有關(guān)情緒的英文表達(dá)

有關(guān)情緒的英文表達(dá)2009/02/11情緒(emotion)是一種心理(mental)與生理(physiological)的狀態(tài)，包括許多種的感覺(feeling)、想法(thought)與行為(behaviour)。它是主觀體驗(yàn)(subjectiveexperience)，經(jīng)常與心緒(mood)、生性(temperament)、性格(personality)與傾向性(disposition)聯(lián)系在一起。下面按照字母順序簡(jiǎn)要介紹主要的情緒類型。每個(gè)詞下面還有近義詞，按照近義程度從上往下排列。acceptance：指一個(gè)人感受到某種形式(situation)或條件(condition)〕常常是負(fù)面的(negative)或不舒服的(uncomfortable)],但不試圖改變(change)、抗議(protest)或躲避(exit)。toleration/sufferencepermissiveness/toleranceaffection:是一種常常與愛(love)有關(guān)的心態(tài)(dispositionorstateofmind)，要高于友誼(friendship)或善意(goodwill)。例如小哥哥親弟弟的臉來表達(dá)affectionoaffectionateness/philia/warmness/warmheartedness/fondness/tenderness/heartThechildwoneveryone'sheart.Thewarmnessofhiswelcomemadeusfeelrightathome.feeling：Idislikedhimandthefeelingwasmutual.attachment/fondregardprotectivenessregard/respect：Shemistookhismanlyregardforlove.Heinspiresrespect.softspot：Shehadasoftspotforheryoungestson.anger:指憤怒的感覺，強(qiáng)度不等，可以是小的刺激(irritation)也可以是狂怒(rage)。ire/choler/wrath/angrinessemotionfury/rage/madness：Hellhathnofurylikeawomanscorned.Hisfaceturnedredwithrage.enragement/infuriationumbrage/offense/offencehuffinesshackles/dander：Havingone'shacklesordanderupbadtemper/illtempervexation/annoyance/chafeannoyance：一種不開心的(unpleasant)的精神狀態(tài)，類似'惱火’。如果經(jīng)常出于這種狀態(tài)，那么這種情況叫petulance。botheration/irritation/vexationmentalcondition/mentalstate/psychologicalcondition/psychologicalstatebummer：Havingtostandinlinesolongwasarealbummer.huff/miff/seeingredpinprickimpatience/restlessnesssnit：Hewasinasnit.vexation/chafeanger/ire/cholertemper/irritation/pique：Histempersparkedlikedampfirewood.frustration：Herconstantcomplaintswerethemainsourceofhisfrustration.aggravation/exasperationharassment/torment：Sogreatwashisharassmentthathewantedtodestroyhistormentors.displeasureapathy：也叫impassivity或perfunctoriness,是「一種無所謂（indifference）的心態(tài)，或者壓抑自己的其它強(qiáng)烈情緒的狀態(tài)。對(duì)很多事情缺乏興趣（interest）或關(guān)注（concern），也可能是一種慵懶（sluggishness）或不敏感（insensibility）。例如，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)過后人們對(duì)死亡傷殘的現(xiàn)象變得相對(duì)無動(dòng)于衷。emotionlessness/impassiveness/phlegm/stolidity/unemotionality/indifferencelistlessness/languor/lassitudespiritlessness/numbness/passivity/passivenessanxiety：一種不愉快的感覺，可能是因?yàn)榭謶郑╢ear）、不安（uneasiness）或擔(dān)憂（worry），類似‘焦慮’。它也是對(duì)壓力（stress）的正常反應(yīng)。例如面臨考試的時(shí)候。anxiousnesscastrationanxietyhypochondria/hypochondriasisoveranxietyscare/panicdiscomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertmentworry/troubleconcern/fear/scaredisquietinsecuritydisquietude/edginess/inquietude/uneasinesssinkingfeeling/sinkingmisgiving/qualm/scruplejitteriness/jumpiness/nervousness/restivenessangstawe：是一種并不那么令人愉快的（joyous）的驚異（wonder），帶有畏懼（fearful）與尊敬（respectful）o通常指面對(duì)力量強(qiáng)大的事物。例如在雷鳴般奔流而下的大瀑布或高聳的吉薩金字塔面前人們會(huì)感覺到awe，但在彩虹面前人們通常感受的是wonder或joy。wonder/wonderment/admirationreverence/veneration/fearboredom：在沒事兒可做或者周圍的事物毫無興趣的時(shí)候人們的感覺，類似‘無聊’。ennui/tediumdissatisfactionblahsfatiguecompassion：是一種比較深沉的（profound）的人類情感，通常由別人的痛苦（pain）引起，也是利他行為（altruism）的原因之一。這與孔子所說的'恕’【己所不欲勿施于人（dotoothersasyouwouldhavedonetoyou）】類似。比empathy層次高。compassionatenessheartstringsfellowfeeling/sympathytenderheartedness/tendernessmercifulness/mercypitycontempt：指認(rèn)為某人或某物低賤(inferior/base)或毫無價(jià)值(worthless)的感覺或態(tài)度(attitude)，與scorn類似。它大致相當(dāng)于‘看不起’與‘藐視’。dispite/disdain/scorndislikedisrespectrudeness/discourtesyfleerleer/sneerdisobedience/noncompliancecontemptofcourtcuriosity：指會(huì)引發(fā)探索性(inquisitive)行為的情感，例如探索(exploration)、調(diào)查(investigation)與學(xué)習(xí)(learning)，相當(dāng)于‘好奇’。wonderdesiretoknow/lustforlearning/thirstforknowledgeinterest/involvementcuriousness/inquisitivenessdepression：包括悲傷(sadness)、無助(helplessness)、無望(hopeless)、無趣(lossofinterest)、不快樂(lossofpleasure)以及其它相關(guān)的情緒與行為，類似‘壓抑’或‘抑郁’。它對(duì)身體有害并可能影響大腦功能。極端情況可能導(dǎo)致自殺(suicide)。melancholiabluedevils/megrims/vapors/vapours/bluesbluefunk/funk：Hewasinafunk.melancholysloughofdespondlowspiritsdejectionsadness/unhappinessdemoralisation/demoralizationhelplessnessdespondence/despondency/disconsolateness/heartsicknessoppressiveness/oppressiondysphoriadesire：也叫craving或hankering，指對(duì)某人或某物或某個(gè)結(jié)果的渴望(longing)或希望(hoping)。想到該對(duì)象就會(huì)興奮，有采取行動(dòng)的沖動(dòng)。類似‘欲念’。ambition/aspiration/dreambloodlusttemptationcravingwish/wishing/wantlonging/yearning/hungrinessconcupiscence/physicalattraction/sexualdesire/erositch/urgecaprice/whim/impulsetendency/inclinationhunger/thirst/thirstiness/hungrinessgreeddespair:也叫hopelessness，指無望。desperationhopelessnessresignation/surrenderdiscouragement/disheartenment/dismaypessimismdisappointment：指期待(expectation)落空后的不滿足感(dissatisfaction)o與regret類似，但regret主要指對(duì)造成不佳結(jié)果的個(gè)人選擇而言，而disappointment是對(duì)結(jié)果而言的。類似'失望’。letdowndissatisfaction：Hewasneverslowtoexpresshisdissatisfactionwiththeservicehereceived.frustration/defeatdisgust：通常是對(duì)不干凈(unclean)、不能吃的(inedible)、傳染性(infectious)或其它令人反感(offending)的事物的反應(yīng)。類似'惡心’。dislikedetestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odiumrepugnance/revulsion/repulsion/horrornauseaecstasy：指全身心投入(totalinvolvement)的一種感受，以致于忽略了其它事情。通常短暫，一般用來談?wù)撟诮獭⒁魳?、舞蹈與性等方面的感受。exaltation/rapture/raptus/transportbliss/blissfulness/cloudnine/seventhheaven/walkingonairempathy：指分享(share)與理解(understand)他人情緒的能力。常指為他人著想(putoneselfintoanother'sshoes)ofellowfeeling/sympathyenvy:也叫invidiousness，但一個(gè)人缺少另一個(gè)人的更好狀態(tài)(superiorquality)、成績(jī)(achievement)或擁有物(possession)時(shí)的一種感受，可能希望獲得同樣的東西，也可能希望他人失去更好的東西，類似'嫉妒'。但和jealous不同，后者主要指認(rèn)為本應(yīng)自己獲得而被他人得到的感受。enviousnessbitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gallcovetousnessgreen-eyedmonster/jealousypenisenvyinvidiaembarrassment：指不被社會(huì)接受的行為或狀況被別人發(fā)現(xiàn)或揭露時(shí)的感受。一般會(huì)造成榮譽(yù)(honour)與尊嚴(yán)(dignity)的喪失。與shame類似，但后者可以是在只有自己知道的情況下。shameself-consciousenss/uncomfortableness/uneasinessshamefacedness/sheepishnesschagrin/mortification/humiliationdiscombobulation/confusionabashment/bashfulnessdiscomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertmenteuphoria：一種極度的【夸張的(exaggerated)］開心(elation)與幸福(well-being)。例如運(yùn)動(dòng)員獲得冠軍的感受或者性高潮(orgasm),類似'極樂’。fear:是對(duì)威脅(threat)或危險(xiǎn)(danger)的反應(yīng)，類似'恐懼’。fearfulness/frightalarm/consternation/dismaycreeps：Hegivesmethecreeps.frisson/quiver/shudder/tingle/chill/thrill/shiver：Afrissonofsurpriseshotthroughhim.horrorhysteriaaffright/panic/terrorpanicattack/scarestagefrightapprehension/apprehensiveness/dreadtimidity/timidness/timorousnessintimidationcoldsweatconcern/careanxietyfrustration:在達(dá)成個(gè)人目標(biāo)(personalgoal)收到阻礙(obstructed)時(shí)的感受，類似'挫折感’。defeatdisappointment/letdownvexation/annoyance/chafegratitude:也叫thankfulness或appreciation,是對(duì)得到或即將得到好處(benefit)的感受，類似'感激’。appreciativeness/gratefulness/thankfulnessgrief:是對(duì)損失(loss)的一種多角度(multi-faceted)的感受。例如面對(duì)愛人的死亡。Bereavement指損失的狀態(tài)，而grief指對(duì)損失的反應(yīng)。brokenheartedness/heartache/heartbreaksorrowdolor/dolourguilt:指認(rèn)識(shí)到(realise)或相信自己違反了道德規(guī)范(moralstandard)或?qū)Υ擞胸?zé)任(responsible)，相當(dāng)于'內(nèi)疚'。與remorse類似。guiltinessblameworthiness/culpability/culpabalenessbloodguiltcomplicitycriminalism/criminality/criminalnessguiltbyassociationimpeachability/indictabilityguiltfeelings/guilttrip/guiltyconsciencecompunction/remorse/self-reproachsurvivorguilthappiness:指滿足（contentment）、滿意（satisfaction）、開心（pleasure）與快樂（joy）的心態(tài)，類似‘幸福’。felicitybeatification/beatitude/blessednessradiancebonheurgladfulness/gladness/gladsomenessgaiety/merrimentrejoicingbelonging：Withhisclassmates,hefeelsasenseofbelonging.blitheness/cheerfulness：Hischeerfulnessmadeeveryonefeelbetter.contentmenthatred:也叫hate，指強(qiáng)烈的不喜歡（dislike），類似‘恨’或‘討厭’。hatreddetestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odiumdispisal/dispisingillwill/enmity/hostilitymalevolence/malignityhope:是相信會(huì)有積極的結(jié)果（outcome）出現(xiàn)，類似‘希望’。anticipation/expectancyhopefulnessexpectation/outlook/prospectrainbow：Chasingrainbows.horror：指在看到、聽到或感覺到某種令人恐懼的事物之后的一種反感（repulsion），而terror一般指在令人恐懼的（horrifying）經(jīng)歷發(fā)生前的害怕（dread）與期待（anticipation）?；蛘哒f，horror與震驚（shocked）或嚇壞（scared）有關(guān)，而terror與焦慮（anxious）與畏懼（fearful）有關(guān)。fear/fearfulness/frightrepugnance/revulsion/repulsiondisgusthostility：也叫inimicality，指內(nèi)心的拒絕（rejection）與否認(rèn)（denial），通常是anger與aggression的同義詞，類似‘?dāng)骋狻?。illwillunfriendlinessvirulence/virulencyantagonism/enmitylatenthostility/tension：Hecouldsenseherlatenthostilitytohim.Thediplomats'firstconcernwastoreduceinternationaltensions.stateofwar/warcoldwarsuspicion：Hetriedtoshieldmefromsuspicion.animosity/animus/badbloodclassfeelingaggression/aggressivenessbelligerence/belligerencybitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gallhysteria：指無法控制的(unmanageable)恐懼或者過度的情緒，漢語(yǔ)譯為‘歇斯底里’。delirium/frenzy/fury/crazenympholepsymanicdisorder/maniaepidemichysteria/masshysteriafear/fearfulness/frightjoy：一種幸福感。joyfulness/joyousnesshighspirits/lightness/elationexultation/jubilance/jubilancy/jubilationexcitement/exhilaration：Hecouldhardlyconcealhisexcitementwhensheagreed.exuberancedelight/pleasurejealousy：在很重要的(va山ed)關(guān)系(relationship)被對(duì)手(rival)威脅時(shí)產(chǎn)生的不安全感(insecurity)、恐懼與焦慮。與envy對(duì)比，它一般指已經(jīng)擁有的東西，而envy指還沒有的東西。green-eyedmonsterenviousness/envyalertness/vigilance/watchfulness/wakefulnessloathing：一種恨或討厭的感受。abhorrence/detestation/execration/odium/abominationdisgusthate/hatredlove:強(qiáng)烈的喜歡(affection)與依賴(attachment)，類似‘愛’或‘喜愛’。adoration/worshipagapelove/agapefilialloveardor/ardouramorousness/enamorednesscalflove/puppylove/infatuation/crushdevotedness/devotionbenevolenceheartstringscaring/lovingnesspity：對(duì)人或動(dòng)物的痛苦的一種溫柔的、有時(shí)候有點(diǎn)兒看不起的悲憫（sorrowandempathy）。commiseration/pathos/ruthfellowfeeling/sympathycompassionmercifulness/mercypride:對(duì)自我價(jià)值很高的感覺，或者考慮相關(guān)事務(wù)時(shí)的感覺，類似‘自豪’。它是對(duì)自身優(yōu)秀方面的一種喜愛。反義詞是humility。pridefulnessdignity/self-regard/self-respect/self-worthItwasbeneathhisdignitytocheat.self-esteem/self-prideego/self-importance/egotismamourpropre/conceit/self-love/vanitycivicpride/civicspiritsatisfactionsuperbiarage:是最強(qiáng)烈的憤怒；最輕微的憤怒是annoyance。fury/madnessanger/ire/cholerwrathlividityangrinessregret:是對(duì)過去行為的一種不喜歡。ruefulness/sorrow/ruesadness/unhappinesscontriteness/contrition/attritioncompunction/remorse/self-reproachremorse:指人對(duì)自己認(rèn)為丟人的（shameful）、有傷害性的（hurtful）或暴力的（violent）行為的一種后悔。一個(gè)不知道remorse的人在美國(guó)叫sociopath，在英國(guó)叫punction/self-reproachregret/ruefulness/sorrow/rueguiltfeelings/guilttrip/guiltyconscience/guiltpenance/penitence/repentanceresentment:也叫rancour或ranklement，是-一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的（repeated）、對(duì)錯(cuò)誤（wrong）的一種憤怒或苦惱（bitterness）。bitterness/rancor/rancour/gallillwill/enmity/hostilityheartburning：Hispromotioncausedmuchheartburningamonghisrivals.huffishness/sulkinessgrievance/grudge/score：Holdingagrudge.Settlingascore.enviousness/envysadness：面對(duì)不利（disadvantage）、損失或無助的感受。人會(huì)變安靜（quiet）、沒有活力（lessenergetic）并逃避（withdrawn）。反義詞是happiness。unhappinessdolefulnessheaviness：Nothingliftedtheheavinessofherheartafterherloss.melancholymisery：Shewasexhaustedbyhermiseryandgrief.forlornness/loneliness/desolationtearfulness/weepinesssorrow/sorrowfulness：Hetriedtoexpresshissorrowforherloss.Hedranktodrownhissorrows.regret/ruefulness/rue：Hewroteanotetoexpresshisregret.Tohisrue,theerrorcosthimthegame.cheerlessness/uncheerfulnessdepressiondejectedness/dispiritedness/downheartedness/low-spiritedness/lownessHefeltresponsibleforherlownessofspirits.bereavement/mourningpoignance/poignancy：Amomentofextraordinarypoignancy.lugubriousness/gloominessshame：違反文化或社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后的感覺，本意是‘遮蓋；指捂住臉，即使誰(shuí)都不知道，一個(gè)人也可能感到ashamed。但guilt是指違反了自己心中的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以即使他人贊同，一個(gè)人也有可能感到guiltoconscience：Hehasnoconscienceabouthiscruelty.self-disgust/self-hatredembarrassmentdisgrace/ignominydishonor/dishonour：Hewasresignedtoalifeofdishonor.humiliationobloquy/opprobriumodiumreproachsuffering：也叫pain，指面對(duì)傷害(harm)或有傷害威脅的一種反感或不快，可以是肉體的，也可以是精神的。類似'痛苦’。excruciation/agonyhurting/painthroewoemiserableness/misery/wretchedness：Themiseryandwretchednessofthoseslumsisintolerable.distress：Thedeathofhiswifecausehimgreatdistress.painfulnessanguish/torture/tormentself-torment/self-torturetsoriswound：Hefearedthatmentioningitmightreopenedthewound.discomfort/soreness/irritationsurprise：對(duì)意外(unexpected)事件的感受，可以是愉快的、中性點(diǎn)或不愉快的。amazement/astonishment：Helookedatmeinastonishment.alteration/change/modificationbombshell/thunderbolt/thunderclap：Newsoftheattackcamelikeabombshell.coupdetheatreeyeopenerperipeteia/peripetia/peripety：Aperipeteiaswiftlyturnsaroutinesequenceofeventsintoastoryworthtelling.blow/shock：Itcameasashocktolearnhewasinjured.stunner：ThestunnerwaswhathappenedonSaturday.wonder：類似surprise,是對(duì)罕見（rare）或意外事物的感受，但它更持久，并且通常是正面的含義。而awe通常強(qiáng)調(diào)畏懼與尊敬，而不是快樂。wonderment/admirationamazement/astonishmentawemarvelhappening/naturalevent/occurence/occurentcuriositydesiretoknow/lustforlearning/thirstforknowledgeinterest/involvementcuriousness/inquisitivenessworry:對(duì)事物的關(guān)心（concerned）或焦慮（anxious）。headache/vexation/concernbugaboo：Theoldbugabooofinflationstillbothersthem.burden/encumbrance/onus/incumbrance/load：Theburdenofresponsibility.That'saloadoffmymind.business：It'snoneofyourbusiness.Mindyourownbusiness.troubleanxietysympathy：指一種社會(huì)親近關(guān)系，人們之間能夠互相理解情感，也指被他人的情感所影響。與empathy常常互換使用，但含義有微妙的不同。Toempathize指體驗(yàn)一種類似的感受來對(duì)另一個(gè)人的情緒狀態(tài)作出反應(yīng)；但sympathy不僅如此，還體現(xiàn)一種對(duì)對(duì)方的在意與持續(xù)的關(guān)心。在一般用法上，它指讓他人知道自己了解對(duì)方的喜怒哀樂，特別是理解對(duì)方的痛苦。它也指與對(duì)方的政治觀點(diǎn)或意識(shí)形態(tài)相同，例如‘a(chǎn)communistsympathizer'ounderstanding：IknewIcouldcountonhisunderstanding.inclination/tendency/disposition：Hehasaninclinationtogiveuptooeasily.Atendencytobetoostrict.fellowfeelingconcern：Shefeltstrongconcernforthoselessfortunate.kind-heartedness/kindheartednesscompassion/compassionatenesscompatibilityempathykinship/affinity：Foundanaturalaffinitywiththeimmigrants.Feltadeepkinshipwiththeotherstudents.Anthropology'skinshipwiththehumanities.mutualaffection/mutualunderstanding參考資料:/wiki/Emotion/wiki/Temperament/wiki/Disposition/wiki/Mood_(psychology)/wiki/Acceptance/wiki/Affection/wiki/Anger/wiki/Annoyance/wiki/Apathy/wiki/Anxiety/wiki/Awe_(emotion)/wiki/Disappointment/wiki/Boredom/wiki/Compassion/wiki/Contempt/wiki/Curiosity/wiki/Depression_(mood)/wiki/Desire_(emotion)/wiki/Despair/wiki/Disgust/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)/wiki/Empathy/wiki/Envy/wiki/Embarrassment/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)/wiki/Fear/wiki/Frustration/wiki/Gratitude/wiki/Grief/wiki/Guilt/wiki/Happiness/wiki/Hatred/wiki/Hope/wiki/Horror_(emotion)/wiki/Hostility/wiki/Hysteria/wiki/Joy/wiki/Jealousy/wiki/Loathing/wiki/Love/wiki/Pride/wiki/Rage_(emotion)/wiki/Regret_(emotion)/wiki/Remorse/wiki/Sadness/wiki/Shame/wiki/Suffering/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)/wiki/Worry_(emotion)/wiki/Resentment/wiki/Sympathy人類只有4種情緒？。作者朱利?貝克。譯者賈曉靜《青年參考》（2014年02月26日35版）“雖然你的情緒只有一小茶匙那么少，但這并不意味著所有人都只有這么一丁點(diǎn)兒?！痹陔娪啊豆ㄌ嘏c鳳凰社》里，怒氣沖沖的赫敏對(duì)羅恩說。但事實(shí)上，我們的情緒恐怕真的只有這么一丁點(diǎn)。日前，英國(guó)格拉斯哥大學(xué)精神與心理研究所在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》上發(fā)表了最新研究結(jié)果，該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的情感范圍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于科學(xué)界此前的結(jié)論。傳統(tǒng)科學(xué)認(rèn)為，人類的情緒可劃分為6種經(jīng)典類型一一高興、驚訝、恐懼、厭惡、生氣和傷心，但格拉斯哥大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們對(duì)此并不贊同。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，他們向志愿者展示了由計(jì)算機(jī)生成的面部動(dòng)畫，并要求志愿者根據(jù)6種情緒類型，對(duì)不同的面部表情進(jìn)行描述。結(jié)果顯示，對(duì)這些志愿者來說，“生氣”與“厭惡”的初期表現(xiàn)其實(shí)非常相近，類似狀況還發(fā)生在“恐懼”與“驚訝”中。比如，當(dāng)人們產(chǎn)生“生氣”或“厭惡”的情緒時(shí)，都會(huì)皺起鼻子；而“恐懼”或“驚訝”時(shí)，都會(huì)挑高眉毛。當(dāng)然，隨著時(shí)間推移，上述兩組面部表情間的區(qū)別將會(huì)逐漸顯現(xiàn)，但在情緒發(fā)生之初，面部信號(hào)非常相似。研究者指出，這說明生氣與厭惡、驚訝與恐懼間的差異，更多是基于人類的社會(huì)性而非生物性。據(jù)此，研究者判斷，人類只有4種基本情緒，即：高興，傷心，恐懼/驚訝，生氣/厭惡。這一