SAT真題匯編：201905亞太（含答案）

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2019年5月亞太

ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowing 20mottledwithroundclouds,aknockatthedoor

passage. announcedtheentranceofherlandlady.Mrs.Mansteydidnotcareforherlandlady,butshe

ThispassageisadaptedfromEdithWharton,"Mrs. submittedtohervisitswithladylikeresignation.

Mansley'sView."Originallypublishedin1891. To-day,however,itseemedharderthanusualtoturn

25fromtheblueskyandtheblossomingmagnoliatoMrs.Manstey,inthelonghourswhichshespent Mrs.Sampson'sunsuggestiveface,andMrs.Manstey

atherwindow,wasnotidle.Shereadalittle,and wasconsciousofadistincteffortasshedidso.knittednumberlessstockings;buttheview "Themagnoliaisoutearlierthanusualthissurroundedandshapedherlifeastheseadoesa year,Mrs.Sampson,"sheremarked,yieldingto

5lonelyisland.Whenherrarecallerscameitwas 30arareimpulse,forsheseldomalludedtothedifficultforhertodetachherselffromthe absorbinginterestofherlife.Inthefirstplaceitcontemplationoftheoppositewindow-washing,or wasatopicnotlikelytoappealtohervisitorsand,thescrutinyofcertaingreenpointsinaneighboring besides,shelackedthepowerofexpression

flower-bedwhichmight,ormightnot,turninto andcouldnothavegivenutterancetoherfeelings

10hyacinths,whileshefeignedaninterestinher 35hadshewishedto.

visitor'sanecdotesaboutsomeunknowngrandchild. "Thewhat,Mrs.Manstey?"inquiredthelandlady,

Mrs.Manstey'srealfriendswerethedenizensofthe glancingabouttheroomasiftofindtheretheyards,thehyacinths,themagnolia,thegreenparrot, explanationofMrs.Manstey'sstatement.

themaidwhofedthecats,thedoctorwhostudied "Themagnoliainthenextyard--inMrs.Black's

15latebehindhismustard-coloredcurtains;andthe 40yard,"Mrs.Mansteyrepeated.

confidantofhertenderermusingswasthechurch- "Isit,indeed?Ididn'tknowtherewasamagnoliaspirefloatinginthesunset. there,"saidMrs.Sampson,carelessly.Mrs.Manstey

OneAprilday,asshesatinherusualplace,with lookedather;shedidnotknowthattherewasaknittingcastasideandeyesfixedonthebluesky magnoliainthenextyard!

45

"Bytheway,"Mrs.Sampsoncontinued,"speaking

theailanthushadputonatingeofyellow-green,the

ofMrs.Blackremindsmethattheworkonthe

80

hyacinthswerebudding,themagnoliaflowerslooked

extensionistobeginnextweek."

morethaneverlikerosettescarvedinalabaster.Soon

"Thewhat?"itwasMrs.Manstey'sturntoask.

thewistariawouldbloom,thenthehorse-chestnut;

50

"Theextension,"saidMrs.Sampson,noddingher

headinthedirectionoftheignoredmagnolia."You

butnotforher.Betweenhereyesandthemabarrier

ofbrickandmortarwouldswiftlyrise;presentlyeven

anextensiontoherhouse?Yes,ma'am.Ihearitisto

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thespirewoulddisappear,andallherradiantworld

runrightbacktotheendoftheyard.Howshecan

beblottedout.

affordtobuildanextensioninthesehardtimesI

55

don'tsee;butshealwayswascrazyaboutbuilding.

Sheusedtokeepaboarding-houseinSeventeenth

1

Street,andshenearlyruinedherselfthenbysticking

Asusedinline2,"idle"mostnearlymeans

outbow-windowsandwhatnot.Anyhow,thework

A)indifferent.

istobeginonMonday."

B)unoccupied.

60

Mrs.Mansteyhadgrownpale.Shealwaysspoke

C)superficial.

slowly,sothelandladydidnotheedthelongpause

D)lethargic.

whichfollowed.AtlastMrs.Mansteysaid:"Doyou

knowhowhightheextensionwillbe?"

2

"That'sthemostabsurdpartofit.Theextension

Atline18,thefocusofthepassageshiftsfrom

65

istobebuiltrightuptotheroofofthemain

A)aportrayalofthemaincharacter'sdailyroutine

building;now,didyouever?"

toanexplanationofwhythatroutineis

"Mrs.Mansteypausedagain."Won'titbeagreat

importanttoher.

annoyancetoyou,Mrs.Sampson?"sheasked.

B)ageneraldescriptionofthemaincharactertoa

"Ishouldsayitwould.Butthere'snohelpforit;if

sustainednarrationofanepisodeinherlife.

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peoplehavegotamindtobuildextensionsthere'sno

C)anoverviewofadilemmafacedbythemain

lawtoprevent'em,thatI'mawareof."Mrs.Manstey,

charactertoaportrayalofherreactiontothat

knowingthis,wassilent."Thereisnohelpforit,"

dilemma.

Mrs.Sampsonrepeated,"Well,good-day,Mrs.

D)adiscussionofthemaincharacter'spastimestoa

Manstey;I'mgladtofindyousocomfortable."

descriptionofherattemptstodevelopanew

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Socomfortable--socomfortable!Lefttoherself

one.

theoldwomanturnedoncemoretothewindow.Howlovelytheviewwasthatday!Theblueskywith

itsroundcloudsshedabrightnessovereverything;

3 6

TheexchangebetweenMrs.MansteyandMrs. Inthecontextofthepassage,lines60-62("Mrs.Sampsonregardingthemagnolia(lines28-44)serves Manstey…followed")servemainlytoprimarilyto A)compareMrs.Sampson'sreceptivenesstoa

distinguishbetweenthetruesignificanceofan discoverywithMrs.Manstey'saversiontoit.eventandthesignificancethatMrs.Manstey B)indicatethestrengthoftheimpressionthataassignstothatevent. pieceofnewsmakesonMrs.Manstey.

dramatizethecontrastingwaysinwhichMrs. C)implythatMrs.Manstey'smisinterpretationofMansteyandMrs.Sampsonaddressasensitive anannouncementgoesunnoticedbyMrs.

issue. Sampson.

illustratethemarkeddivergenceintheattitudes D)dramatizeMrs.Manstey'sunwillingnesstoofMrs.MansteyandMrs.Sampsontowardtheir discussapersonalmatter.

immediatesurroundings.

highlightarealizationthatMrs.Mansteyhas 7

regardingapointofcontentionbetweenherand Basedonthepassage,theattitudeofMrs.SampsonMrs.Sampson. towardMrs.Black'sextensionisbestdescribedas

oneof

A)growinganger.

Asusedinline31,"absorbing"mostnearlymeans B)willfuldenial.

relaxing. C)stoicalacceptance.

amusing. D)sobersatisfaction.

engaging.

transforming. 8

Whichchoiceprovidethebestevidenceforthe

answertothepreviousquestion?

Inthepassage,Mrs.Sampsonannouncesthatwhich A)Lines45-47("Bythe…week")

changewilloccurnextdoor? B)Lines49-52("Theextension…h(huán)ouse")

Aneighborwillexpandherhouse. C)Lines53-55("Howshe…building")

Aneighborwillteardownabuilding. D)Lines69-71("Butthere's…awareof")

Aneighborwillsellaportionofherproperty.

Aneighborwillbegintakinginboarders.

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Basedonthepassage,whichchoicebestdescribes WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheMrs.Manstey'sreactiontoMrs.Black'splans? answertothepreviousquestion?

Shefeelsthatthelifeshehasconstructedfor A)Lines67-68("Mrs.Manstey…asked")herselfisabouttocometoanend. B)Lines75-77("Left…day")

Shetakescomfortinthefactthatshecanstill C)Lines77-81("Theblue…alabaster")findsolaceinnature. D)Lines83-86("Between…out")

Sheregretsthatshedidnotexpressheroppositiontotheplansmoreforcefully.

Sheresolvestoaddressthedifficultiesthatthe

planswillimposeonher.

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowing severitymakessuchattack,providedalwaysthathe

passage. inhisturnremembersthattheattackisofuseonlyifitisabsolutelytruthful.Theliarisnowhitbetter

Thispassageisadaptedfromaspeechdeliveredin thanthethief,andifhismendacitytakestheformof1906byPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,"TheMan30slanderhemaybeworsethanmostthieves.ItputsawiththeMuckRake." premiumuponknaveryuntruthfullytoattackan

honestman,orevenwithhystericalexaggerationtoIn[thenovel]Pilgrim'sProgresstheManwiththeassailabadmanwithuntruth.Anepidemicof

MuckRakeissetforthastheexampleofhimwhose indiscriminateassaultuponcharacterdoesnogood,visionisfixedoncarnalinsteadofspiritualthings.35butverygreatharm.ThesoulofeveryscoundrelisYethealsotypifiesthemanwhointhislife gladdenedwheneveranhonestmanisassailed,or

5consistentlyrefusestoseeaughtthatislofty,and evenwhenascoundrelisuntruthfullyassailed.fixeshiseyeswithsolemnintentnessonlyonthat Now,itiseasytotwistoutofshapewhatIhavewhichisvileanddebasing.Now,itisverynecessary justsaid,easytoaffecttomisunderstandit,andifitthatweshouldnotflinchfromseeingwhatisvileand 40isslurredoverinrepetitionnotdifficultreallytodebasing.Thereisfilthonthefloor,anditmustbe misunderstandit.Somepersonsaresincerely

10scrapedupwiththemuckrake;andtherearetimes incapableofunderstandingthattodenouncemudandplaceswherethisserviceisthemostneededofall slingingdoesnotmeantheendorsementof

theservicesthatcanbeperformed.Butthemanwho whitewashing;andboththeinterestedindividualsneverdoesanythingelse,whoneverthinksorspeaks 45whoneedwhitewashingandthoseotherswho

orwrites,saveofhisfeatswiththemuckrake, practicemudslingingliketoencouragesuch

15speedilybecomes,notahelp...butoneofthemost confusionofideas.Oneofthechiefcountsagainstpotentforcesforevil. thosewhomakeindiscriminateassaultuponmenin

Thereareinthebodypolitic,economicand businessormeninpubliclifeisthattheyinviteasocial,manyandgraveevils,andthereisurgent 50reactionwhichissuretotellpowerfullyinfavorofnecessityforthesternestwaruponthem.There theunscrupulousscoundrelwhoreallyoughttobe

20shouldberelentlessexposureofandattackupon attacked,whooughttobeexposed,whoought,ifeveryevilman,whetherpoliticianorbusinessman, possible,tobeputinthepenitentiary…

everyevilpractice,whetherinpolitics,business,or Anyexcessisalmostsuretoinviteareaction;sociallife.Ihailasabenefactoreverywriteror 55and,unfortunately,thereactionsinsteadoftakingthespeaker,everymanwho,ontheplatformorina formofpunishmentofthoseguiltyoftheexcess,is

25book,magazine,ornewspaper,withmerciless veryapttotaketheformeitherofpunishmentofthe

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unoffendingorofgivingimmunity,andeven 11

strength,tooffenders.Theefforttomakefinancialor Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

60politicalprofitoutofthedestructionofcharactercan A)describeandanalyzealarmingdiscovery.onlyresultinpubliccalamity.Grossandreckless B)identifyanddenounceaharmfulpractice.assaultsoncharacter,whetheronthestumporin C)solicitsupportforapoliticalinitiative.newspaper,magazine,orbook,createamorbidand D)praisethosewhoseektorevealsocialills.viciouspublicsentiment,andatthesametimeactas

65aprofounddeterrenttoablemenofnormal 12

sensitivenessandtendtopreventthemfromentering Whichchoicebeststatesthecentralclaimofthethepublicserviceatanyprice. passage?

Asaninstanceinpoint,Imaymentionthatone A)Effortstoexposecorruptionarevaluableonlyseriousdifficultyencounteredingettingtheright whenconductedtruthfullyandresponsibly.

70typeofmentodigthePanamacanalisthecertainty B)Measurestoprotectthoseunjustlyaccusedofthattheywillbeexposed,bothwithout,and,Iam wrongdoingareurgentlyneeded.

sorrytosay,sometimeswithin,Congress,toutterly C)Addressingcomplexsocialproblemsiscrucialtorecklessassaultsontheircharacterandcapacity. asuccessfulpresidency.

Attheriskofrepetitionletmesayagainthatmy D)Criticizingthemannerinwhichscandalsare

75pleaisnotforimmunityto,butforthemost disclosedservestoprotecttheguilty.unsparingexposureof,thepoliticianwhobetrayshis

trust,ofthebigbusinessmanwhomakesorspends 13

hisfortuneinillegitimateorcorruptways.There RooseveltmentionsthefigureoftheManwiththeshouldbearesoluteefforttohunteverysuchman MuckRakeprimarilyinorderto

80outofthepositionhehasdisgraced.Exposethe A)pointoutthatsocialproblemscanbedifficulttocrime,andhuntdownthecriminal;butremember identify.

thateveninthecaseofcrime,ifitisattackedin B)emphasizethatspiritualmattersareoftensensational,lurid,anduntruthfulfashion,theattack neglected.

maydomoredamagetothepublicmindthanthe C)describeafaultthatheperceivesinsocial

85crimeitself. criticism.

D)presentonepitfallofpublicservicethathebelievestobeinevitable.

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Asusedinline11,"service"mostnearlymeans Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe

facility. answertothepreviousquestion?

combat. A)Lines12-16("Butthe…evil")

ceremony. B)Lines17-19("Thereare…them")

work. C)Lines19-23("Thereshould…life")

D)Lines23-28("Ihail…truthful")

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Whatmaineffectdoestherepetitionoftheword 18

"every"inlines21and22haveonthepresentationof Basedonthepassage,RooseveltbelievesthathisRoosevelt'sargument? argumentabouteffortstoexposewrongdoingis

Itemphasizesthepointthatallwrongdoing subjecttowhichrisk?

shouldbecondemned. A)Deliberatemisrepresentationbycorruptpublic

Itsuggestsawishtoappealtothewidestpossible figuresandjournalists

audience. B)Unintentionalmisinterpretationbyaspiring

Itreinforcesthenotionthatcertainpeopleare governmentemployees

morelikelythanotherstobeinvolvedin C)Unauthorizedpublicationforfinancialprofitscandals. D)Unwantedendorsementbyconvictedcriminals

Itconveysthesensethatevildeedshavebecomewidespreadinthemodernworld. 19

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe

16 answertothepreviousquestion?

Basedonthepassage,Rooseveltwouldbemostlikely A)Lines30-33("Itputs…untruth")

toobjecttowhichofthefollowingapproachesto B)Lines33-35("Anepidemic…h(huán)arm")journalisticcoverageofascandal? C)Lines44-47("andboth…ideas")

Includingincriminatingphotographsofthe D)Lines55-59("and,unfortunately…offenders")accused

Distortingcertaindetailstoheightentheeffectof

thestory

Presentingtechnicalinformationthatfailstoclarifyacomplexprocedure

Exposingcriminalactsthatarecommittedwithgoodintentions

20 21

Inthepassage,Rooseveltmakeswhichassumption Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,thelastaboutsocialcritics'relationshiptosociety? paragraphservesmainlyto

Theyareimmunetopoliticalpressure. A)offeranalternativesolutiontotheproblems

Theyarecapableofusingtheirinfluenceto underdiscussion.

shapepublicopinion. B)introduceapersonalnoteofdoubtregardingthe

Theyareresponsibleforensuringthe thepracticalityoftheargument.

prosecutionofguiltyofficials. C)restateanimportantdistinctioninanticipation

Theyareunabletoinvestigaterumorsof ofapotentialpointofconfusion.wrongdoingproperly. D)analyzeandultimatelydismissapossible

shortcomingoftheoverallanalysis.

Questions22-31arebasedonthefollowing fossilizedfeathers.Infact,themicrobesthatdrove

passages. thedecompositionoftheanimalpriortofossilizationsharethesamesizeandshapeasmelanosomes,and

Passage1isadaptedfromTraceyPeake,"Pigmentor theywouldalsobepresentinfeathersduringdecay.Bacteria?ResearchersRe-examinetheIdeaof 25 AlisonMoyerofNorthCarolinaStateUniversity"Color"inFossilFeathers."?2014byNorthCarolina wantedtofindoutwhetherthesestructurescouldbeStateUniversity. definitivelyidentifiedaseithermelanosomeorPassage2isadaptedfromSarahFecht."TheTrue microbe.Usingblackandbrownchickenfeathers–ColorsofAncientReptilesRevealed."?2014by chickensareoneoftheclosestlivingrelativestobothHearstCommunications,Inc. 30dinosaursandancientbirds–Moyergrewbacteria

overthemtoreplicatewhatweseeinthefossil

Passage1 record.SheusedthreedifferenttypesofmicroscopyPaleontologistsstudyingfossilizedfeathershave toexaminethepatternsofbiofilmgrowth,andthen

proposedthattheshapesofcertainmicroscopic comparedthosestructurestomelanosomesinsideofstructuresinsidethefeatherscantellusthecolorof 35chickenfeathersthatshehadslicedopen.Finally,sheancientbirds.Butnewresearchdemonstratesthatit comparedbothmicrobesandactualmelanosomesto

5isnotyetpossibletotellifthesestructures–thought structuresinafossilizedfeatherfromGansus

tobemelanosomes–arewhattheyseem,orifthey yumenensis,anaviandinosaurthatlivedabouttheyaremerelytheremnantsofancientbacteria. 120millionyearsago,andtopublishedimagesof

Melanosomesaresmall,pigment-filledsacs 40fossil“melanosomes”byothers.Herfindingsledtolocatedinsidethecellsoffeathersandother morequestions.

10pigmentedtissuesofvertebrates.Theycontain "Thesestructurescouldbeoriginaltothebird,ormelanin,whichcangivefeatherscolorsrangingfrom theycouldbeabiofilmwhichhasgrownoverandbrownish-redtograytosolidblack.Melanosomes degradedthefeather–ifthelatter,theywouldalsoareeitheroblongorroundinshape,andthe 45produceroundorelongatedstructuresthatarenotidentificationofthesesmallbodiesinpreserved melanosomes,”Moyersays.It'simpossibletosay

15feathershasledtospeculationaboutthephysiology, withcertaintywhatthesestructuresarewithouthabitats,colorationandlifestylesoftheextinct moredata,includingfinescalechemicaldata.”animals,includingdinosaurs,thatoncepossessed

them. Passage2

Butmelanosomesarenottheonlyroundand Lotsoffossilsareoutlinedorshellackedwitha

20oblongmicroscopicstructuresthatmightshowupin 50mysteriousdarkdeposit.Foralongtime,scientists

couldn'tbesurewhatthematerialwasorwhereit wereindeedmelanosomes,notbacterialcells.camefrom.Underthemicroscope,thematerial Moststudiesuptonowhavetriedtolearnthehousedtinyegg-shapedstructuresthatlookedlike colorationofancientorganismsbystudying

melanosomes—thecellorganellesthatsecrete fossilizedfeathers,becausefeathersaretougherand

55pigmentsintoananimal'sskin.Otherscientists 90moreresistanttodecayandtheirmelanosomesarethoughtthestructuresmightbebacteria. moredenselypackedthaninskin.Lindgren'sstudy

Bystudyingthemolecularcompositionofthe opensthedoortoreconstructcolorationinawiderpigments,JohanLindgrenofLundUniversityandhis rangeofspecies,includingnonfeathereddinosaurs.teamnotonlyconcludedthatthedepositsare

60pigmentremains,butalsodeterminedwhatthose 22

pigmentswere.Theysaythatthreefossilizedmarine Asusedinline21,"drove"mostnearlymeansreptilestheystudied—a190-million-year-old A)chased.

ichthyosaur,an86-million-year-oldmosasaur,anda B)prodded.55-million-year-oldleatherbackturtle—probablyhad C)caused.

65blackishskinlikethemodern-dayleatherbackturtle. D)transported.

Previousstudiesreliedonavisualidentificationofthoseegg-shapedmelanosomes.Lindgren'steam 23

wentastepfurtherbyanalyzingthechemistryofthe ItcanmostreasonablybeinferredfromPassage1structuresandpigmentsinthesamples.The thatMoyer'sstudyinvolvedchickenfeathersinpart

70moleculethatcausesblackcoloring,called because

eumelanin,haddegradedovertimebutremained A)conclusionsdrawnfromresearchonchickenlargelyintact.Itwasenoughtoprovidethefirst featherpigmentationmightinform

unequivocalevidenceofpigmentationintheskinof understandingofthepigmentationofavianafossilizedanimal,saysMariaMcNamaraofthe dinosaurs.

75UniversityofBristol,whowasnotinvolvedinthe B)chickenfeathersareresistanttothegrowthofstudy. thekindofbacteriathathampersresearchon

Toidentifythedarkdeposits,Lindgren'steam melanosomes.

firedabeamofionsatsamplesofthematerial. C)melanosomesderivingfromchickenfeathersareTheionsbrokeupthematerialandsentfragments morestableandeasiertoidentifythan

80flyingintoadetector,whichanalyzedtheirchemical melanosomespresentinotherkindsoftissue.compositionandconfirmedthatthedarkdeposits D)successfulstudyofthepigmentationofchickenwereeumelanin.Underthemicroscope,Lindgren's feathersiswelldocumentedinvariousscientificteamshowedthatconcentrationsofeumelanin publications.

peakedinareaswiththehighestdensityofthetiny

85egg-shapedstructures—suggestingthestructures

24 27

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe AspresentedinPassage2,whichfindingprovidedanswertothepreviousquestion? themostconvincingevidencethattheegg-shaped

Lines1-4("Paleontologists…birds") structuresfoundinthefossilsofthemarinereptiles

Lines12-18("Melanosomes…them") areprobablytheremainsofmelanosomes?

CLines28-32("Using…record") A)Thefactthattheegg-shapedstructuresremained

D)Lines35-40("Finally…others") largelyundamaged

B)Thepresenceoftheegg-shapedstructuresin

reptilefossilsofvariousages

Asusedinline60,"determined"mostnearlymeans C)Thedarkappearanceoftheegg-shapedstructures

restricted. D)Thehighconcentrationsofeumelaninnearthe

regulated. egg-shapedstructures

established.

arbitrated. 28

OneofthemainpurposesofbothPassage1and

Passage2isto

BasedonPassage2,McNamaramostlikelyconsiders A)reportonthemethodsandfindingsofspecifictheresultsofLindgren'steam'sstudy,describedin laboratoryobservations.

thethirdparagraph(lines66-70),tobe B)provideabroadsurveyofrecentdevelopments

doubtfulandmisleading. inmicropaleontology.

clearandpersuasive. C)disputealong-standingassumptionabout

trivialandunreliable. dinosauranatomy.

promisingandunexpected. D)arguethatsciencebenefitsfromtheadoptionofnewtechnologies.

29 31

Moyer(Passage1)andLindgren'steam(Passage2) WhichstatementfromPassage2bestdescribesanwouldmostlikelyagreethatdinosaurcoloration importantfeatureoftheresearchmethodologythat

cannotbereconstructed,sincesofttissue Moyer(Passage1)uses?

degradesovertime. A)Lines49-50("Lots…deposit")

couldplausiblybededucedfromtheremainsof B)Lines55-56("Other…bacteria")

certainmicroscopicstructures. C)Lines66-67("Previous…melanosomes")

waslimitedtocertainshades,rangingfromblack D)Lines79-82("Theions…eumelanin")tobrown.

isunlikelytohaveleftidentifiabletracesin

fossilizedskin.

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WhichchoicebestdescribesaparticularrelationshipbetweenMoyer'sstudy(Passage1)andthestudybyLindgren'steam(Passage2)?

Moyeridentifiesaneedforchemicalanalysis,whichLindgren'steamsupplies.

ThemembersofLindgren'steamuseMoyer'sstudyasthebasisfortheirresearch.

Moyerreachesapreliminaryconclusion,whichtheresultsofthestudybyLindgren'steamchallenge.

Lindgren'steamquestionstheappropriatenessofMoyer'smethodologyforresearchonthetopic

offossilpigmentation.

Questions32-41arebasedonthefollowing sarcastically.Consistently,participantsratedsarcasm

passageandsupplementarymaterial. tobemorecondemningthanliteralstatements.

Andsarcasmcanbeeasilymisinterpreted,

ThispassageisadaptedfromFrancescaGino,"The particularlywhenitiscommunicatedelectronically,SurprisingBenefitsofSarcasm."?2016byScientific 30accordingtoa2005studybyJasonParkerandAmerican,aDivisionofNatureAmerica,Inc. Zhi-WenNgoftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-

Champaign.Theygave30pairsofuniversitySarcasminvolvesconstructingorexposing studentsalistofstatements,halfofwhichwere

contradictionsbetweenintendedmeanings.Itisthe sarcasticandhalfserious.Somestudentsrelayedmostcommonformofverbalirony--thatis,allowing 35messagesviae-mailandothersviavoicerecordings.peopletosayexactlywhattheydonotmean.Often Participantswhoreceivedthevoicemessages

5weuseittohumorouslyconveydisapprovalorscorn. accuratelygleanedthesarcasm(orlackthereof)"Pat,don'tworksohard!"abossmightsay,for 73percentofthetime,butthosewhoreceivedtheexample,oncatchinghisassistantsurfingtheWeb. statementviae-maildidsoonly56percentofthe

AndyetbehavioralscientistsLiHuangof 40time,hardlybetterthanchance.

INSEADbusinessschool,AdamD.Galinskyof Thee-mailershadanticipatedthat78percent

10ColumbiaUniversityandIhavefoundthatsarcasm oftheparticipantswouldpickuponthesarcasmmayalsoofferanunexpectedpsychologicalpayoff: inherentintheirmessages.Thatis,theybadlygreatercreativity.Theuseofsarcasm,infact,appears overestimatedtheirabilitytocommunicatethetopromotecreativityforthoseonboththegiving 45tenorofthesestatementsviae-mail.Andthe

andreceivingendoftheexchange.Insteadof recipientsofthesarcastice-mailswereevenmore

15avoidingsnarkyremarkscompletely,ourresearch overconfident.Theyguessedtheywouldcorrectlysuggeststhat,usedwithcareandinmoderation, interpretthetoneofthee-mailmessagesaboutcleverquipscantriggercreativesparks. 90percentofthetime.

Earlyresearchintohowpeopleinterpretsarcastic 50 In2015mycolleaguesandIdiscoveredanupsidestatementsrevealed,asonemightexpect,thatmost tothisotherwisenegativepictureofsarcasm.Inone

20perceivesuchcommentsascriticalcomparedwith study,weasked56participantstochooseascriptthatmoredirectutterances.Inonestudy,publishedin wassarcastic,sincereorneutralandthenengagein1997,32participantsreadscenariosinwhich,for simulatedconversationwithanothersubject,whoinstance,onepersondidsomethingthatcouldbe 55wasunawareofthescript.

viewednegatively,andasecondpersoncommented Immediatelyafterourparticipantsenactedthe

25onthebehaviortothefirstperson,eitherliterallyor dialogue,wepresentedthemwithtaskstestingtheir

creativity.Forinstance,theyhad