2022 英語四級考試試題

2022年6月大學(xué)英語四級真題

PartI

Writing(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed

30minutestowriteashortessayonthe

topicofOnlineShopping.Youshouldwrite

atleast120wordsfollowingtheoutline

givenbelow:

1.現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時(shí)尚

2.網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題

3.我的建議

OnlineShopping

注意：此局部試題在答題卡1上。

PartII

ReadingComprehension

(SkimmingandScanning)

(15

minutes)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15

minutestogooverthepassagequicklyand

answerthequestionsonAnswerSheet

1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebest

answerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).For

questions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformation

giveninthepassage.

BritishCuisine:theBestofOldandNew

Britishcuisine(烹飪)hascomeofageinrecentyearsas

chefs(廚師)combinethe

bestofoldandnew.WhydoesBritishfoodhaveareputation

forbeingsobad?Becauseitisbad!Thosearenotthemost

encouragingwordstohearjustbeforeeatinglunchatoneof

HongKong'ssmartestBritishrestaurants,Alfie'sbyKEE,but

headchefNeilTomeshasmoretosay."Thepast15yearsorso

havebeenanoticeableperiodofimprovementforfoodin

England,“theEnglishchefsays,citingthetrendinBritish

cuisineforbetteringredients,preparationandcooking

methods,andmoreappealingpresentation.ChefssuchasDelia

Smith,NigelSlater,

thenpeoplewerejusthappytohaveadecentquantityof

foodintheirkitchens."Theyweren'tlookingforcuredmeats,

organicproduceorbeautifulpresentation;theywerelooking

forwhatevertheycouldgettheirhandson,andthis

prioritisationofquantityoverqualityprevailedfordecades,

meaningagenerationwasbroughtupwithfoodthatcouldn，t

competewithneighbouringFrance,Italy,BelgiumorSpain.

BeforestarchefssuchasOliverbeganmakingcooking

fashionable,itwashardtofindarestaurantinLondonthat

wasopenafter9pm.ButinrecentyearsthecapitaVsculinary

（烹飪的）scenehasdevelopedtothepointthatitisnow

confidentofitsabilitytopleasethetastesofany

internationalvisitor.WiththeopeningofAlfie'sinApril,

andotherssuchasThePawn,twoyearsago,

modernBritishfoodhasmadeitswaytoHongKong."With

Britishfood,IthinkthatHongKongrestaurantsarekeeping

up,“saysDavidTamlyn,theWelshexecutivechefatThePawn

inWanChai."HongKongdinersareextremelyresponsivetonew

ideasorpresentations,whichisgoodnewsfornewdishes.”

ChefsagreethatdinersinHongKongareembracingthemodern

Britishtrend.Somerestaurantsaremodifyingtherecipes（菜

譜）ofBritishdishestobreathenewlifeintotheclassics,

whileothersareusingbetterqualityingredientsbutremaining

truetoBritishtraditionsandtastes.Tamlynisinthesecond

camp."Weselectourfoodveryparticularly.WeuseUSbeef,

NewZealandlambandforourcustards（牛奶蛋糊）weuseBird's

CustardPowder,“Tamlynsays."Somerestaurantsgoforcustard

madefreshwitheggs,sugarand

cream,butBritishcustardisdifferent,andwestaytrue

tothat."MatthewHill,seniormanageratthetwo-year-oldSoHo

restaurantYorkshirePudding,alsousesbetteringredientsas

ameansofimprovingdishes."Therearealotofexisting

perceptionsaboutBritishfoodandsowecan'talterthesetoo

much.We'reatraditionalBritishrestaurantsotherearesome

staples（主菜）thatwillremainessentiallyunchanged.These

traditionaldishesincludefishandchips,steakandkidneypie

andlargepiecesofroastedmeats.AtAlfie's,thenewestof

theBritishrestaurantsintownandperhapsthemost

gentlemen'sclub-likeindesign,NeilTomesexplainshis

passionforprovenance（原產(chǎn)土也）.“Britainhasstartedtobecome

reallyproudofthefoodit,sproducing.Ithasexcellent

organicfarms,beautifullycraftedcheeses,high-quality

meats.

However,theBritishdon'thaveahistoryofexporting

theirfoodstuffs,whichmakesitdifficultforrestaurantsin

HongKongtosourceauthenticingredients."Wecangetalot

ofouringredientsonceaweekfromtheUK,“Tamlynexplains.

“Butthereisalsopressuretobuylocalandsaveonfoodmiles,

whichmeanswetakeourvegetablesfromthelocalmarkets,and

therearealotthatworkwellwithBritishstaples.The

Phoenix,inMid-Levels,offersthewidestinterpretationof

“Britishcuisine”,whilestilltryingtomaintainitssoul.The

gastro-pubhasexistedinvariouslocationsinHongKongsince

2022.SingaporeanheadchefTommyTehKumChaioffersdaily

specialsonablackboard,ratherthanstickingtoamenu.This

enableshimtoreinterpretBritishcuisinedependingonwhat

isavailableinthelocalmarkets.

“Weusealotofingredientsthatpeoplewouldn'tperhaps

associateasBritish,butarepresentedinaBritishway.Bell

peppersstuffedwithcouscous,alongsideratatouille,isavery

populardish."Althoughtheingredientsmaynotstrikediners

asbeingtraditional,theycanbefoundindishesacrossBritain.

Eventhetraditionalchefsareawareoftheneedtoadaptto

localtastesandcustoms,whilemaintainingtheBritishnessof

theircuisine.AtYorkshirePudding,Hillsaysthathisstaff

asksdinerswhethertheywouldliketosharetheirmeals.Small

dishes,sharedmealsand“mixingitup“isnotsomething

commonlydoneinBritain,butYorkshirePuddingwillbringfull

dishestothetableandofferindividualplatesforeachdiner.

“Thatway,peoplestillgetthepresentationofthedishesas

theyweredesigned,but

cancarvethemuphowevertheylike,“Hill

says.

ThispracticeisalsopopularatThePawn,

althoughlargelyforrotisseries(烤肉

館)，Tamlynsays."Sometableswillarrive

onaSunday,orderawholechickenanda

shoulderoflamborababypig,andjust

stayforhoursenjoyingeverythingwebring

outforthem.”

SomeBritishtraditionsaretoosacred(神圣

的)tomesswith,however,Tomessays."I'd

neverchangeafullEnglishbreakfast.

注意：此局部試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。

1.WhatisBritishfoodgenerallyknown

for?

A)Itsunique

flavour.

C)Its

specialcookingmethods.

B)Itsbad

taste.

D)Its

organicingredients.

2.TheSecondWorldWarledto

inBritain.

A)

aninadequatesupplyof

food

C)anincreaseinfoodimport

B)

adecreaseofgrain

production

D)achangein

people'seatinghabits

3.Whycouldn,tBritaincompetewithsome

ofitsneighbouringcountriesintermsof

foodinthepost-wardecades?

A)Itsfoodlacked

variety.

C)Itwas

shortofwell-trainedchefs.

B)Itspeoplecaredmorefor

quantity.

D)Itdidn'thave

flavourfulfoodingredients.

4.Withculinaryimprovementinrecent

years,London'srestaurantsarenowableto

appealtothetastesof.

A)mostyoung

people

C)all

kindsofoverseasvisitors

B)elderlyBritish

diners

D)

upper-classcustomers

5.WhatdoHongKongdinerswelcome,

accordingtoWelshexecutivechefDavid

Tamlyn?

A)Authenticclassic

cuisine.

C)New

ideasandpresentations.

B)Locallyproduced

ingredients.

D)The

returnofhome-styledishes.

6.Whileusingqualityingredients,David

Tamlyninsiststhatthedishes

should.

A)benefitpeople*s

health

C)be

offeredatreasonableprices

B)lookbeautifuland

inviting

D)maintain

Britishtraditionaltastes

7.WhydoesNeilTomessayhelovesfood

ingredientsfromBritain?

A)Theyappealtopeoplefromalloverthe

world.

B)Theyareproducedonexcellentorganic

farms.

C)Theyareprocessedinascientificway.

D)Theycomeinagreatvariety.

8.

Tamlynsaysthatbesides

importingingredientsfromBritainoncea

week,hisrestaurantalsobuysvegetables

from.

9.ThePhoenixinMid-Levelsmaynot

useBritishingredients,butpresentsits

dishes.

10.YorkshirePuddingisarestaurant

whichwillbringfulldishestothetablebut

offerplatestothosedinerswhowouldlike

to.

PartIII

Listening

Comprehension

(3

5minutes)

SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8short

conversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeach

conversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhat

wassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespoken

onlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.During

thepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)and

D),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthe

correspondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline

throughthecentre.注意：此局部試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。11.

A)Heiscarelessabouthisappearance.B)Heisashamedofhis

presentcondition.C)Hechangesjobsfrequently.D)Heshaves

everyotherday.12.A)Janemaybecaughtinatrafficjam.

B)Janeshouldhavestartedalittleearlier.C)Heknowswhat

sortofpersonJaneis.

D)HeisirritatedathavingtowaitforJane.13.A)

TrainingfortheMid-AtlanticChampionships.B)Making

preparationsforatrans-Atlantictrip.C)Collecting

informationaboutbaseballgames.D)Analyzingtheirrivals，

on-fieldperformance.14.A)Hehadanarrowescapeinacar

accident.B)Heishospitalizedforaseriousinjury.C)Helost

hismothertwoweeksago.D)Hehasbeenhavingahardtime.

15.A)Thewomanhasknownthespeakerforalongtime.B)The

manhaddifficultyunderstandingthelecture.C)Themanis

makingafussaboutnothing.D)Thewomanthinkshighlyofthe

speaker.

16.A)Hehasdifficultymakingsenseof

logic.

B)Statisticsandlogicarebothchallenging

subjects.

C)Thewomanshouldseekhelpfromthe

tutoringservice.

D)Tutoringservicesareverypopularwith

students.

17.A)Herovercoatisasstylishas

Jill's.

C)Jillworetheovercoatlast

week.

B)Jillmissedherclasslast

week.

D)Sheisinthesame

classastheman.

18.A)Acomputer

game.

C)An

excitingexperience.

B)Animaginary

situation.

D)A

vacationbythesea.

Questions19to21arebasedonthe

conversationyouhavejustheard.

19.

A)Beautifulsceneryinthe

countryside.

C)Painandpleasurein

sports.

B)Dangersofcross-countryskiing.

D)

Asportheparticipatesin.

20.A)Hecan;tfindgoodexamplesto

illustratehispoint.

B)Hecan,tfindapeacefulplacetodo

theassignment.

C)Hedoesn，tknowhowtodescribethe

beautifulcountryscenery.

D)Hecan，tdecidewhethertoincludethe

effortpartofskiing.

21.A)Newideascomeupasyouwrite.

B)Muchtimeisspentoncollectingdata.

C)Alotofeffortismadeinvain.

D)Thewriter;spointofviewoften

changes.

Questions22to25arebasedonthe

conversationyouhavejustheard.

22.A)Journalistofalocalnewspaper.

B)Directorofeveningradioprograms.

C)Produceroftelevisioncommercials.

D)Hostessoftheweekly“Business

World*.

23.A)Heranthreerestaurantswithhis

wife'shelp.

B)Heandhiswifedideverythingby

themselves.

C)Heworkedbothasacookanda

waiter.

D)Hehiredacookandtwolocal

waitresses.

24.A)Hehardlyneedstodoany

advertisingnowadays.

B)Headvertisesalotonradioandin

newspapers.

C)HespendshugesumsonTV

commercialseveryyear.

D)Hehireschildrentodistributeadsin

shoppingcenters.

25.A)Therestaurant

location.

C)Thefood

variety.

B)Therestaurant

atmosphere.

D)Thefood

price.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3

shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,

youwillhearsomequestions.Boththe

passageandthequestionswillbespoken

onlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,you

mustchoosethebestanswerfromthefour

choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Then

markthecorrespondingletteronAnswer

Sheet2withasingle1inethroughthe

centre.

注意：此局部試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。

PassageOne

Questions26to28arebasedonthe

passageyouhavejustheard.

26.A)Itsprotectionisoftenneglectedby

children.B)Itcannotbefullyrestored

oncedamaged.

C)Therearemanyfalsenotionsabout

it.

D)Therearevariouswaystoprotect

it.

27.A)Itmaymakethewearerfeeltired.

B)Itwillgraduallyweakentheeyesof

adults.

C)Itcanleadtothelossofvisionin

children.

D)Itcanpermanentlychangetheeye

structure.

28.A)Itcanneverbedoneevenwithhigh

technology.

B)Itisthebestwaytorestoredamaged

eyesight.

C)Itisamajorachievementineyesurgery.

D)Itcanonlybepartlyaccomplishednow.

PassageTwo

Questions29to31arebasedonthe

passageyouhavejustheard.

29.A)Theythinktheyshouldfollowthe

currenttrend.

B)Nursinghomesarewell-equippedand

convenient.

C)Adultday-carecentersareeasily

accessible.

D)Theyhavejobsandothercommitments.

30.A)Theydon，twanttouseupalltheirlife

savings.

B)Theyfeartheywillregretitafterwards.

C)Theywouldliketospendmoretimewith

them.

D)Theydon'twanttoseetheirhusbands

poorlytreated.

31.A)Provideprofessionalstandard

care.C)Befrankandseekhelpfrom

others.

B)Beaffectionateand

cooperative.

D)Makefulluseof

communityfacilities.

PassageThree

Questions32to35arebasedonthe

passageyouhavejustheard.

32.A)Healthandsafetyconditionsintheworkplace.B)

Rightsandresponsibilitiesofcompanyemployees.C)Common

complaintsmadebyofficeworkers.D)Conflictsbetweenlabor

andmanagement.33.A)Replaceitsout-datedequipment.B)

Improvethewelfareofaffectedworkers.C)Followgovernment

regulationsstrictly.D)Provideextrahealthcompensation.34.

A)Theyrequestedtotransfertoasaferdepartment.B)They

quitworktoprotecttheirunbornbabies.C)Theysoughthelp

fromunionrepresentatives.D)Theywantedtoworkshorter

hours.35.A)Toshowhowtheylovewintersports.B)Toattract

theattentionfromthemedia.

C)Toprotestagainstthepoorworkingconditions.D)To

protectthemselvesagainstthecoldweather.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.

Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlisten

carefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadfor

thesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumbered

from36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.For

blanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthe

missinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusethe

exactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpoints

inyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthe

thirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：止匕

局部試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。

Contrarytotheoldwarningthattimewaitsfornoone,time

slowsdownwhenyouareonthemove.Italsoslowsdownmore

asyoumovefaster,whichmeansastronauts(宇航員)somedaymay

(36)solonginspacethattheywouldreturntoanEarth

ofthe(37)future.Ifyoucouldmoveatthespeedoflight,

yourtimewouldstandstill.Ifyoucouldmovefasterthanlight,

yourtimewouldmove(38).Althoughnoformofmatteryet

(39)movesasfastasorfasterthanlight,(40)

experimentshavealreadyconfirmedthataccelerated(41)

causesatraveler'stimetobestretched.AlbertEinstein(42)

thisin1905,whenhe(43)theconceptofrelative

timeaspartofhisSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Asearchis

nowunderwaytoconfirmthesuspectedexistenceofparticles

ofmatter

(44)

Anobsession(沉迷)withtime-saving,

gaining,wasting,losing,andmasteringit-

(45)

Humanityalsohasbeenobsessedwith

tryingtocapturethemeaningoftime.

Einstein(46)

Thus,timeandtime，srelativityare

measurablebyanyhourglass,alarmclock,

oranatomicclockthatcanmeasurea

billionthofasecond.

PartIV

ReadingComprehension

(ReadinginDepth)

(25minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisa

passagewithtenblanks.Youarerequired

toselectonewordforeachblankfromalist

ofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowing

thepassage.Readthepassagethrough

carefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthe

bankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorresponding

letterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethrough

thecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmore

thanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thepopularnotionthatolderpeopleneedlesssleepthan

youngeradultsisamyth,scientistssaidyesterday.While

elderlypeople_47—tosleepforfewerhoursthantheydid

whentheywereyounger,thishasa(n)_48_effectontheir

brain;sperformanceandtheywouldbenefitfromgettingmore,

accordingtoresearch.SeanDrummond,a.psychiatrist(心理

醫(yī)生)attheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,saidolder

peoplearemorelikelytosufferfrombrokensleep,while

youngerpeople

arebetteratsleeping_49—straightthroughthenight.

Moresleepinoldage,however,is_50_withbetterhealth,

andmostolderpeoplewouldfeelbetterandmore__51_ifthey

sleptforlongerperiods,hesaid."Theabilitytosleepin

onechunk(整塊時(shí)間)overnightgoesdownasweagebutthe

amountofsleepweneedto_52—welldoesnotchange,Dr

DrummondtoldtheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementof

ScienceconferenceinSanDiego."It's_53—amyththatolder

peopleneedlesssleep.Themorehealthyanolderadultis,the

moretheysleepliketheydidwhentheywere_54—.Ourdata

suggeststhatolderadultswou1dbenefitfrom_55—togetas

muchsleepastheydidintheir30s.That's_56—fromperson

toperson,buttheamountofsleepwehadat35isprobablythe

sameamountasweneedat75."

注意：此局部試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。

A)alert

B)associated

I)formally

C)attracting

J)function

D)cling

K)mixed

E)continuing

L)negative

F)definitely

M)sufficient

N)tend

G)different

SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.

Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),

B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmark

thecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline

throughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebased

onthefollowingpassage.

Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomly(隨

機(jī)地)assignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadto

increasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihood(可能性)of

conflict.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentof

adifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentsto

engageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioState

Universitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwitha

whiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheir

collegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedby

socialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye-the

onlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor-saidthat”if

you,resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove.”

Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairing

interracialstudentsinresidences.

Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassigned

roommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperience

conflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.An

IndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswere

threetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlive

togetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessorat

Pennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybe

thefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,and

lived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,“shesaid.AtPenn,

studentsarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingfor

housing."Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,

withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogether

randomly,saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley.

“Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.，z

Tveexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracial

studentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforced

stereotypes,saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAof

twoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconflicts''providedmore

multiculturalacceptanceandmelding(融合)，“therewerealso

，zjarringculturalconfrontations.TheRAsaidthatthese

conflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.

Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbased

onanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackground

characteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedand

explained,注意：此局部試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。57.Whatcan

welearnfromsomerecentstudies?A)Conflictsbetween

studentsofdifferentracesareunavoidable.

B)Studentsofdifferentracesareprejudicedagainsteach

other.C)Interraciallodgingdoesmoreharmthangood.D)

Interraciallodgingmayhavediverseoutcomes.58.Whatdoes

SamBoakye'sremarkmean?A)Whitestudentstendtolookdown

upontheirblackpeers.B)Blackstudentscancompetewiththeir

whitepeersacademically.C)Blackstudentsfeelsomewhat

embarrassedamongwhitepeersduringthefreshmanyear.D)

Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudentto

workhardertosucceed.59.WhatdoestheIndianaUniversity

studyshow?A)Interracialroommatesaremorelikelytofall

out.

B)Fewwhitestudents1ikesharingaroomwithablackpeer.

C)Roommatesofdifferentracesjustdon，tgetalong.D)

Assigningstudents(lodgingrandomlyisnotagoodpolicy.60.

WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe"definitionof

integration"?A)Studentsofdifferentracesarerequiredto

sharearoom.B)Interraciallodgingisarrangedbytheschool

forfreshmen.C)Lodgingisassignedtostudentsofdifferent

raceswithoutexception.D)Theschoolrandomlyassigns

roommateswithoutregardtorace.61.WhatdoesGraceKaosay

aboutinterraciallodging?A)Itisunscientifictomake

generalizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherstudy.B)Schools

shouldbecautiouswhenmakingdecisionsaboutstudentlodging.

C)Students,racialbackgroundshouldbeconsideredbefore

lodgingisassigned.D)Experiencedresidentadvisorsshould

beassignedtohandletheproblems.PassageTwoQuestions62

to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Globalwarmingis

causingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionin

economiclosseseachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobal

HumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyAnnan,theformer

UnitedNationssecretarygeneral.Thereport,tobereleased

Friday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,

populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influenced

climatechangewasraisingtheglobaldeathratesfrom

illnessesincludingmalnutrition(營養(yǎng)不良)andheat-related

healthproblems.Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrew

criticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateand

risk,whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.Along

withthedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325million

people,primarilyinpoorcountries,werebeingseriously

affectedbyclimatechange.Itprojectedthatthenumberwould

doubleby2030.RogerPielkeJr.,apoliticalscientistatthe

UniversityofColorado,Boulder,whostudiesdisastertrends,

saidtheForum，sreportwas“amethodologicalembarrassment”

becausetherewasnowaytodistinguishdeathsoreconomic

lossesrelatedtohuman-drivenglobalwarmingamidthemuch

largerlossesresultingfromthegrowthinpopulationsand

economicdevelopmentinvulnerable（易受傷害的）regions.Dr.

Pielkesaidthatuclimatechangeisanim