法律知識導讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件

法律知識導讀（英文）第十二單元InternationalLaw法律知識導讀（英文）第十二單元International1Lead-in國際法是指適用主權國家之間以及其它具有國際人格的實體之間的法律規(guī)則的總體。國際法又稱國際公法，以區(qū)別于國際私法或法律沖突，后者處理的是不同國家的國內(nèi)法之間的差異。根據(jù)《國際法院規(guī)約》第38條之規(guī)定，國際法的淵源包括以下幾個方面：條約、國際習慣法、一般法律原則、司法判例及學說等。至于國際法的法律依據(jù)，早期西方社會是不承認的，但目前國際法的法律地位已經(jīng)得到了確認。然而，從實證的角度來考察，名義上國際法對國家具有約束力，但事實上國際社會缺乏有效制裁違法國家的手段。Lead-in國際法是指適用主權國家之間以及其它具有國際人格2InternationalLaw

------Internationallawisthesetofrulesgenerallyregardedandacceptedasbindinginrelationsbetweenstatesandbetweennations,primarilyapplicabletocountriesratherthantoprivatecitizens.InternationalLaw3HistoryExistedsincethemid-19thcentury;TwosophisticatedlegalsystemsdevelopedintheWesternWorld:thecodifiedsystemsofcontinentalEuropeanstates(AmericanCivilLaw)andEnglishcommonlaw.Inthe20thcentury,thetwoWorldWarsandtheformationoftheLeagueofNationsacceleratethisprocessandestablishedmodernpublicinternationallaw.History4★AfterthefailureoftheTreatyofVersaillesandWorldWarII,theUNhasalsobeenthefocusforthedevelopmentofnewadvisory(non-binding)standards,suchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Otherinternationalnormsandlawshavebeenestablishedthroughinternationalagreements,includingtheGenevaConventions,aswellasbyagreementsimplementedbyotherinternationalorganizations.★Afterthefailureofth5SourcesofinternationallawTreaties,internationalcustoms,andgeneralprinciples;

judicialdecisionsandscholarlywritingsSourcesofinternationallaw6TypesofinternationallawPublicinternationallaw:Publicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)governstherelationshipbetweenstatesandinternationalentities.

Itincludestheselegalfields:treatylaw,lawofsea,internationalcriminallaw,thelawsofwarorinternationalhumanitarianlawandinternationalhumanrightslaw.Typesofinternationallaw7Normsofinternationallawhavetheirsources:1.custom,orcustomaryinternationallaw.(consistentstatepracticeaccompaniedbyopiniojuris)2.globallyacceptedstandardsofbehavior(peremptorynormsknownasjuscogensoriuscogens).3.codificationscontainedinconventionalagreements,generallytermedtreaties.法律知識導讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件8Privateinternationallaw:Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"incivillawjurisdictions,governsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons.法律知識導讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件9Supranationallaw:Supranationallaworthelawofsupranationalorganizations,concernsregionalagreements.Itisdistinguishedfrompublicinternationallaw,becauseinsupranationallaw,nationsexplicitlysubmittheirrighttomakejudicialdecisionsbytreatytoasetofcommontribunal.

◆TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilandsubordinateorganizationssuchastheInternationalCourtofJusticearetheonlygloballyacceptedsupranationaltribunals.Supranationallaw:10MonismandDualisminInternationalLaw

“Monism”and“dualism”areusedtodescribetwodifferenttheoriesoftherelationshipbetweeninternationallawandnationallaw.Monistsacceptthattheinternalandinternationallegalsystemsformaunity.Dualistsemphasizethedifferencebetweennationalandinternationallaw,andrequirethetranslationofthelatterintotheformer.MonismandDualisminInternat11

ExamplesInUK,thedualistviewispredominant.InternationallawisonlypartofBritishnationallawonceitisacceptedinnationallaw.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasa"mixed"monist-dualistsystem;internationallawappliesdirectlyinUScourts.

Examples12

Amatterofnationallegaltradition

Amoniststateislessatriskofviolatinginternationalrules,becauseitsjudgescanapplyinternationallawdirectly.Dualiststatesareintheriskofnegligenceorunwillingnesstotranslateinternationallaw,ordelaysoftranslation,ormisinterpretationofinternationallaw.★Everystatedecidesforitself,accordingtoitslegaltraditions,determinemonismordualism.

Amatterofnationallegaltr13WordsandExpressionssupranational超國家的，多國的supranationallaw超國家法tribunal法庭；裁決

statesovereignty國家主權theInternationalLaborOrganization國際勞工組織theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization世界知識產(chǎn)權組織theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion國際電信聯(lián)盟UNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganizaition聯(lián)合國教科文組織WordsandExpressionssupranati14theWorldTradeOrganization世界貿(mào)易組織theInternationalMonetaryFund國際貨幣組織hierarchy等級制度publicinternationallaw國際公法humanitarian人道主義的

privateinternationallaw/conflictoflaws國際私法UNGeneralAssembly聯(lián)合國大會supplychain供應鏈theWorldTradeOrganization15NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanRights（歐洲人權法院）：TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsisasupra-nationalorinternationalcourtestablishedbytheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanR16InternationalCriminalCourt（歐洲刑事法院）：TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICCorICCt)isapermanentinternationaltribunaltoprosecuteindividualsforgenocide,crimesagainsthumanity,warcrimes,andthecrimeofaggression

(althoughjurisdictionforthecrimeofaggressionwillnotbeawakeneduntil2017attheearliest).InternationalCriminalCourt（歐17GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：TheGenevaConventionscomprisefourtreaties,andthreeadditionalprotocols,thatestablishthestandardsofinternationallawforthehumanitariantreatmentofwar.TheGenevaConventionsextensivelydefinedthebasic,wartimerightsofprisoners(civilandmilitary);establishedprotectionsforthewounded;andestablishedprotectionsfortheciviliansinandaroundawar-zone.GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：Th18customaryinternationallaw(國際慣例法):Customaryinternationallawarethoseaspectsofinternationallawthatderivefromcustom.Generalprinciplesoflawandtreaties,custom,andcustomaryinternationallawareconsideredthe

primarysourcesofinternationallaw.customaryinternationallaw(國19theLeagueofNations（國際聯(lián)盟）：TheLeagueofNations(LN)wasanintergovernmentalorganizationfoundedasaresultoftheParisPeaceConferencethatendedtheFirstWorldWar.Itwasthefirstinternationalorganizationwhoseprincipalmissionwastomaintainworldpeace.theLeagueofNations（國際聯(lián)盟）：Th20TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：TheTreatyofVersailleswasoneofthepeacetreatiesattheendofWorldWarI.ItendedthestateofwarbetweenGermanyandtheAlliedPowers.Itwassignedon28June1919TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：21UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）：TheCharteroftheUnitedNationsisthefoundationalofUN.ItwassignedattheSanFranciscoWarMemorialandPerformingArtsCenterinSanFrancisco,UnitedStates,on26June1945,by50ofthe51originalmembercountries.(Poland,theotheroriginalmember,whichwasnotrepresentedattheconference,signedittwomonthslater.)UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）：TheCharte22UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights（《世界人權宣言》）：TheDeclarationarosedirectlyfromtheexperienceoftheSecondWorldWarandrepresentsthefirstglobalexpressionofrightstowhichallhumanbeingsareinherentlyentitled.UniversalDeclarationofHuman23InternationalCourtofJustice（國際法院）：TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),locatedinHague,Netherlands,istheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations.Establishedin1945,theStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,similartothatofitspredecessor,isthemainconstitutionaldocumentconstitutingandregulatingtheCourt.InternationalCourtofJustice24StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice（國際法院規(guī)約）：TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeisanintegralpartoftheUnitedNationsCharter,asspecifiedbyChapterXIVoftheUnitedNationsCharter,whichestablishedtheInternationalCourtofJustice.StatuteoftheInternationalC25Legalpositivism(法律實證主義):Legalpositivismisaschoolofthoughtofphilosophyoflawandjurisprudence,largelydevelopedbyeighteenthandnineteenth-centurylegalthinkerssuchasJeremyBenthamandJohnAustin.ThemostprominentfigureinthehistoryoflegalpositivismisH.L.A.Hart,whoseworkTheConceptofLawcausedafundamentalre-thinkingofthepositivistdoctrineanditsrelationshipwiththeotherprincipaltheoriesoflaw.Legalpositivism(法律實證主義):Le26Pactasuntservanda(有約必守):Initsmostcommonsense,theprinciplereferstoprivatecontracts,stressingthatcontainedclausesarelawbetweentheparties,andimpliesthatnonfulfilmentofrespectiveobligationsisabreachofthepact.Pactasuntservanda(有約必守):In27opinionjuris(法律確信):Opiniojuris("anopinionoflaw")isthebeliefthatanactionwascarriedoutbecauseitwasalegalobligation,frequentlyusedinlegalproceedingssuchasadefenseforacase.opinionjuris(法律確信):Opinioju28juscogens(強制性規(guī)范)：Aperemptorynorm(alsocalledjuscogensoriuscogens,Latinfor"compellinglaw")isafundamentalprincipleofinternationallawacceptedbytheinternationalcommunityofstatesasanormfromwhichnoderogation<克減>ispermitted.juscogens(強制性規(guī)范)：Aperemptor29softlaw(軟法):"softlaw"referstoquasi-legalinstrumentswhichdonothaveanylegallybindingforce,or"weaker"thanthebindingforceoftradition