高級(jí)英語(yǔ)修辭格1

PAGEPAGE30RhetoricWhatisrhetoric?Rhetoricistheartofusinglanguageeffectively.Itisconcernedwithpunctuation,diction,figuresofspeech,theprinciplesofgoodwritingandusage.Inourdiscussionofrhetoric,emphasisislaidonfiguresofspeech,sincetheyplaysuchanimportantandinterestingrolebothinliteratureandinourdailylife.Whatarefiguresofspeech?Figuresofspeecharerhetoricaldevicesofdeviationsfromtheordinaryorliteralwayofexpressions,withaviewtoproducinggreaterimpressivenessandeffect.ComparethefollowingpairsofsentencesinAandB:A.Figurative（轉(zhuǎn)義）Justaspaintersdrawpicturesincolors,sowriterspaintpicturesinwords.Theyusefigurativelanguage—languagethatcompares—toproduceimagesintheirdescriptionornarrations.1.Sometimesnon-humanthingsaregivenhumanfeatures(personification擬人):—Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.—…“Help,letmein,pleaseletmein!”Butthehouseswerecold,closed,unfriendly…2.Sometimescomparisonsaremadeusingthewordslikeoras(simile明喻):—Thechequeflutteredtothefloorlikeabirdwithabrokenwing.—Helookedatmewithanairofsurpriseddisapproval,asacolonelmightlookataprivatewhosebootlaceswereundone.—Heisasstupidasanass.—IwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills.3.Moreoftencomparisonsarenotstatedbutsuggested(metaphor暗喻):—Thiscentury…manhasstartedtolookintotheworkingsofthatotheruniversewhichisinsidehimself—thehumanbrain.—Hisfamouswill…isamemorialtohisinterestsandideas.—IamaministeringangelinaMiniwithaheavycoatandabagofmedicine.—TherewerenomorebutterfliesinmystomachwhenIopenedupanabdomenorachest.—TheBathtubNavy—Lifeisawalkingshadow.(or:Lifeisabriefcandle.)B.Literal（本義）1.Theeveningsunshoneonthetopsofhighmountainsandrocks.2.Lifeisshortandmeaningless.Figurativelanguageisanimportantstylisticdevicethatwritersuse.Itmakestheirdescriptionornarrationmorevividandinteresting.Understandingfigurativelanguageisanimportantreadingskillwhichhelpsreaderstorecognizethe“secretpower”ofwordsandappreciatethesensoryimpressionsandreactionscreatedbyThemainfunctionsofFiguresofspeech:1.Figuresofspeechexcitetheimaginationandaffordusimaginativepleasure.2.Figuresofspeechareawayofbringingadditionalimagery(意像)intospeechtoconcretizetheabstract,ofmakingpoetrymoresensuous.（給人以美感）3.Figuresofspeechareawayofaddingemotionalintensitytootherwisemerelyinformativestatementsandtheyareawayofconveyingattitudesalongwithinformation.4.Figuresofspeechareameansofconcentration,ofspeakingvolumesinafewwords.5.Figuresofspeechareaveryimportantpartofrhetoricalanalysis.Inthetreatmentoffiguresofspeech,emphasisislaidonusage,especiallytheusageofcommonlyusedverbs,prepositions,adverbsandconjunctionsthatappearinthefiguresofspeechorinrelatedusage.Figuresofspeechcanfallintodifferenttypesaccordingtolexicon,syntaxandphonetics.Ⅰ.LexicalStylisticDevices（詞義修辭格）SimileMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheAntonomasiaPersonificationTransferredepithetIronyInnuendoSarcasmRidiculeOxymoronParadoxEpigramParonomasia/punHyperboleUnderstatement（低調(diào)陳述）EuphemismPeriphrasis（迂回說(shuō)法）Allusion（引喻）Parody（仿擬）Syllepsis（一語(yǔ)雙敘）ZeugmaⅡ.SyntacticalStylisticDevices（結(jié)構(gòu)修辭格）parallelismantithesisclimax（層進(jìn)）anti-climax（漸降）RhetoricalquestionChiasmus（交錯(cuò)配列）Palindrome（四文）Repetition（反復(fù)）Enallage（文法交換）Anastrophe（倒裝）Hendiadys（重言法）Ⅲ.Miscellaneous（其他修辭格）ApostropheBiblicalRhetoric（仿圣經(jīng)語(yǔ)）FiguresofSpeechofLessonOne1.SimileSimileisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedto（比作）another,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as…so,likeandsomeotherwordsindicatingcomparisonorlikenesssuchasmorethan,asif,resemble,resemblanceareusedtoindicatesimilesandtransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Therearesetexpressionsintheformofsimiles.Alistofmanysuchidiomsisgivenbelow:A.Usedwithadjectives:1)aswhiteasasheet/snow蒼白如紙/潔白如雪2)asbrownasaberry（果醬）3)asdarkasnight4)asgreenasgrass5)asbold/braveasalion6)ascheepasdirt7)ascoolascucumber（泰然自若）8)ascoldascharity（慈善）像慈善機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)窮人那樣冷冰冰的9)ascleanasawhistle像哨子一樣光潔10)ascleverasabarrelofmonkeys11)asclearasabell/theday/thesun12)ascrossastwosticks/abearwithasorehead非常生氣13)asdeadasadoornail確已將死的14)aseasyasABC15)asdullasditch-water非常單調(diào)乏味16)asdeafasapost全聾17)asdrunkasalord大醉18)asdryasabone/dust干透了19)asdifferentaschalkfromcheese完全不同20)aseasyasfallingoffalog21)asfreshasadaisy菊22)asfitasafiddle非常健康23)asfreeasabird/air24)asgoodasaplay非常有趣25)ashotashell26)asheavyaslead27)ashonestastheday非常誠(chéng)實(shí)28)ashungryasahunter/ahawk/abear/awolf29)ashardasabrick/iron/nails30)ashappyasaprince/thedayislong非常幸福，非常快樂(lè)31)asinnocentasa(new-born)baby32)aslikeastwopeas一模一樣33)aslightasafeather輕如鴻毛34)asmadasaMarchhare/ahatter極為瘋狂35)asmeekasamouse36)asoldasthehills極老37)aspure/spotlessasthedrivensnow（飄雪）潔如白雪38)asprettyasapicture39)aspoorasachurchmouse40)asquietasamouse/mice41)asquickaslightning/aflash42)asrichasCroesus非常富有43)asstubborn/obstinateasamule44)assilentasagrave45)assillyasaduck46)asslipperyasaneel47)assureasfate千真萬(wàn)確48)assteadyasarock49)asslowasasnail50)assharpasarazor/aneedle51)assnugasabuginarug像小地毯里的臭蟲(chóng)一樣舒服52)asthinasarail53)astimidasamouse54)astoughasleather55)astrueassteel絕對(duì)真實(shí)可靠56)asuglyassin極丑，極惡劣57)asweakaswater身體虛弱；意志薄弱58)aswiseasSolomon（所羅門，古以色列王子，以智慧著稱）Notes:1.Intheaboveexamples,thefirst‘a(chǎn)s’issometimesomitted.2.Thereisoftenalliterationorrhymeinsimiles,E.g.ashungryasahunter3.Anappropriateuseofthemdoesaddcolorandflavortothelanguageandtheabovelistitselfinvitesattention,sinceittellsussomethingaboutthewitandhumoroftheEnglishpeopleandtheirhabitofthinking.B.Usedwithverbsandverbalphrases:1)behavelikeabullinachinashop2)blushlikeaschoolgirl3)crawllikeasnail4)collapselikeahousebuiltonsand5)comedown/falllikeatonofbricks6)drinklikeafish7)grinlikeaCheshirecat總是無(wú)緣無(wú)故的笑（源出LewisCarroll所著的“AliceinWonderland”，該書(shū)談及Cheshire郡的貓總是露齒而笑，笑得身子消失了，只見(jiàn)笑容。8)havenineliveslikeacat貓有九命（指貓的生命力很強(qiáng)）9)haveamemorylikeasieve記憶力極差10)hatelikepoison嫉恨，深惡11)jumpaboutlikeacatonahottinroof12)looklikeadyingduckinthunderstorm驚慌失措13)runlikeahare14)know(aperson)likeabook非常了解（某人）15)roarlikealion16)sighlikeafurnace長(zhǎng)聲嘆氣17)speaklikeabook咬文嚼字18)shakelikeanaspen（白楊）leaf颼颼的抖動(dòng)19)springuplikemushroomsovernight20)sleeplikeatop（陀螺）/log熟睡21)taketo（沉湎于）somethinglike(oras)aducktowater極愛(ài)，最喜歡22)worklikeahorse/aTrojan（特洛伊人）辛苦的工作23)Theyspentmoneylikewater.24)Andatoncetheyshutuplikeclams.C.morethan1)Wheninafury,sheismoresavagethanatigress.D.seem,resemble,resemblance1)Seemsheadove?Hisfeathersarebutborrowed.(Shakespeare)2)Herfaceresembledasilvermoon.3)Herfaceboretheresemblanceofamoon.4)Thesechildhoodcompanionsseemedphantoms（幻象）inadreamnow.E.asif1)ThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itisasifIhadgainedanewfriend.2)Thethoughthurthim,thenlostedge（鋒刃）,asifithadcomeincontactwithabreast-plate（胸鎧）。F.nomore…thanAhomewithoutloveisnomorethanahomethanabodywithoutasoulinaman.G.mightaswell…asYoumightaswellexpectaleopardtochangeitsspotsasexpecthimtogiveupsmoking.2.Antithesis(對(duì)照)Antithesisisafigureofspeechcharacterizedbystrongcontrastingwords,clauses,sentences,orideas.Abalancingofonetermagainstanotherforimpressivenessandemphasis.(AHandbooktoLiteraturebyHughHolman)(對(duì)照是把兩個(gè)意義絕然相反的句子以相同的句式進(jìn)行對(duì)照，對(duì)照句要求前后兩句結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱，語(yǔ)義相對(duì)立，一般具有聲韻和諧，言簡(jiǎn)意賅之效果。)E.g.Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.Hopeforthebest,andpreparefortheworst.(抱最好的希望，做最壞的打算。)Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness.(Dickens)Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever.(MarkTwain)Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem.(FrancisBacon)（學(xué)問(wèn)之事，巧黠者鄙夷之，純樸著贊嘆之。）NotthatI’ov’dCaesarless,butthatI’ov’dRomemore.(Shakespeare)(并非我不愛(ài)凱撒，只因我更愛(ài)羅馬。)Thecowarddoesitwithakiss,thebravemanwithasword.(OscarWilde)Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.(Kennedy)(倘若自由的社會(huì)不能幫助眾多的窮人，也就保全不了少數(shù)的富人。)Proverbs:Afallinthepit,againinthewit.(吃一塹，長(zhǎng)一智。）Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.(雄辯是銀，沉默是金。)Knowledgemakesyouhumble;ignorancemakesyouproud.3.Metonymy（轉(zhuǎn)喻；借代）Metonymyisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother.Thissubstitutednamemaybeanattrbuteofthatotherthingorbecloselyassociatedwithit.Inotherwords,itinvolvesa“changeofname”,thesubstitutednamesuggestingthethingmeant.Therelationbetweenthesetwothingsissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother.Metonymyisnotconvertible（可變成為）intosimileormetaphor.Itappealstotheimaginationfortheassociationofideasitprovokes.Metonymyisaveryusefulandeffectiverhetoricaldevice,foritcompressesmuchintoasinglewordorshortnounphrase.Mostofusareprobablyfamiliarwiththefollowingexamples:Metonymy一詞來(lái)自于希臘語(yǔ)的metonumia，意為achangeofname（換名）。轉(zhuǎn)喻（或借代）就是用A事物的名稱來(lái)代替B事物的名稱。A、B兩事物在某方面有著密切的聯(lián)系，當(dāng)提到A事物時(shí)便自然地想起B(yǎng)事物，這就是借代的基礎(chǔ)。它的重點(diǎn)是聯(lián)想，通過(guò)聯(lián)想，達(dá)到描述生動(dòng)、具體、幽默、簡(jiǎn)練的修辭效果。轉(zhuǎn)喻（或借代）運(yùn)用甚廣，Metonymyisaveryusefulandeffectiverhetoricaldevice,foritcompressesmuchintoasinglewordorshortnounphrase.Mostofusareprobablyfamiliarwiththefollowingexamples:(1)TheconcretefortheabstractHehasasmoothtongue.（用具體的tongue代替抽象的“口才”）Shehasagoodearformusic.（她欣賞音樂(lè)的能力極強(qiáng)。）Shehasaneyeforbeauty.(她有審美能力。)Heneverlethisheartrulehishead.（他從不讓感情控制理智。）ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.法國(guó)人的性格集老虎和猿猴的兇殘和狡猾于一身。（用tiger、ape兩具體事物分別代替抽象的“兇殘、狡猾”）Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.（每個(gè)人的生活都有甜和苦。）Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinisface.（他的臉上顯現(xiàn)出殘暴和貪婪交織在一起的表情。）Thegentlemaninmemademestanduptogoaway,butthejournalistinmemademestandstill.（我的君子風(fēng)度使我站起來(lái)告辭，然而我的記者本能卻使我站住不動(dòng)。）Ashurstlooked,andthepoetinhimmoved.（亞西斯特看著那光景，他身上敏感的詩(shī)人的天性使他怦然心動(dòng)。）Thepenismighterthanthesword.(2)TheabstractfortheconcreteAllthewit(thecleverandthewisepeople)andthelearning(thelearnedpeople)wereassembledhere.（所有有才智的人和有學(xué)識(shí)的人都聚集在這里。）Heistheadmirationofthewholeschool.（他是全校敬佩的人。）Itwasnotonlywriters,youknow,itwasathoroughrepresentativegathering——science,politics,business,art,theworld.（你知道，那不僅僅是作家，而是一次各界人士應(yīng)有盡有的聚會(huì)——科學(xué)界，政界，商界，藝術(shù)節(jié)，以及其他各界人士全都來(lái)了。）(3)Thecontainersubstitutingthethingcontainedinit:（用容器代替其內(nèi)容）Helikedthecupabittoomuch.（他太貪杯。）Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket.（他的錢少得可憐，買不起那件上衣。）Thekettleisboiling.（壺中的水開(kāi)了。）Thehallapplauded.（大廳里的人鼓起掌來(lái)。）Shehasalargewardrobe.（他的衣服多極了。）Hesetsagoodtable.（他的席面是挺講究的。）(Heprovidesgoodfood.)(4)Thenameofapersonsubstitutinghisorherworks:（用作者姓名代替其作品）IsawQiBaishionthewall.（我看到墻上有一幅齊白石的畫(huà)。）HewassteepedinRuskin.（他沉迷于羅斯金的作品中。）HewasdrivingaFord.（他在開(kāi)一輛福特牌的汽車。）DoyoulikeDickens?（你喜歡狄更斯的作品嗎？）JohnBull:England,ortheEnglishpeopleUncleTom:TheUnitedStatesofAmericaIvan:theRussianpeopleJohnDoe:ordinaryAmericancitizenBritishLion:EnglandortheEnglishgovernmentThebear:TheformerSovietunionortheSovietgovernment(5)Nounsdenotingcolorcombinedwithcertainnounsareusedalonemayserveassubstitutesfornounsassociatedwiththeminmeaning:Heistheblacksheepinthefamily.（害群之馬）Hehasayellowstreak.（怯懦的性格）Shedidn’twanttobelookeduponasabluestocking.（女學(xué)者，女才子）Thisprizewastheblueribboninmathematicalresearch.（最高獎(jiǎng)）Hemightbethedarkhorseintheswimmingcontest.（出人意料的獲勝者）Iamafraidthisfactorywillturnoutawhiteelephant.（耗資甚大而受益少的東西）Hisfatherhadagreenthumb.（園藝能手）(6)Anoundenotingmaterialmayindicatethethingmadeofit:Heisinirons.（他被囚禁。）Oldchinaishisdelight.（瓷器是他的愛(ài)好。）(7)Locationsofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprisesDowningStreet:theBritishgovernmentorcabinetTheWhiteHouse:thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheU.S.governmentCapitalHill:theLegislativebranchoftheU.S.governmentThePentagon:theU.S.militaryestablishmentKremlin:thegovernmentoftheformerSovietUnionFleetStreet:theBritishpressWallStreet:U.S.financialcirclesMadisonAvenue:AmericanadvertisingindustryHollywood:Americanfilm-makingindustryFoggyBottom:U.S.StateDepartment(8)Professionsthebar:thelegalprofession;E.g.Hehasbeencalledtothebar.thebench:position(office)ofjudgeormagistrate;E.g.Hehasbeenappointedtothebench.theveil:vocationofanun;E.g.Shetooktheveilat20.thepress:newspapers;newspaperreportersE.g.He’smeetingthepressthismorning.Whathasthepresstotothis?ApartfromSimileandMetaphor,Metonymyistodayprobablyoneofthemostwidelyusedfiguresofspeech.Journalistsandnewsreporters(ofanymedium)useitfrequentlyandareconstantlycreatingnewsubstitutions.Thereasonforthisisnothardtosee:ametonymycanexpressbrieflyandeffectivelywhatwouldotherwiserequireawholeclauseorsentence.Brevityisitschiefvirtueandnextistheeasewithwhichitcanbecreatedandpopularized.4.Synecdoche(提喻)Synecdocheisafigureofspeech,whichconsistsintakingapartforthewhole,thewholeforthepart.(1)Apartforthewhole(局部代整體)Youareanobleheart.(Dickens)Hehasafleetoffiftysails.(用sails代替船)Thereisaseaoffacesonthesquare.Hedesertedtosavehisskin.(他當(dāng)逃兵以茍全性命。)Shehasjustseen80winters.(years)（她剛度入八十春秋。）Grayhairistakencareof.（尊敬老人。）Beijingwillneverseekhegemony.（中國(guó)將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)稱霸。）MoscowandWashingtonwillholdtalksonthisproblem.（俄美兩國(guó)將就這個(gè)問(wèn)題舉行會(huì)談。）BuckinghamPalaceisnotexpectedtoissueastatementonthematter.（不能指望英國(guó)王室就此事發(fā)表一項(xiàng)聲明。）(2)Thewholeforthepart(整體代局部)Theworld(people)willdanceatyourwedding.Hefeltateasewiththeentireworld.(他與世無(wú)爭(zhēng)。)Treesandflowersarelookingtheirbesttowelcomethesmilingyear.(Spring)China(Chineseteam)wonthechampionshipatthetournament5.Parallelism(排比)Parallelism,asameanstoachievecoherenceofasentenceorparagraphhasthefollowingeffects:toleadtoclarityinwriting;togainemphasis;tocreateapleasantrhythminaprosepassage;andtocutdownthenumberofwordsneededtoexpressanidea.Thegeneralprincipleofparallelismistoexpresssimilarideasinsimilargrammaticalforms.Almostanykindofsentenceelementmaybeplacedinaparallelconstruction.英語(yǔ)中把結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似、意義相關(guān)、語(yǔ)氣一致的詞、詞組或句子并列使用的方法稱為平行結(jié)構(gòu)或排比。Examples:SingleWordsGalileostudied,thought,experimented.(Pasttenseverbs)Johnisambitious,brilliantandaltruistic.(Ajectives)約翰有抱負(fù)，有才能，而且樂(lè)于助人。Theyoungfilmstarwastall,dark,andhandsome.(Ajectives)Hewasamiser,abachelor,andanegotist.(Nouns)他是一個(gè)吝嗇鬼，一個(gè)單身漢，一個(gè)利己主義者。Lateforthedance,Ruthdressedhastilyandcarelessly.(Adverbs)Theywaitedfourhoursattheairport,readingandsleeping.(-ingforms)Togetherletusexplorethestars,conquerthedeserts,eradicatedisease,taptheoceandepthsandencouragetheartsandcommerce.(JohnF.Kennedy)(Verbs)讓我們共同來(lái)探索星球，征服沙漠，消滅疾病，開(kāi)發(fā)海底，促進(jìn)藝術(shù)和貿(mào)易。PhrasesFritzpassedhistimedoingcrosswordpuzzlesandbuildingmodelairplanes.(V-ingphrases)Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.(Prep.phrases)求知門徑頗多，或閱讀，或思考，或觀察，或?qū)嵺`。Buyingacarandbeginningherjobwerethenextstepsinherlife.(V-ingphrases)ClausesTheboydeniedthathehadenteredtheroomandthathehadtakenthemoney.(Objectclauses)那男孩否認(rèn)他進(jìn)入房間把錢拿走了。Afatherwhospendstimewithhissonandwhothoughtfullyanswershisson’squestionswillberespectedandloved.(Attributiveclauses)Ifyouwriteorifyoutelephone,waitfortwoweeksuntilIreturnfromSingapore.(Adverbialclauses)6.Onomatopoeia(擬聲法)Onomatopoeiaistheuseofwordswhosesoundsuggeststhesensesuchas“hiss”,“buzz”.Onomatopoeiareferstotheformationofawordinimitationofthenaturalsoundassociatedwiththeobjectoractioninvolved.Inpoetry,itinvolvessuitingsoundtosenseandtherebycreatingversesthatcarrytheirmeaningintheirsound.(1)VerbsimitatingthecriesofbirdsandanimalsThebirdtwitters/trills.鳥(niǎo)兒嘰嘰喳喳的叫。Thedovecoos.鴿子咕咕叫。Thebeebuzzes.蜜蜂嗡嗡叫。Themagpiechatters.喜鵲喳喳叫。Thehencackles.母雞咯咯叫。Themosquitoeshum.蚊子嗡嗡叫。Theduckquacks.鴨子呱呱叫。Thenightingalejugs.夜鷹歌唱。Thesparrowtwitters(chirps).麻雀喳喳叫。Theturkeygobbles.火雞咯咯叫。Thecrowcroaks/caws.烏鴉呱呱叫。Theswanchants.天鵝歌唱。Thechickenclucks/cheeps.小雞吱吱叫。Theeaglescreams.鷹尖叫。Thebullbellows.公牛哞哞叫。Thecatpurrs/mews.貓咪咪叫。Thedogbarks/yaps.狗汪汪叫。Theelephantbellows/trumpets.象叫。Thefoxyelps.狐貍叫。Thesheep/goatbleats.羊/山羊叫。Thehorseneighs/knickers.馬叫/嘶/蕭蕭。Thecowlows.母牛哞哞叫。Themonkeychatters/gibbers.猿啼/嘯。Thepiggrunts.豬哼哼叫。Themousesqueaks.老鼠吱吱叫。Thetigergrowls.虎嘯。Thewolfhowls.狼嚎。(2)VerbsimitatingthecriesofinsectsTheserpenthisses.蛇聲嘶嘶。Thefrogcroaks.青蛙哇哇叫。Thebeetledrones.甲蟲(chóng)嗡嗡叫。Thecricketchirps.蟋蟀唧唧叫。Acicadachirps.知了叫。(3)VerbsimitatingthesoundsproducedbysomeobjectsThebellsarechiming.樂(lè)鐘在響。Thetickingoftheclockwastheonlysoundthatgreetedhim.迎接他的只有嘀嗒響的鐘聲。Thebrakescreechedtoahalt.車嘎吱一聲停了下來(lái)。Thecheerfulwoodfirewascrackingonthehearth.融融的柴火在爐中噼啪作響。Anorthwindiswhistling.北風(fēng)呼嘯。Weheardarustleofleaves.我們聽(tīng)到樹(shù)葉一陣沙沙聲。Asoftbreezewhispers.微風(fēng)輕吹。Thebrookmurmurs.小溪?dú)g唱。Thewavesswish.海浪颯颯地響。Thethunderrolled.雷聲隆隆。Thestormroared.狂風(fēng)怒號(hào)。Branchescracked.樹(shù)枝啪啪地?cái)嗔蚜恕eedsrustled.草叢發(fā)出沙沙的聲音。(4)VerbsimitatingthecriesofinsectsThefrogcroaks.青蛙哇哇叫。Theserpenthisses.蛇聲嘶嘶。Thebeetledrones.甲蟲(chóng)嗡嗡叫。Thecricketchirps.蟋蟀唧唧叫。Acicadachirps.知了叫。(5)VerbsimitatingthesoundsproducedbysomeobjectsThebellsarechiming.樂(lè)鐘在響。Thetickingoftheclockwastheonlysoundthatgreetedhim.迎接他的只有嘀嗒響的鐘聲。Thebrakescreechedtoahalt.車嘎吱一聲停了下來(lái)。Thecheerfulwoodfirewascrackingonthehearth.融融的柴火在爐中噼啪作響。Anorthwindiswhistling.北風(fēng)呼嘯。Weheardarustleofleaves.我們聽(tīng)到樹(shù)葉一陣沙沙聲。Asoftbreezewhispers.微風(fēng)輕吹。Thebrookmurmurs.小溪?dú)g唱。Thewavesswish.海浪颯颯地響。Thethunderrolled.雷聲隆隆。Thestormroared.狂風(fēng)怒號(hào)。Branchescracked.樹(shù)枝啪啪地?cái)嗔蚜?。Weedsrustled.草叢發(fā)出沙沙的聲音。7.PersonificationPersonificationisafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanform,character,orsensibilitytoanimals,plantsobjects,ideasorabstractions.Personificationisproducedbytheuseofadjectives,verbs,nounsorphrases.Functionsofpersonification:1.Toachievepicturesquenessofdescription2.Tobringthecharacteristicsofathingintoboldrelief3.Toexpressfeelingsandemotionsvividlyandappealingly4.Toachievehumor5.Toachieveconcisenessandeffectiveness,especiallyinproverbsExamples:A.NounsWecanseethesmilesofSpringnow.Poweristhearbiter.(JackLondon)Timeandtidewaitfornoman.B.Verbs:Thekettleissingingjoyfully.Thefluisragingveryfiercelythere.那兒流感十分猖獗。Bitternessfedonthemanwhohadmadetheworldlaugh.(NoelGrove)這個(gè)引得全世界發(fā)出陣陣笑聲的人（馬克·吐溫），自己卻飽受了辛酸。Anideaspokewithinhim,racingthroughhismind.Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Note:Suchverbsassee,find,notice,discover,witnessandtakecanbepersonified.E.g.Duskfoundthelittleboycryinginthestreetbecausehewaslost.天黑時(shí)，小孩迷路了，就在馬路上大哭起來(lái)了。Leukemiatookthecountrygirltotowntoseeadoctor.這位農(nóng)村姑娘因患白血病進(jìn)城去求醫(yī)。Thepastyearswitnessedgreatchangesinmyhometown.我的家鄉(xiāng)在過(guò)去的幾年時(shí)間里發(fā)生了巨大的變化。The1990ssawthegreateconomicdevelopmentofourcountrywiththeopening-uppolicytotheoutsideworld.二十世紀(jì)九十年代，隨著對(duì)外開(kāi)放政策的實(shí)施，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)有了巨大的變化。C.Adjectives:Thecountrywasblindanddeaftoeverythingsave（除了）theglint（閃爍）andringofthedollar.TheblushingrosenoddedatmeasIpassed.Beinglackofrains,thethirtygroundopenedhismouthandwasanxiousforwater.D.Adverbs:Hiswordswerebitinglysarcastic.Overheadthestarswinkedmischievouslyatus.Theletterwascrouchedincrawlinglycivilterms.8.MetaphorAmetaphorisanimpliedcomparison/simile.Itdiffersfromasimileinthatcomparisonisonlyimplied,insteadofbeingformallyexpressed.Manyconsidermetaphorthemostimportantandbasicpoeticfigure.Itisalsothecommonestandmostbeautiful.Ametaphoriscomposedofthetenor(本體，即被比喻的事物)andthevehicle（喻體，即用來(lái)做比喻的事物），bothappearinthemetaphor.⑴NounmetaphorsT.+tobe+V.Ageismyalarmclock.Alltheworld’sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.大千世界是一個(gè)舞臺(tái)，男人和女人只不過(guò)是舞臺(tái)上的演員罷了。(Shakespeare)Yourlordship（貴族的權(quán)勢(shì)）istheflower（精華）ofcourtesy.Dr.Greyisawalkingencyclopedia.Allreactionariesarepapertigers.②a(the,etc.)+V.+of+T.Aveilofsmokehungoverthegarden.Aviolentgustofirritationswepthimtoaction.(H.G.Wells)③a(the,etc.)+V.+ofa+T.Itisavastsombercavernofaroom.Hewasatyrantofalandlord.Sheisaangleofawife.她是天使般的妻子。④T.+and+V.Loveandcoughcannotbehidden.戀愛(ài)如同咳嗽，難逃人們的耳目。(Proverb)Truthandrosehavethornsaboutthem.真理像玫瑰那樣多刺。(Proverb)Awordandstoneletgocannotberecalled.說(shuō)出的話就拋出去了的石頭，使收不回的。(Proverb)Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.魚(yú)放三天發(fā)臭，人住三天生嫌。(Proverb)⑵VerbmetaphorsThetenordoesn’tappearwhiletheverbactsasthevehicle.Hewassnowedunderbywork.他被工作壓倒了。（如同厚雪壓在他的身上一般。）Shewasconsumedwithcuriosity(or:anger,jealousy,indignation,grief,regret,etc.)她因（好奇、憂愁、嫉妒、憤怒、悲傷、后悔）而變得憔悴。Heembracedouroffer.他欣然接受了我們的建議。⑶AdjectivalmetaphorsHespokeinbitterirony.她說(shuō)話很挖苦。Hegaveheradirtylook.他色迷迷地看了她一眼。Itisathornyproblem.這是一個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題。⑷AdverbialmetaphorsThecharcoalfireglowedanddimmedrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows木炭火隨著風(fēng)箱一次次地拉動(dòng)有節(jié)奏地一明一暗。Heflatlyrefusedme.他斷然地拒絕了我。⑸PhrasesThenewssethernervesonedge.=Thenewsmadeherverytense.Hehitonthesolutionataleap.Hislifehunginthebalance.=Heisingreatdanger.他生命垂危。Theyescapedbyahair’sbreath.他們僥幸地逃脫了。Theysmashedtheplotatoneblow.⑹Proverbsservingasvehicles:Stillwatersrundeep.靜水流深。Theearlybirdgets(catches)theworm.Nosmokewithoutfire.無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪。Fishstinksatthehead.魚(yú)爛先爛頭。（喻：上梁不正下梁歪。）Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火。Creakydoorshangthelongest.得小病的人多長(zhǎng)壽。Everydoghasitsday.凡人都有得意之日。（喻：風(fēng)水輪流轉(zhuǎn)。）bedofroses安逸生活crocodiletears假慈悲bananaoil花言巧語(yǔ)smallpotatoes微不足道的人cupoftea鐘愛(ài)的事物或人9.TransferredEpithet（移位修飾語(yǔ)）Transferredepithetisaqualifying(modifying)adjective（描繪性形容詞，包括某些現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）transferredfromapersontoathing,oftenfromapersonthatisdenotedbythesubjectofathingthatisrelatedtoit.AdictionaryofLiteraryTermsdefinesitas“Afigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatetomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.”Consideringtherelationshipbetweenthemodifyingwordandthewordmodified,wecandividetransferredepithetsintothreegroups：①ParallelRelationshipShesatwithembarrasseddelight.她既尷尬，又高興。Shewatchedhimintremblingsilence.Shewasfilledwithagitatedbewilderment.Hehadadryhumor.她面色既嚴(yán)肅，但又滑稽。②Cause-effectRelationshipHeansweredwithdelightedsmile.Thechildgazedinwide-eyed(oropen-mouthedorgoggle-eyed)amazement.Thewarrantofficershookhisheadinnumbastonishment.③ModifyingRelationshipInthisadmirablefabletheantspentalaborioussummer.Heansweredwithahelplesssmile.Theenemyfledinablindhaste.敵人倉(cāng)惶逃命。Shetossedonhersleeplessbedalllastnight.他昨晚輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)，度過(guò)了一個(gè)不眠之夜。Hethrewareassuringarmroundmyshoulder.他親切地?fù)е业募绨虬参课?。Sheissheddingcrocodiletears.Theembarrassedfiveminutesweregone.Heatewithawolfishappetite.Aboveushungasullensky.Whatalameexcuseyouhavemade!（站不住的借口）Theangrystormhaspassedoff!Sheclosedherbusylifeattheageofeighty.Afteranunthinkingmoment,Iputmypenintomymouth.我一時(shí)不留神，把鋼筆含在嘴里了。Otherphrasessleepylanguage夢(mèng)話thecondemnedcell死囚牢房anxioushours在焦急中度過(guò)的時(shí)刻tremblingconfession戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的招供treacherousice貌似堅(jiān)實(shí)而實(shí)際易破碎的冰塊pitilesscold酷冷imprudentposture一幅狂妄的架勢(shì)passionatethroat充滿激情的歌喉Note:移位修飾語(yǔ)之所以在散文中不乏其例，在詩(shī)歌中屢見(jiàn)不鮮，主要是因?yàn)樗哂泻?jiǎn)練凝縮、新穎生動(dòng)、渲染氣氛、耐人尋味的修辭特點(diǎn)。10.Hyperbole（夸張）Thefigureofspeech,hyperbole,isthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Theexaggeratedstatementscannotbeunderstoodliterally.Usually,hyperboleisachieved.A.Byusingwordssuchaspole(s),pile(s),mile(s),flood(s),world(s),scale(s),etc.todenoteaveryhighdegree:①I’vegotpilesandpilesofworktodotoday.我今天有大量的工作要做。②Itwilldoyouaworld(worlds)ofgood.③Heisontopoftheworld.④Ihaveaseaofsentimentsandaworldofworldstospeaktohim,butfailtotellthemwithmypoorpen.⑤Thetwoviewsa