外研版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)語法講解-完成時(shí)

星火教育一對(duì)一輔導(dǎo)教案學(xué)生姓名王蘇皖性別女年級(jí)八年級(jí)學(xué)科英語授課教師李玉玲上課時(shí)間2016年4月23日第（2）次課共（15）次課課時(shí)：3課時(shí)教學(xué)課題一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)辨析教學(xué)目標(biāo)掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義、出現(xiàn)的情況、標(biāo)志以及考點(diǎn)；區(qū)分瞬間動(dòng)作與延續(xù)性動(dòng)作，學(xué)會(huì)把瞬間動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動(dòng)作；3.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。教學(xué)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別。教學(xué)過程Step1時(shí)態(tài)的基本構(gòu)成和肯定句、否定句、一般疑問句和特殊疑問句形式現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句構(gòu)成：主語+have(has)+P.P.(過去分詞）+…主語（第一、二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)）+have+過去分詞（第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)）+have+過去分詞主語（第三人稱單數(shù))+has+過去分詞例句：IhavelivedinBeijingforalongtime.Wehaveknowneachother.Theyhavepassedtheexam.Hehaswonthefirstprize.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句構(gòu)成：主語+have(has)+not+P.P.(過去分詞）+…主語（第一、二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)）+have+not+過去分詞（第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)）+have+not+過去分詞主語（第三人稱單數(shù))+has+not+過去分詞例句：Ihaven’tbeentoShanghai.Wehaven’tseenthismovieyet.Hehasn’tbeentoBeijingsincethen.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句構(gòu)成：Have(Has)+主語+P.P.(過去分詞）+…?例句：--Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?--Yes,Ihave.--No,Ihaven’t.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特殊疑問句構(gòu)成：特殊疑問詞+have(has)+主語+P.P.(過去分詞）+…?例句：HowmanytimeshaveyoubeentotheGreatWall?Step2基本含義和用法一、用法1.表示開始于過去的動(dòng)作最近剛結(jié)束現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示開始于過去的動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束時(shí)，常和以下時(shí)間狀語連用：just剛剛,already已經(jīng),ever曾經(jīng),recently最近,never從未,yet還，仍然（否定句）；已經(jīng)（疑問句）.例句：Haveyoueverworkedonafarm?Ihavealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Hehasjustcome.2.繼續(xù)表示過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)：從……開始for+一段時(shí)間：在……期間例句：IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.HehasstudiedEnglishsincehewasfiveyearsold.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?Icamehereanhourago.I’vebeenhereforaboutanhour.3.經(jīng)驗(yàn)表示從過去到現(xiàn)在之間曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過的事情常和以下的詞連用：often經(jīng)常,never從不,ever曾經(jīng),once一次twice兩次,since自從,before之前.例句：Jimhasbeenlateforclassfivetimes.Hehasneverbeenillinhislife.Wehavevisitedyourschoolbefore.Step3常見句型二、能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用詞語很多，如副詞just,already,yet,before,ever,recently等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：

(1)since(自從)：不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞,句子(主句)謂語通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：自上周以來我一直未見過她。____________________________________________________自我上次見到你之后你到哪里去了。______________________________________________

(2)sofar(到目前為止)：到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。__________________________________________________到目前為止，我們還沒有遇到任何麻煩。__________________________________________

(3)in/duringthepast…years(在過去…年中)：過去兩年我很少見到他。________________________________________________________最近一個(gè)月里我都在這兒。______________________________________________________(4)uptonow(到現(xiàn)在為止)：到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。__________________________________________到現(xiàn)在為止我還沒有聽到他一點(diǎn)音信。__________________________________(5)It’sthefirsttimethat…(第一次…)：這是我第一次來這兒。__________________________________________________________別忘了，這是我第一次在公共場(chǎng)合發(fā)言。__________________________________________Step4使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)需注意事項(xiàng)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別Ihavewashedthecar.(Itisclean.)Iwashedthecaryesterday.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在時(shí)間上與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，因此它不能和表示確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用，如ago（以前）、yesterday（昨日）、lastweek（上周）、threeyearsago（三年前）、in2001（2001年）、以及以when為首的疑問句等。在完成時(shí)句子中，終止性動(dòng)詞（也叫點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞）一般不能與表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用。when不能和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用1.A:HaveyouevermetSally?B:Yes,Ihave.A:Whendidyoumeether?B:Lastweek.A:Oh.Shehasbeenherealready.2.A:Ithinkthebookisworthreading.B:Haveyouborroweditfromourlibrary?A:Yea,Ihave.B:Whendidyouborrowit?A:Twodaysago.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)里的使用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞）表示不能延續(xù),只是一瞬間就結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。因此在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，這種動(dòng)詞不能與表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用。常用的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有：arrive到達(dá)begin開始borrow借 buy買come來die去世go去 join參加leave離開lose失去marry結(jié)婚 stop停止非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)里不能和表示一段時(shí)間的for或者since連用。Iboughtabikethreeyearsago.Ihavehadthebikeforabout3years.Iborrowedabookfromthelibrary.Howlonghaveyoukeptthebook?Whendidhisgrandpadie?Tenyearsago.Hehasbeendeadfortenyears.Hehasleft.Hehasbeenawayforalongtime.常見的相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換形式如下:三、練習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)（1）Hecametoourvillagetwoyearsago.Heourvillagesincetwoyearsago.（2）Helefthomethreedaysago.Hehomefor3days.（3）Iboughtthewatch2weeksago.Ithewatchsince2weeksago.（4）Itis5dayssinceIborrowedthebook.Ithebookfor5days.（5）Thefilmhasbegun.Thefilmforhalfanhour.（6）Igottoknowhim10yearsago.Ihimfor10years.（7）Thereisafactory.Thereafactoryfor20years.（8）Ourschoolopenedin1960.Ourschoolsince1960.4.have/hasbeento與have/hasgoneto1).havebeento強(qiáng)調(diào)“去過”，現(xiàn)已不在那里，如：HehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.2.havegoneto主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“去了”，現(xiàn)在人不在說話的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，如：--Where'syourmother?--Shehasgonetothehospital.Step5動(dòng)詞的過去分詞變化規(guī)則規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去分詞構(gòu)成：不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞分類速記1.AAA型（現(xiàn)在式、過去式和過去分詞同形）

2.AAB型（現(xiàn)在式和過去式同形）beat beaten 打⒊ABA型（現(xiàn)在式和過去分詞同形）come come 來become become 變r(jià)un run 跑4．ABB型（1）動(dòng)詞原形后加一個(gè)輔音字母d或t構(gòu)成過去式或過去分詞。Burnburnt/burnedburnt/burned 燃燒learnlearned/learntlearned/learnt學(xué)習(xí)meanmeant meant 意思hearheard heard 聽見⑵把動(dòng)詞原形的最后一個(gè)輔音字母“d”改為“t”構(gòu)成過去式或過去分詞。build built 建筑lend lent 借給send sent 送spend spent 花費(fèi)lose lost 失去⑶其他pay paid 付laylaid 下蛋saysaid 說bringbrought 帶來buybought 買thinkthought想fightfought 戰(zhàn)斗catchcaught 抓住teachtaught 教sleep slept 睡keepkept 保持sweepswept 掃standstood 站understandunderstood 明白winwon 得勝feelfelt 覺得findfound 發(fā)現(xiàn)getgot 得到havehad 有holdheld 持有，握leaveleft 離開makemade 制造meetmet 遇見sellsold 賣shootshot 射擊tell told 告訴sit sat 坐dig dug 挖5.ABC型（現(xiàn)在式、過去式和過去分詞都不相同）（1）動(dòng)詞原形后加-n或-en構(gòu)成過去分詞。eateaten 吃fall fallen 落下 steal stolen 偷give given 給freeze frozen 凍結(jié)take taken 拿see seen 看見write written 寫ride ridden 騎drive driven 駕駛throw thrown 拋，扔blow blown 吹grow grown 生長(zhǎng)know known 知道fly flown 飛 draw drawn 拉，繪畫show shown 展示⑵過去式加-n或-en構(gòu)成過去分詞。speak spoken 說話break broken 破碎，折斷wake waked/waken醒choose chosen 選擇forget forgotten忘記⑶變單詞在重讀音節(jié)中的元音字母“i”分別為“a”（過去式）和“u”（過去分詞）。begin begun 開始ring rung 按鈴sing sung 唱sink sunk 沉swim swum 游泳drink drunk 飲⑷其他不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化。be(am,is) been 是be(are) been 是do done做go gone 去lie lain 躺wear worn 穿

Step6課后小結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是八年級(jí)下冊(cè)的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)語法內(nèi)容，所以肯定是期中考試的重點(diǎn)，之前的五個(gè)模塊都有講過，在這里再做個(gè)綜合復(fù)習(xí)，是很有必要的。課后作業(yè)一用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.DanielandTony__________(be)inClassTwonow.2.Jack__________(put)onhisthickcoatbecauseitwassnowing.3.He__________(sit)downandbegantoreadhisnewspaper.4.We__________(see)severalmembersofthefamilysincewe__________(arrive).5.He__________(go)swimmingintherivereverydayinsummer.6.I__________never__________(eat)suchdeliciousnoodlesbefore.7.Light__________(travel)muchfasterthansound.完形填空先通讀下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。Formanypeople,goingonholidayshasbecomepartoftheirlife.Butsomepeopleare16aboutthetravelprice.Canwestillpayfortraveling17spendingtoomuchmoney?Wetalktosomepeopletogetsomeuseful18.Theyallagreethatmakingagoodplanisvery19.Theysayifyouwanttotravelbyyourself,20yougotraveling,youmaywanttospendlessmoney.Andthenyoushouldthinkaboutthefollowingthings.Cheapdoesnotalwaysmean21quality(質(zhì)量).Spendsometimestudyingaboutahotelortheplaceyouwanttogo.Drivingacarmaynotbethe22choicebecausesometimesyoushouldpaymoremoneyforthat.Walkthefurthermile.Yougettoknowatownoracity23onfootasyoucanstopanywhereandanytime.Andthelocals(居民)maybeyourbest24.Sometimestheytellbetterstoriesthantourguides.Youcanalways25thebusifyouareinterestedinsomethingwhenyoutravel.Soifyoudon’twanttowalk,justtakethebus.Youcanseepeople’slifeinthecity.16．A.excitedB.happyC.worriedD.glad17．A.withB.notC.andD.without18．A.adviceB.ideaC.plansD.piece19．A.helplessB.importantC.easyD.bad20．A.beforeB.afterC.ifD.assoonas21．A.highB.goodC.lowD.nice22．A.goodB.badC.bestD.nice23．A.worseB.betterC.littleD.less24．A.workersB.teachersC.doctorsD.guides25．A.getonB.getoffC.getinD.getoutof閱讀理解（A）OnceuponatimeinGreece(希臘)therelivedacleverman.HisnamewasAesop.Oneday,whenAesopwastakingawalkinthecountry,amanontheroadstoppedhim.Hesaid,"Kindsir,canyoutellmehowsoonIcangettotown?""Go,"Aesopanswered."OfcourseIknowImustgo,"saidtheman,"ButIwanttoknowhowsoonIcangettotown.""Go,"Aesopshoutedtohimagain.Themangotangry."Hemustbemad,"hethought.Andhewa