新標準大學英語綜合教程4-課后答案

PAGE3-應Keytobook4unit1-4Unit1Activereading(1)Lookingforajobafteruniversity?First,getoffthesofaReadingandunderstandingDealingwithunfamiliarwords3Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1tomakeprogressbymovingtothenextstageinaseriesofactionsorevents(proceed)2theprocessofchangingfromonesituation,formorstatetoanother(transition)3notfeelinginvolvedwithsomeoneorsomethinginacloseoremotionalway(detached)4referringtosomethingwhichwillhappensoon(upcoming)5tobesittingstillinapositionthatisnotupright(slump)6toreturntoapreviousstateorwayofbehaving(revert)7tosaywhathappened(recount)4CompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity3.Itisn’teasytomakethe(1)transitionfromabusyuniversitystudenttoanunemployedyoungadult(2)slumpedonabarstoolorhalfwatchingamindlesstelevisionshow,wonderingifandhowtheircareerisgoingto(3)proceed.Manypeoplewhohaveexperiencedalongperiodofinactivitylikethis,when(4)recountinghowtheyfeltatthetime,refertothesamestrangepsychologicaleffect.Asthedayspass,theybegintofeel(5)detachedfromanysenseofpressuretogoandlookforajob,andtendtoregard(6)upcominginterviewsasiftheywerenotveryimportant.Typically,backathomeafterthreeorfouryearsaway,they(7)reverttooldhabits,startseeingoldfriends,and,inmanycases,becomedependentagainontheirparents.5Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.1Iwenttoamixed-abilitysecondaryschooljustoutsideLondon.(comprehensive)2Igotstoppedbyapolicemanwhoaskedtoseemydrivinglicence.(cop)3HaveyouseenthisbeautifulfromtheairviewofOxford?(aerial)4Isabeltightlyherbagasshewalkeddownthecorridortowardstheoffice.(clutched)5YoushouldspeaktoToby;he’sansupporterofflexibleworkinghours.(advocate)6Ihurtmylegbadlyacoupleofmonthsago,anditstillhasn’tgotbettercompletely.(healed)6Answerthequestionsaboutthewords.1Isadead-endjobonewith(a)excitingprospects,or(b)nofuture?2Isatrickyproblem(a)difficult,or(b)easytosolve?3Ifanactivitysapsallyourenergy,doyoufeel(a)tired,or(b)moreactivethanusual?4Doesapushypersontryto(a)persuadeyoutodosomethingyoudon’twantto,or(b)helpyoubylisteningtowhatyouhavetosay?5Ifyoufeelapathy,doyouwantto(a)changetheworld,or(b)stayathomeanddonothing?7Answerthequestionsaboutthephrases.1Isforkout(a)aformal,or(b)aninformalwayofsayingtopayforsomething?2Ifyouareinthesameboatasanotherperson,areyou(a)makingthesamejourneytogether,or(b)inthesamedifficultorunpleasantsituation?3Ifyoufeelyouhavecomefullcircle,doyou(a)feelyouarebackwhereyoustarted,or(b)feelasenseofsatisfactionbecauseyouhavecompletedsomething?4Ifsomeonetakesasoftline,dotheydealwithaperson(a)inakindandsympatheticway,or(b)inalazywaywithoutmakingadecision?5Ifyoustriketherightnoteaboutsomething,areyouexpressingyourself(a)well,or(b)badly?6Ifyoudosomethingbyallmeans,doyou(a)tryyourbesttodoit,or(b)notcareaboutit?7Ifyounudgesomeonebackintothesaddle,areyouencouragingthemto(a)takeresponsibilityagain,or(b)takeiteasy?8Ifyoutalkthroughaproblemwithsomeone,doyou(a)examineitcarefullyandsensitively,or(b)refertoitquicklyandthenchangethesubject?Activereading(2)IfyouaskmeDealingwithunfamiliarwords4Matchthewordsintheboxwiththeirdefinitions.1funnyorentertaining(amusing)2usedforemphasizingthatsomethinggoodhashappened,especiallybecauseofgoodluck(fortunately)3anamountofmoneythataperson,businessorcountryborrows,usuallyfromabank(loan)4totakeanamountornumberfromatotal(deduct)5themostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent(highlight)6toshowthatyouunderstandsomeone’sproblems(sympathize)7needingalotoftime,ability,andenergy(demanding)5CompletetheconversationwiththecorrectformofthewordsinActivity4.AAfterthreeyearsatuniversity,I’mnowquiteheavilyindebt.BI(1)sympathizewithyou,Iknowwhatit’sliketohavefinancialproblems.But(2)fortunatelyIdidn’tneedtotakeoutastudent(3)loanwhenIwasatuniversity,becauseIhadapart-timejob.AWhatdidyoudo?BIworkedinarestaurantatweekends.AThatmusthavebeenvery(4)demanding.BYes,itwas.Ihadtogettherightbalancebetweenworkandstudy.Buttheotherpeoplewhoworkedthereweregoodfuntobewith,soitwasquite(5)amusingtoo.The(6)highlightoftheweekendwasalwaysSaturdaynightwhenweworkedovertime.AButIdon’texpectyoumadealotofmoney?BNo,therewasn’tmuchafterthey’d(7)deductedtaxandpensioncontributions.Butitwasenoughtokeepmegoing.6Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Youmayneedtomakeotherchanges.couldusemydegree.Thishasadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(youknow).6...it’strue,hereallydidseemtohavethreehands.Againhereisadiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(it’strue).7Italkedtohimabout...well,aboutprettywelleverything…Thishasanotherdiscoursemarkerofinformalspeech(well)andaninformalphrase(prettywell).Languageinusewordformation:compoundnouns1Writethecompoundnounswhichmean:1adegreewhichisawardedafirstclass(afirst-classdegree)2workinahospital(hospitalwork)3aticketforaplanejourney(aplaneticket)4adiscountforstudents(astudentdiscount)5apasswhichallowsyoutotravelonbuses(abuspass)6aroomwhereaninterviewisheld(aninterviewroom)7aperiodspentintraining(atrainingperiod)wordformation:nounphrases2Writethenounphraseswhichmean:1acareerwhichisrewardingfromthefinancialpointofview(afinanciallyrewardingcareer)2legislationwhichhasbeenintroducedrecently(recentlyintroducedlegislation)3instructionswhicharemorecomplexthanusual(unusuallycomplexinstructions)4aninstitutionwhichisorientatedtowardsacademic(academicallyorientatedwork)5workwhichmakesphysicaldemandsonyou(physicallydemandingwork)6informationwhichhasthepotentialtobeimportant(potentiallyimportantinformation)7candidateswhohavebeenselectedafteracarefulprocedure(carefullyselectedcandidates)8acoursebookinwhicheverythinghasbeenplannedbeautifully(abeautifullyplannedtextbook)tryas…might3Rewritethesentencesusingtryas…might.1I’mtryingtofillthislastpage,butIjustcan’tthinkofanything.TryasImighttofillthislastpage,Ijustcan’tthinkofanything.2ItrytobefriendlywithMarta,butshedoesn’tseemtorespond.TryasImighttobefriendlywithMarta,shedoesn’tseemtorespond.3Itryhardtogettosleep,butIcan’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.TryasImighttogettosleep,Ican’thelpthinkingaboutmyfamily.4Hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves,eventhoughhekeepstrying.Tryashemight,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetthepromotionhedeserves./Tryashemighttogetthepromotionhedeserves,hejustdoesn’tseemtogetit.5Ikeeptryingtorememberhername,butmymindisablank.TryasImighttorememberhername,mymindisablank.giventhat…4Rewritethesentencesusinggiventhat…1SinceIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.GiventhatIknowseverallanguages,IthoughtIwouldlookforworkabroad.2XiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sosheshouldgetthejob.GiventhatXiaoLihasthebestqualifications,sheshouldgetthejob.3Sincewe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.Giventhatwe’reallhere,Ithinkitwouldbeagoodideatogetdowntosomework.4Sinceit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.Giventhatit’sratherlate,Ithinkweshouldleavethislasttaskuntiltomorrow.clausesintroducedbythan5Rewritethesentencesusingclausesintroducedbythan.1She’sexperiencedatgivingadvice.I’mmoreexperienced.She’slessexperiencedatgivingadvicethanIam./I’mmoreexperiencedatgivingadvicethansheis.2Youeattoomuchchocolate.Itisn’tgoodforyou.Youeattoomuchchocolatethanisgoodforyou.3Sheworkedveryhard.Mostpart-timersdon’tworksohard.Sheworkedharderthanmostpart-timersdo.4Youhavearrivedlatetoomanytimes.Thatisn’tacceptable.Youhavearrivedlatemoretimesthanisacceptable.5Idon’tthinkyoushouldhavegivensomuchpersonalinformation.Itisn’twise.Ithinkyouhavegivenmorepersonalinformationthaniswise.collocations6Readtheexplanationsofthewords.Answerthequestions.1highlightAhighlightisthemostexciting,impressive,orinterestingpartofanevent.(a)Whatwouldyouliketobethehighlightofyourcareer?Iwouldlikethehighlightofmystudentcareertobetoreceiveanationalawardforthebeststudentresearchproject.(b)Howcanyouhighlightanimportantsentenceinatext?Youcanunderlineitinpencilorpenoryoucanusecolouredpensorhighlighters.(c)Whataretheeditedhighlightsofafootballmatch?Thehighlightsarewhensomeonescoresagoalorpreventsonefrombeingscored.2loanAloanisanamountofmoneysomeoneborrowsfromsomeoneelse.(a)Haveyouevertakenoutaloan?No,Ihaven’t.Butmyparentshavetakenoutseveralloanstobuykitchenequipment.(b)Whatisthebestwaytopayoffaloan?Itisbesttopayaloanoffquickly,althoughyouwillstillhavetopaysomeinterest.(c)Ifyouhavealibrarybookonloan,whatdoyouhavetodowithit?Youhavetoreturnitbeforethedateitisdue,otherwiseyoumayhavetopayafine.3thriveTothrivemeanstobeverysuccessful,happyorhealthy.(a)Whatsortofbusinessthrivesbestinyourpartofthecountry?Inmypartofthecountry,lightindustriesandelectronicscompaniesthrive.(b)Whichsortofplantsthriveinahotclimate?Inahotclimateyoucanseetropicalfruitandvegetablesthriveandalsotropicalplantsandtrees.(c)Whydoyouthinksomecouplesthriveonconflict?Itisdifficulttounderstandwhysomecouplesthriveonconflict.Maybeeachonewantstocompetewiththeotherormaybetheyenjoy“kissingandmakingup”aftertheconflict.7TranslatetheparagraphsintoChinese.Ifyouaskme,reallifeisnotallit’scrackeduptobe.Twelveyearsatschoolandthreeyearsatuniversity,teachersbangingonaboutopportunitiesinthebigwideworldbeyondourshelteredlifeasstudents,andwhatdoIfind?TryasImighttostaycheerful,allIevergetishassle,sometimeswithpeople(especiallyboys,god,whenwilltheygrowup?),butmostlywithmoney.It’sjustsoexpensiveouthere!Everyonewantsasliceoffyou.TheInlandRevenuewantstodeductincometax,thebankmanagerwantsrepaymentsonmystudentloan,thelandlordwantstherent,gas,water,electricityandmymobilebillskeepcomingin,andallthat’sbeforeI’vehadanythingtoeat.Andthensomebrightsparkcallsmeoutoftheblue,askingifI’minterestedinbuyingapension.Atthisrate,Iwon’tevenlasttilltheendoftheyear,letalonetillI’m60.（?翻譯時可以根據(jù)上下文增譯，即增加原文暗含了但沒有直接表達出來的意思。如最后一句譯文加了“領養(yǎng)老金”，點出了與上一句的關聯(lián)。）依我看，現(xiàn)實生活與人們想象的不一樣。我們上了12年的中、小學，又上了3年的大學，這期間老師們一直在沒完沒了地談論在安寧的學生生活之外那個廣闊天地里的各種機會，可我遇到的又是什么呢？無論我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻煩事總是接踵而來：有時是跟人爭吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他們什么時候才能長大？），但通常是為錢發(fā)愁。這個地方什么東西都很貴！人人都想從我身上拿點錢去：國稅局要收個人所得稅，銀行經(jīng)理要我償清學生貸款，房東催我交房租、燃氣費、水費、電費，手機賬單也不斷地寄來。所有這些還沒算上吃飯的錢。更可氣的是，不知從哪里冒出一個自作聰明的家伙冷不丁地給我打電話，問我要不要買養(yǎng)老金。照這樣下去，我連今年都活不過去了，更別提活到60歲領養(yǎng)老金了。8TranslatetheparagraphsintoEnglish.我認為，選修第二專業(yè)并不適合每一位本科生。我大學本科主修英語專業(yè)，大一時就開始輔修經(jīng)濟學了。無疑，我是班里最用功的學生。我竭盡全力想同時達到兩個不同專業(yè)的要求，但還是有不及格的時候。因為經(jīng)濟學需要良好的數(shù)學基礎，我不得不花大量時間鉆研數(shù)學，因而忽略了英語學習。第二學期,《英國文學》及《宏觀經(jīng)濟學》兩門課不及格給我敲響了警鐘，這可是我一生中第一次考試不及格，這大大打擊了我的自信心。雖然我不是一個容易向命運低頭的人，在暑假結(jié)束的時候，我還是決定放棄經(jīng)濟學，以免兩個專業(yè)都難以完成。當我只需修一個專業(yè)的時候，一切似乎又回到了正軌。(ifyouaskme;odds;tryas…might;sapone’sconfidence;giventhat;bowtofate;cometoaclose;forfearthat;nowthat)Ifyouaskme,takingasecondmajorisn’tgoodforeveryundergraduate.InmyfreshmanyearasanEnglishmajor,Itookeconomicsasmyminor.Byallodds,Iwasthemosthardworkingstudentinmyclass.ButtryasImighttomeettherequirementsofthetwodifferentsubjects,Istillcouldn’tdowellenoughtopassalltheexams.Giventhatthestudyofeconomicsrequiredagoodcommandofmathematics,IhadtospendsomuchtimeonmaththatIneglectedmyEnglishmajor.FailingEnglishLiteratureandMacroeconomicsinthesecondsemestersoundedthealarmforme.ThiswasthefirsttimeIdidnotpassacourseinmylife,whichhadgreatlysappedmyconfidence.AlthoughIwasnotamanwhowouldeasilybowtofate,asthesummerbreakcametoaclose,IdecidedtogiveupeconomicsforfearthatIwouldfailinbothsubjects.NowthatIhadonlyonesubjecttoattendto,everythingseemedtobeontherighttrackagain.TranslationofthepassagesActivereading(1)大學畢業(yè)找工作的第一要義：別躺在沙發(fā)上做夢今年夏天，超過65萬的大學生畢業(yè)離校，其中有許多人根本不知道怎么找工作。在當今金融危機的背景下，做父母的該如何激勵他們？七月，你看著21歲英俊的兒子穿上學士袍，戴上四方帽，驕傲地握著優(yōu)等學士學位證書，拍畢業(yè)照。這時，記憶中每年支付幾千英鎊，好讓兒子吃好、能參加奇特聚會的印象開始消退。總算熬到頭了。等到暑假快要結(jié)束，全國各地的學生正在為新學期做準備的時候，你發(fā)現(xiàn)大學畢業(yè)的兒子還歪躺在沙發(fā)上看電視。他只是偶爾走開去發(fā)短信，瀏覽社交網(wǎng)站Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。這位前“千禧一代”的后裔一夜之間變成了哼哼一代的成員。他能找到工作嗎？這就是成千上萬家庭所面臨的景象：今年夏天，超過65萬大學生畢業(yè)，在當今金融危機的背景下他們中的大多數(shù)人不知道自己下一步該做什么。父母只會嘮叨，而兒女們則毫無緣由地變成了叛逆者，他們知道自己該找份工作，但卻不知道如何去找。來自米德爾塞克斯郡的杰克·古德溫今年夏天從諾丁漢大學政治學系畢業(yè)，獲得二級一等榮譽學士學位。他走進大學就業(yè)服務中心，又徑直走了出來，因為他看見很多人在那里排長隊。跟他一起住的另外5個男孩也都跟他一樣，進去又出來了。找工作的壓力不大，雖然他所認識的大多數(shù)女生都有更清晰的計劃。他說：“我申請政治學研究工作，但被拒了。他們給的年薪是1萬8千鎊，交完房租后所剩無幾，也就夠買一罐煮豆子，可他們還要有研究經(jīng)歷或碩士學位的人。然后我又申請了公務員速升計劃，并通過了筆試。但在面試時，他們說我‘太冷漠’了，談吐‘太像專家治國國論者’。我覺得自己不可能那樣，但我顯然就是那樣的?！贝蚰且院笏麄€夏天都在“躲”。他能夠輕松復述《交通警察》中的若干片段，他白天看電視的時間太多，已經(jīng)到了影響健康的地步。跟朋友談自己漫無目標的日子時，他才發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的處境和自己的并沒有兩樣。其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市擺貨，其余的都是白天9點到5點“無所事事”，晚上去酒吧喝酒打發(fā)時間。要么，干脆就在酒吧工作？這樣還可以掙些酒錢。“我不想在酒吧工作，我上的是綜合性中學，我拼命讀書才考上了一所好大學。到了大學，我又埋頭苦讀，才得到一個好學位。可現(xiàn)在我卻跟那些沒上過大學的朋友處在同一個水平線上，他們整天給客人倒酒，干無聊的活。我覺得自己好像兜了一圈，又回到了原來的起點。他的母親杰奎琳·古德溫為他辯護。她堅持認為她的兒子已經(jīng)盡力了，她自己中學畢業(yè)后一直都在工作，可是她和她的丈夫發(fā)現(xiàn)，建議兒子如何繼續(xù)找工作是件很棘手的事情。她說，“我一直都必須工作?，F(xiàn)在找工作很難，因為如果你有了學位，學位就會為你提供新的機會，至少你自己會這么想。”雖然現(xiàn)在她對兒子的態(tài)度還比較溫和，但是她心里很清楚，去南美度三星期的假之后，他的休假就結(jié)束了。他可能還得付房租，分擔家庭開支。她說，“在某個時候他們總該長大成人，我們已經(jīng)幫了他們交了大學的學費，所以他們也該給我們一點點回報了。南美度假就是一個分水嶺，他回來以后如果找不到工作，那就打圣誕節(jié)零工好了?！毙睦碇委煄熒w爾·林登費爾德是《情感康復策略》的作者。她說古德溫家長的說法是很恰當?shù)?，從上大學到工作的轉(zhuǎn)換對孩子和父母來說都很艱難，關鍵是他們要在支持理解孩子和不溺愛孩子之間取得平衡?！案改傅闹饕蝿站褪侵С炙麄?，如果他們教導孩子該如何做就會引起矛盾，”她說?！叭绻惺烊耍欢ㄒ宜麄兿朕k法。但很多父母心太軟了。必須限制孩子的零花錢，要求他們交房租，或分擔日常生活或養(yǎng)寵物的花銷。父母要過正常的生活，不要讓孩子隨便用你們的銀行卡或者榨干你們的情感能量?！睘樗麄冎Ц堵殬I(yè)咨詢費、面試交通費及書費是好事，但不能催得太緊。林登費爾德建議：雖說父母不能太寬容，但是如果孩子找工作遇到了挫折，父母應該體諒他們，寬容他們幾天甚至幾周——這要看他們受打擊的程度來決定。等他們緩過來之后，父母就該堅決要求孩子繼續(xù)求職。男孩更容易困在家里。林登費爾德相信男人比母親和姐妹更容易幫助他們的兒子、侄子、或朋友的兒子。她說，由于男人和女人處理挫折的方式不同，孩子們需要跟男人談話，才能度過難關。她強烈支持他們?nèi)ゾ瓢晒ぷ鳎耗鞘强朔厴I(yè)冷漠癥的一劑良方。這工作好不好要取決于你如何看待它。就是在酒吧打工的時候，林登費爾德找到了她的第一份工作，當航拍助手。她說在酒吧工作是拓展人際關系的絕好機會，肯定比賴在家里看電視更容易找到工作。她說：“給超市上貨也一樣。如果干得好，你就會被人發(fā)現(xiàn)的。如果你聰明、活潑，對顧客彬彬有禮，你很快就會升職。所以，把它看作是機會，那些最終能成功的人士都有在超市上貨的經(jīng)歷?！蹦愕膬鹤踊蚺畠嚎赡懿粫珊萌R塢影星們干過的活，比如像烏比·戈德堡那樣去停尸房給死人化妝，或者像布魯斯·威利斯那樣在核電站當警衛(wèi)，但即便是布拉德·皮特也曾經(jīng)不得不穿上寬大的雞套裝站在墨西哥快餐連鎖店ElPolloLoco的門口招攬生意。他們中沒有一個人因為這些經(jīng)歷而變得越來越窮。Activereading(2)依我看依我看，現(xiàn)實生活與人們想象的不一樣。我們上了12年的中、小學，又上了3年的大學，這期間老師們一直在沒完沒了地談論在安寧的學生生活之外那個廣闊天地里的各種機會，可我遇到的又是什么呢？無論我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻煩事總是接踵而來：有時是跟人爭吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他們什么時候才能長大？），但通常是為錢發(fā)愁。這個地方什么東西都很貴！人人都想從我身上拿點錢去：國稅局要收個人所得稅，銀行經(jīng)理要我償清學生貸款，房東催我交房租、燃氣費、水費、電費，手機賬單也不斷地寄來。所有這些還沒算上吃飯的錢。更可氣的是，不知從哪里冒出一個自作聰明的家伙冷不丁地給我打電話，問我要不要買養(yǎng)老金。照這樣下去，我連今年都活不過去了，更別提活到60歲領養(yǎng)老金了。我那時還不想出去工作。我的意思是，我并不是個中途輟學者，但我知道自己以后可能不得不退學。許多人認為“生活不是野餐”，“沒有免費的午餐”。但既然我拿到了優(yōu)等生文憑，我想我應該繼__續(xù)攻讀碩士學位。實際上，我已經(jīng)瞄上了倫敦經(jīng)濟學院的課程，這是一所頂尖的學校，能給我的履歷表增添一段光彩的經(jīng)歷。但當我跟媽媽談起這件事時，她說她沒法繼續(xù)供我上學了。我大概能理解她的心情，這不僅僅是因為我學的是經(jīng)濟學。15年來，為了能讓我上學，她含辛茹苦。這些年來，父親大部分時間都不在家。就算在家，他也沒錢。他把錢都拿去賭狗、喝酒了。我聽了媽媽的話，向命運低下了頭。依我看，不管人們說什么，幸運的是世上還是有很多好心人。麥克就是其中的一個。大學畢業(yè)時，我想如果我回家，媽媽會覺得她有責任照顧我。所以，我就收拾行李去倫敦找工作。我想找金融和投資方面的職位，因為你知道這樣我就可以用上我的專業(yè)知識?？墒悄菚r候已經(jīng)沒有這樣的工作了，我又不愿意做乏味的辦公室工作，復印文件、端茶倒水什么的。無論你走到倫敦的什么地方，你都能找到一個好酒吧。有一天，我意識到這個城里沒有人會雇我，我走進位于特荷街的索爾茲伯里酒吧去喝一杯，順便吃點東西。店主麥克正在店里，他一只手倒酒，一只手做三明治，同時還洗酒杯。他真的好像有三只手。他好像也認識所有的客人，叫得出常客的名字。他跟他們打招呼，幫他們調(diào)好酒后問一句：“今天還喝這個，是吧？”我覺得他看起來蠻酷的，他在做著他最擅長做的事情：為那些口渴的顧客服務，沒人能比得上他。所以我就走上前去問他要不要雇人。好吧，長話短說，某個周五的午餐時間我開始在那個酒吧打工。這份工作要求很高，但我喜歡干。顧客好像覺得我挺逗樂的，這也讓我感覺好一些。有位穿西服的中年?？涂傄肫访摽嗥【?，一份火腿泡菜三明治，面包皮要消掉。他叫托尼。我一看見他進來，不等他開口就開始準備他的午餐，他也是那些好心人之一。依我看，一個人沒錢的時候花錢最容易。我開始琢磨怎么花第一個月的薪水了。我住的公寓房租很貴，我掙的錢剛夠支付第一個月的大筆賬單，但是我估計還能剩點錢好好犒勞一下自己。我想，何不買張CD或買盆花草裝點一下房間？發(fā)工資的那天正好是我的生日，除了麥克和托尼，我在倫敦就沒有別的朋友了。如果你知道我那時還沒有男朋友，你就會理解我為什么覺得對不起自己了。我給自己定了些鮮花，讓賣花的人附上一張卡片，上面寫道：“給你我所有的愛。無名氏”。我生日那天最精彩的瞬間就是送花人到達公寓時大惑不解的眼神。那周晚些時候，托尼像往常一樣來了，在酒吧里坐下?！澳阍趺戳?？今天怎么不見你笑啦？”我跟他聊了……嗯，差不多什么都跟他說了：錢、碩士學位、生日等等。他很同情我。托尼離開擱腳凳和旁邊幾個人說話。記?。核鳡柶澆锞瓢墒窃谑兄行?，這里所有的顧客都在銀行、保險或證券市場工作。第二天，他拿著幾張價值共2萬英鎊的支票來到酒吧，他對我說：“這是給你的創(chuàng)業(yè)貸款，你唯一的貸款擔保是我對你的信任，相信有一天你賺了錢會把錢還給我們。如果你還不了錢，那就太糟了，金融生意就是這樣。但是，我相信你還得了?！蔽覜]說話，我怕我自己要哭了。世上這么好的人能有幾個？那些花怎么處理？我叫花店改送到媽媽那里去了，我生日那天鮮花正好送到她家。她最該得到這些鮮花，不是嗎？依我看，回顧這些年的經(jīng)歷，我發(fā)現(xiàn)人一輩子只需要一兩次的轉(zhuǎn)折就能成功。就算吃苦受累也不要緊，那還是值得的。在索爾茲伯里酒吧干了一年之后，我去了倫敦經(jīng)濟學院深造。拿到碩士學位之后，我在一家投資銀行找到了一份工作。我把那兩萬英鎊投進了證券市場，在2008年金融崩盤之前賣掉了所有的股票。我把托尼和其他投資者的錢還了，付給他們10%的年息，并成立了自己的公司。公司的生意好得超乎意料，至今還紅紅火火。托尼給我寫了一封感謝信。他出了車禍，現(xiàn)在不能走路了。我還給他的錢正好可以用來改造房子，房子改造后他就可以坐著輪椅在家里自由活動了。下面是他信里寫的話：“我從事銀行業(yè)35年來最好的投資就是給你的這筆貸款，你連本帶利地償還了貸款，我對你的信任和你的誠實都獲得了百倍的回報。依我看，在人身上投資能帶來你最希望看到的回報?！币牢铱?，他說得對。你說呢？Unit2Activereading(1)Danger!BooksmaychangeyourlifeCulturepointsLewisCarroll(1832–1898)isthepen-nameofCharlesDodgson.Hewasapriest,amathematicianwhotaughtatOxfordUniversity,aphotographer,humoristandwriterofchildren’sliterature.Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland(1865)wasimmediatelysuccessful,amasterpiecewhichrevolutionizedchildren’sliterature,givingcoherenceandlogicthroughwitandhumourtounlikelyorimpossibleepisodesinwhichimaginarywhatAlicefoundthere(1871)andnonsensepoems,suchasTheHuntingoftheSnark(1876).WilliamCowper(1731–1800):anotableEnglishpoet,writerofhymnsandletter-writer.Hewrotegentle,pious,directpoemsabouteverydayrurallifeandscenesofthecountrysidewhichhavebeenseenasforerunnersoftheRomanticmovement:ColeridgecalledCowper“thebestmodernpoet”.HetranslatedHomer’sGreekepics.TheOdysseyandTheIliadintoEnglish.Anotherexampleofhisverseswhichhavebecomecommonsayingsis“Godmovesinmysteriousways,Hiswonderstoperform…”JohnSteinbeck(1902–1968):AmericannovelistwhowasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1962.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)isawell-known,longtragicnovelaboutanAmericanfamilyoffarmerswhoaredrivenofftheirlandinOklahomabysoilerosioninthefamous“dustbowl”era.TheyfleetoCaliforniatowhattheyhopewillbeabetterlife.ThebookwonthePulitzerPrizeandwasmadeintoafilmin1940.Otherwell-knownnovelsincludeOfMiceandMen(1937),CanneryRow(1945),ThePearl(1947),EastofEden(1952)andanaccountofapersonalrediscoveryofAmerica,TravelswithCharlie(1962).JohnIrving(1942–):AmericannovelistandscreenwriterwhotaughtEnglishatcollegeandwasawrestlingcoach.TheFourthHand(2001)isacomic-satiricalnovelaboutaTVjournalist,Wallington,whosehandisseenbymillionsofviewerstobebittenoffbyacircuslion.Asurgeongiveshimahandtransplant(athirdhand)butthewifeofthedeaddonorwantstovisitherhusband’shandandhaveachildbyWallington,whofeelswherehisoriginalhandusedtobe(thefourthhand).AudreyNiffenegger(1963–):Americancollegeprofessorwhoteacheswritingtovisualartistsandshowsstudentshowtomakebooksbyhand.Herfirstnovel,TheTimeTraveller’sWife(2003)–filmedin2009–isasciencefictionandromancebestselleraboutamanwhotravelsuncontrollablyintimetohisownhistoryandvisitshiswifeinherchildhood,youthandoldage.Hiswifeneedstocopewithhisabsencesanddangerouslifewhilehetravels.Thestoryisametaphorfordistanceandmiscommunicationinfailedrelationships.PaulTorday(1946–):aBritishbusinessmanwhoworkedforacompanythatrepairedship’senginesformanyyears.SalmonFishingintheYemen(2007)washisfirstnovel.ItisapoliticalsatireandcomedyaboutadullcivilservantwhobecomesinvolvedinaplantopopulatethedesertwithScottishsalmon.Politiciansmanagethemediato“spin”thisasaplantheysupportinordertodivertattentionfromproblemsintheMiddleEast.Therearethemesofcynicismandbelief,andEast-Westcultureclashes.AleksandrSolzhenitsyn(1918–2008):aRussianwriterwhowasimprisonedinSovietlabourcampsin1945;aftereightyears,hewasexiledtoKazakhstanandnotfreeduntil1956,whenhebecameateacher.In1970hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturebutnotreceiveituntil1974.HewenttoGermany,SwitzerlandandtheUSA,returningtoRussiain1994.Hisbestknownnovelswerebasedonhisexperiencesasaprisonerandinclude:OneDayintheLifeofIvanDenisovich(1962),CancerWard(1968),TheGulagArchipelago(1974–1978).HislaterworkswereaboutRussianhistoryandidentity.GrahamGreene(1904–1991):aBritishnovelist,short-storywriter,playwright,travelwriterandessayist.Hewroteanumberofthrillers(hecalledthem‘entertainments’)whichdramatizeanambiguousmoraldilemma,oftenrevealingguilt,treachery,failureandathemeofpursuit.Greenewasalsoafilmcriticandallofthesenovelshavebeenmadeintofilms:BrightonRock(1938),ThePowerandtheGlory(1940),TheHeartoftheMatter(1948),TheThirdMan(1950),TheQuietAmerican(1955),andOurManinHavana(1958).E.M.Forster(1879–1970):aBritishnovelistandwriterofshortstoriesandessays.HelivedatdifferentperiodsinItaly,EgyptandIndiaandtaughtatCambridgeUniversity.HisbestknownnovelsincludeARoomwithaView(1908),Howard’sEnd(1910),APassagetoIndia(1924)whichhaveallbeenmadeintofilms.Hiswritingaboutreadingandwritingincludesabookoflectures,ThomasMerton(1915–1968):anAmericanCatholicwriter,whowasaTrappistmonkinKentucky.Hewroteover70books,includingmanyessaysaboutBuddhismandatranslationintoEnglishoftheChineseclassic,ChuangTse.HehadagreatdealtosayaboutthemeetingofEasternandWesternculturesandwrotemanyletterstowriters,poets,scholarsandthinkers.HereadalotinEnglish,Latin,FrenchandSpanishandsaidhealwayshadatleastthreebookswhichhewasreadingatanyonetime.WilliamBlake(1757–1827):aBritishpoet,artistandmystic,whoreadwidelyinEnglish,French,Italian,Latin,GreekandHebrew.HemademanyengravingstoillustratetheworkofsuchwritersasVirgil,DanteandChaucer,aswellashisownpoems.Hestressedthatimaginationwasmoreimportantthanrationalismandthematerialismofthe18thcenturyandcriticizedtheeffectsoftheindustrialrevolutioninEngland,buthisworkwaslargelydisregardedbyhispeers.HeisbestknownforhispoetryinSongsofInnocence(1787)andSongsofExperience(1794).Hisbeliefintheonenessofallcreatedthingsisshowninhismuch-quotedverse,“Toseetheworldinagrainofsand/Andaheaveninaflower,/Holdinfinityinthepalmofyourhand/Andeternityinanhour.”CliftonFadiman(1904–1999):anAmericanwriter,radioandTVbroadcasterandeditorofanthologies.Forover50yearshewasaneditorandjudgefortheBook-of-the-MonthClub.In1960hewroteapopularguidetogreatbooksforAmericanreaders,TheLifetimeReadingPlan,whichdiscusses133authorsandtheirmajorwork:the1997editionincludes9authorsfromChina.J.K.Rowling(1965–):BritishwriterofthesevenHarryPotterfantasybooks.ShestudiedFrenchandClassicsatExeterUniversity,beforeteachingEnglishinPortugalandtrainingtoteachFrenchinScotland.ThemainideaaboutaschoolforwizardsandtheorphanHarryPottercameonadelayedtrainjourneyfromManchestertoLondonin1990.ShebegantowriteassoonasshereachedLondon.TwelvepublishersrejectedthefirstbookbeforeBloomsbury,asmallLondonpublisher,agreedtopublishit.Laterbookshaverepeatedlybrokenallthesalesrecords(ashavesomeofthefilms).SheisoneoftherichestwomenintheUKandanotablesupporterofmanycharities.Languagepoints1Variety’stheveryspiceoflife,/Thatgivesitallitsflavour…(Para2)Spicesaremadefromplantsandaddedtofoodtogiveititsparticularflavourortaste.TheEnglishproverb“Varietyisthespiceoflife”(theproverbcomesfromCowper’spoem)thereforemeansthatvarietygiveslifeextravalueandallowsyoutoappreciatelifeinparticularways.2Welearntolookbeyondourimmediatesurroundingstothehorizonandalandscapefarawayfromhome.(Para3)Thismeansthatthroughreadingwelearntolookbeyondourimmediateexperienceorfamiliarenvironmenttothingsbeyondourimmediateexperience,ietocompletelydifferentthingsthatwecanimagineandexperiencethroughbooks.3Whenabaseballplayerhitsahomerunhehitstheballsohardandsofarhe’sabletorunroundthefourbasesofthediamond,andscorepointsnotonlyforhimselfbutfortheotherrunnersalreadyonabase.(Para9)IntheAmericangameofbaseball,thefieldofgrassisdiamond-shapedandhasfourbases(specificpointsmarkedaroundthediamond),roundwhichplayersmustruntoscorepoints.Oneteambats(ieteammemberstaketurnstohittheballandrunroundthebases)andthemembersoftheotherteamthrow(pitch)theballand,whenitishasbeenhit,trytocatchitorgetitquicklytooneofthefourbases.Ifabattingplayercanhittheballhardenough,hecanrunroundallfourbasesbeforetheotherteamcangettheballandthusscoremaximumpoints–withahomerun.Inthepassage,areallygoodbookisahomerun.3Choosethebestanswertothequestions.1WhyarewelikeAliceinwonderlandwhenwereadabook?(a)Because,likeAlice,weoftenhaveaccidents.(b)Becausereadingmakesusfeelyoungagain.(c)Becausereadingopensthedoortonewexperiences.(d)Becausebooksleadusintoadreamworld.2Accordingtothewriter,whatistheadvantageofreadingoverreallife?(a)Thereismorevarietyinbooksthaninreallife.(b)Wecanexperiencevarietyanddifferencewithoutgoingoutofthehouse.(c)Thepeoplewemeetinabookaremoreinterestingthanrealpeople.(d)It’shardertomakesenseofreallifethanabook.3WhatdothesevennovelslistedinParagraph4haveincommon?(a)Theirtitlesstimulateimagination.(b)TheyrepresentthebestwritingbyBritishandAmericannovelists.(c)Theyhavebecomeclassics.(d)Youcanfindalloftheminanylocallibrary.4Atwhatmomentinourlivesdobooksbecomeimportant?(a)As