑問部分用willyou。如：Let'sstartwiththesong,shallwe?咱們以這首歌開始，好嗎？Letushelpyou,willyou?讓我?guī)椭?，好嗎？陳述部分的謂語是wish，疑問部分要用may+主語。如:IwishtogotoBeijing,mayI?我希望去北京，好嗎？陳述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含義的詞時，疑問部分用肯定含義。如：Theynevergothere,dothey?他們從不去那兒，是嗎？含有oughtto的反意疑問句，陳述部分是肯定的，疑問部分用shouldn't/oughtn't+主語。如：Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the?/shouldn'the?他應(yīng)該知道該做什么，對嗎？陳述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)，疑問部分常用don't+主語(didn't+主語)。如：Wehavetosleephere,don'twe?我們必須睡在這兒，對吧？must在表"推測”時，根據(jù)其推測的情況來確定反意疑問句。如：HemustbeTom,isn'the?他一定是湯姆，不是嗎？Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won'tit?明天肯定要下雨，是嗎？陳述部分的謂語是usedto時，疑問部分用didn't+主語或usen't+主語。如：Heusedtobeabadboy,didn'the?/usen'the?他過去是個壞男孩，是吧？陳述部分有hadbetter+v.，疑問句部分用hadn'tyou。如：You'dbettergotherenow,hadn'tyou?你最好現(xiàn)在去那兒，好嗎？陳述部分有wouldrather+v.，疑問部分多用wouldn't+主語。如：Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'the?他寧可讀十遍也不愿意背誦，是嗎？陳述部分有You'dliketo+v.，疑問部分用wouldn't+主語。如：You'dliketogotobedearlier,wouldn'tyou?你想早點兒睡覺，對嗎？陳述部分有must，疑問部分根據(jù)實際情況而定。如：Hemustbeadoctor,isn'the?他肯定是醫(yī)生，是嗎？YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforfouryears,haven'tyou?/didn'tyou?你一定學了四年英語，對嗎？Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'the?他肯定是在昨天完成任務(wù)的，是嗎？陳述部分由neither...nor,either...or連接的并列主語時，疑問部分根據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定。如：NeitheryounorIamateacher,arewe?你不是老師，我也不是，對嗎？陳述部分主語是指示代詞或不定代詞everything,that,nothing,this,疑問部分主語用it。如：Everythingisready,isn'tit?一切就緒，是嗎？陳述部分為主語從句或并列復(fù)合句，疑問部分有三種情況：并列復(fù)合句的疑問部分，謂語動詞根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定。如：Mr.SmithhadbeentoShanghaiforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'the?史密斯先生曾幾次去過上海，按理說他現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該在中國，是嗎？帶有定語從句，賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句，疑問部分謂語根據(jù)主句的謂語而定。如：HesaidhewantedtovisitUrumchi,didn'the?他說他想去烏魯木齊看看