第十章+神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)

Chapter10FunctionsoftheNervousSystem張家興xzhangj@163.comBasicfunctionsofthenervoussystem1.SensationMonitorstimuli

occurringinandoutsidethebody2.IntegrationTheparallelprocessingandinterpretationofsensoryinformationtodeterminetheappropriateresponse3.ReactionMotoroutputTheactivationofmusclesorglandsNervoussystemCentralNSPeripheralNSSection1Howdoesthenervoussystemwork1.Neuronsandneuroglia2.Synaptictransmission

Nucleus

Soma

Perikaryon

DendriteCytoplasicprocess

Axon

1)Thestructureandfunctionofneuron(1)Neuron(nervecell)1.NeuronsandNeurogliaMotorneuronSensoryneuronInterneuron

Thethreetypesofneuronesarearrangedincircuitsandnetworks,thesimplestofwhichisthereflexarc

Theelementary

functionsofneuron:①Receivetheexcitationsorinhibitionsinducedbyinternalorexternalstimulations.②Transmissionofneuronalmessage.③Analyzeandintegratetheinformationfromeveryorgans.④Someneuronshaveneuroendocrinefunction.2)FunctionsandclassificationofnervefibersNervefibersMyelinatedNF

UnmyelinatedNF

(1)Integrity(2)Isolatedpropagation(3)Bidirectionalpropagation

(4)Relativelyindefatigability(5)UnattenuatedpropagationCharacteristicsofexcitationconductingalongnervefiber

:Conductionvelocityofnervefibers:

②Temperature

①Thediameterofnervefiber③ThemannerinwhichittravelsdependsonwhethertheneuronismyelinatedorunmyelinatedNervefiberclassificationaccordingto:

SpeedofconductionIfaxonsareconstrictedbyatightexternalringor"bottleneck",themovementofaxoplasmdowntheaxoncausesabulgetodevelopproximaltotheconstriction.Distally,theaxonbecomesnarrowerbecauseofareductionoftheaxoplasmicflow.Thus,thereisanaxoplasmicflowalongaxonsawayfromtheperikaryonandaxoplasmicflowissomehowinvolvedwithneurotrophiceffects.

3)AxoplasmicflowFasttransportAnterogradetransportSlowtransport410mm/d1-12mm/dorganelleswithmembrane

neurotransmittersmitochondriaandenzymesmicrotubuleandmicrofilamentRetrogradetransportNGF,virusandtoxinetc.byendocytosis205mm/d4)TrophicactionofnerveFunctionalaction

Trophicaction5)NeurotrophinNeurotrophicfactorssecretedbytheirtargettissues

andastroglia.Neurotrophinsareafamilyofproteinsthatinducethesurvival,development,andfunctionofneuronsNervegrowthfactor(NGF)Brain-derivedneurotrophinfactor(BDNF)Neurotrophin3,4/5,6Ciliaryneurotrophinfactor(CNTF)Glialcell-derivedneurotrophinfactor(GDNF)Insulin-likegrowthfactorⅠ(IGF-Ⅰ)Platelet-derivedgrowthfactor(PDGF)(2)Neuroglia

PNSSchwannCells

SatelliteCells

CNSAstrocyte

Oligodendroglia

Microglia

ClassificationInCNS:InPNS:SchwanncellsformthemyelinsheathinthePNS

Satellitecells:Support,protection,regulationofmolecularexchange①About1~5×1012neurogliacells,10~50foldofneurons;②Dendritesandaxonscannotbedistinguishedclearly;③Nochemicalsynapsesformedbuthaveelectricalsynapses;④Noactionpotentialproduced;⑤Multipleneurotransmitterreceptorsincellmembrane；⑥Lifelongproliferation.1)Characteristicsofneuroglia:①

Directionalguidanceofneuronalmigration2)Functionsofneuroglia②

Supporttheneurons③Myelinateandinsulateaxons④Nutritionalfunction⑤

Metabolicfunction⑥MaintainingK+balance⑦Involvedinmetabolismofneurotransmitters2.SynaptictransmissionCamilloGolgi

SantiagoRamónyCajal

TheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine1906Howneuronsareconnected?SynapsesNumber:1014-1015Synaptictransmission:communicationbetweenneuronsCharlesScottSherrington(1857-1952)

&theDiscoveryoftheSynapse

OttoLoewi,chemicaltransmitter.FromKristinHarrisLectures./lab/harris/lectures.htmChemicalElectrical(1)TypesofsynapsesChemicalsynapseElectricalsynapseDirectedsynapseNon-directedsynapseChemicalsynapsesNerve-skeletalmusclejointNerve-smoothmusclejoint

Nerve-myocardialjointTwoprincipalkindsofsynapses:electricalandchemical1)ChemicalsynaptictransmissionElectronmicroscopepictureofasynapse2)ClassificationofsynapsesCoexistenceofelectricalsynapseandchemicalsynapseSynapticvesiclescontainingneurotransmittermoleculesAxonofpresynapticneuronSynapticcleftIonchannel(closed)Ionchannel(open)AxonterminalofpresynapticneuronPostsynapticmembraneMitochondrionIonchannelclosedIonchannelopenNeurotransmitterReceptorPostsynapticmembraneDegradedneurotransmitterNa+Ca2+12345Actionpotential3)ProcessoftypicalsynaptictransmissionThepresynapticneuronexperiencesanactionpotential.PresenceoftheactionpotentialattheterminalbuttonpermitsCa2+toentertheneuronviavoltage-gatedcalciumchannels.Calciumtriggersthereleaseofneurotransmitterfromsynapticvesicles.Neurotransmittercrossesthesynapticcleftandopensionchannelsinthepost-synapticneuron.ProcessofTypicalSynapticTransmission突觸囊泡蛋白4)Thefactorsregulatingsynaptictransmission①Pre-synapticCa2+↑、Mg2+↓②Removalofneurotransmitters③Mustberemovedfromitsreceptor5)PostsynapticPotentialsExcitatorypostsynapticpotential(EPSP)Inhibitorypostsynapticpotential(IPSP)FastEPSPSlowEPSP①EPSP②IPSP

興奮性突觸后電位和抑制性突觸后電位比較

特點：①突觸前膜釋放遞質(zhì)是Ca2+內(nèi)流引發(fā)的；②遞質(zhì)是以囊泡的形式以出胞作用的方式釋放出來的；③EPSP和IPSP都是局部電位，而不是動作電位；④EPSP和IPSP都是突觸后膜離子通透性變化所致，與突觸前膜無關(guān)。

AnexampleofEPSPsandIPSPsinteractwithinamammalreflexbehavior6)Generationofactionpotentialinpostsynapticcell

Synapticplasticityistheabilityofsynapsetochangeinstrengthinresponsetoeitheruseordisuseoftransmissionoversynapticpathways.Plasticchangealsoresultsfromthealterationofthenumberofreceptorslocatedonasynapse

7)SynapticplasticityI.Pre-synapticshort-termmodulation(minutes)Post-tetanicpotentiation(PTP)HabituationSensitazationII.Post-synapticlong-termplasticity(30minutestoyears)

Long-termpotentiation(LTP)

long-termdepression(LTD)Pre-synapticvs.Post-synaptic

PTPisacommonformofshort-termplasticitythathasgenerallybeenthoughttobepresynaptic.

Afteratetanus(ahighfrequencytrainofstimulations)thereisahighlevelofresidualCa2+inthepresynapticcell,temporarilyincreasingthereleaseprobability.

①PTPPost-TetanicPotentiationPTPbelievedtobecausedbyalargeaccumulationofCa2+intheterminalcausedbyahighfrequencytetanicstimulation.非傷害性刺激②HabituationHabituationreferstodecreasesinresponsesbyrepeatedpresentationofaknownstimulus/physiology/Mann/mann19.html弱傷害性刺激弱傷害性刺激強傷害性刺激③SensitizationSensitizationreferstoincreasedresponsesbyrepeatedpresentationofaknownstimulus

LTPisalong-lastingenhancementinsignaltransmissionbetweentwoneuronsthatresultsfromstimulatingthemsynchronously.

④LTPEricR.KandelTimBlissAplysia(海兔)RecordingofLTPinaHippocampalSliceStimulationfrequenciesthatproduceLTPusuallyrangefrom~50to200Hz.ThemolecularmechanismsofLTPThemechanismsresponsibleforprolongedstrengtheningofsynaptictransmissionduringLTPRecordingofLTDintheHippocampusStimulationfrequenciesusuallyrangefrom1to10HzLTD(2)Non-directedsynaptictransmission(1)不存在突觸前膜與后膜的特化結(jié)構(gòu)；(2)不存在一對一的支配關(guān)系；(3)曲張體與效應(yīng)器間距離大；遞質(zhì)擴散距離較遠，傳遞所需時間可大于1s；(4)釋放的遞質(zhì)能否產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)，取決于效應(yīng)器上有無相應(yīng)的受體。非定向突觸傳遞(3)ElectricsynapseCharacterics：①Nopre-membrane

andpost-membrane②Theyallowimpulsetransmissionineitherdirection

③Nosynapticdelay

④Theyexistbetweendendriteanddendrite,somaandsoma,etc.

Chemicalsthatactasmessengersbetweencellsinthebrainandnervoussystem;theytransmitimpulsesacrossthegapfromaneurontoanotherneuron,amuscle,oragland.

2.NeurotransmitterandReceptor(1)Neurotransmitter1)Criteriathatdefineaneurotransmitter:i)Synthesizedinthepresynapticcell;ii)Mustbepresentatpresynapticterminal;iii)Specificreceptorsmustbepresent;iiii)Inactivatedbysomeenzymeorotherways;iiiii)Specialagonistandantagonist.2)Neuromodulator(神經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì))

Aneuromodulatorisasubstanceotherthananeurotransmitter,releasedbyaneuronatasynapse;Theneuromodulatorhasthecapacitytoenhanceordecreasetheextentofreleaseoftheneurotransmitterfollowingactionpotential.Classificationofneurotransmitterandneuromodulator

Classification膽堿類

Acetylcholine單胺類

Norepinephrine(NE),Epinephrine(Adrenaline),Dopamine,Serotonin(5-HT),Histamine氨基酸類

Glutamate,Aspartate,Glycine,GABA肽類

Hypothalamicregulatorypeptide,Vasopressin,Oxytocin嘌呤類

Adenosine,ATP氣體

NO、CO脂類

ArachidonicAcid

Daleprinciple:Theprinciplebasicallystatesthataneuronperformsthesamechemicalactionatallofitssynapticconnectionstoothercells,regardlessoftheidentityofthetargetcell.3)NeurotransmittercoexistenceUntilrecently,manyneuroscientistswereskepticaloftheideathatclassicalneurotransmitterscouldbeco-releasedfromneurons.NEandNPYareco-releasedfromtheneuronscontrollingsalivaryglandssecretion4)Metabolismofneurotransmitter

(2)Receptor

Amoleculeinsideoronthesurfaceofacellthatbindstoaspecificsubstanceandcausesaspecificphysiologiceffectinthecell.Characteristics:SpecificitySaturationReversibilityCompetiveChannel-linkedreceptorsG-protein-coupledreceptors1)Typesofreceptors：2)Presynapticreceptor:Upregulation：遞質(zhì)↓→數(shù)量↑，親和力↑Downregulation：遞質(zhì)↑→數(shù)量↓，親和力↓3)RegulationofreceptorPeripheralneurotransmitter

(3)PrimaryneurotransmittersandreceptorsN1N1交感神經(jīng)副交感神經(jīng)軀體運動神經(jīng)AChAChACh

AChNE骨骼肌血管、汗腺

M1-5

N1①膽堿能纖維④少數(shù)節(jié)后纖維①膽堿能纖維②膽堿能纖維③大多數(shù)節(jié)后纖維

M1-5AChN2Peripheralacetylcholinefiber:肽類或嘌呤類CentralneurotransmittersAcetylcholinepathwaysinCNS1）AChAcetylcholinereceptor

神經(jīng)節(jié)突觸后膜神經(jīng)肌肉接頭后膜Receptor

Distribution

Blocking

M1-5交感節(jié)后纖維支配的效應(yīng)器細胞膜上N1N2N阿托品六烴季銨箭毒十烴季銨Nicotinicreceptor(煙堿受體)Muscarinic(毒蕈堿受體)Noradrenergicpathways2)Norepinephrine(去甲腎上腺素)andEpinephrine(腎上腺素)ReceptorDistributionContributionBlockingαα1大多數(shù)內(nèi)臟平滑肌、腺體平滑肌收縮、腺體分泌增加Phentolamine、Prazosinα2突觸前膜、小腸平滑肌小腸平滑肌舒張Yohimbineββ1心肌心肌興奮增加Propranolol、Atenololβ2平滑?。ㄑ?、小腸、支氣管）平滑肌舒張Butoxamineβ3脂肪細胞脂肪分解增加PropranololEpinephrinereceptorDopaminepathways3)Dopamine(多巴胺)andreceptorSerotonergicpathways4）Serotonin(5-羥色胺)

glutamate(Glu)

Excitatoryaspartate(ASP)

γ-aminobutyricacid(GABA)

Inhibitoryglycine(Gly)5)Aminoacidsandreceptor①Channel-linkedreceptorsNMDA,AMPA,KA②MetabotropicreceptorsBelongtoG-protein-coupledreceptorsKindsofGlureceptor:Glutamatepathways6)NeuropeptidesInclude:SubstanceP–mediatorofpainsignalsBetaendorphin(β-內(nèi)啡肽),dynorphin(強啡肽),andenkephalins(內(nèi)啡肽)Actasnaturalopiates;reducepainperceptionBindtothesamereceptorsasopiatesandmorphineGut-brainpeptides–somatostatin,andcholecystokinin7)NovelmessengersATPFoundinboththeCNSandPNSProducesexcitatoryorinhibitoryresponsesdependingonreceptortypeInducesCa2+wavepropagationinastrocytesProvokespainsensationNitricoxide(NO)ActivatestheintracellularreceptorguanylylcyclaseIsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryCarbonmonoxide(CO)isamainregulatorofcGMPinthebrain(1)Classificationofreflex3.BasiclawofreflexUnconditionedreflex

Conditionedreflex(2)ThecentralcontrollingofreflexReceptorAfferentnerveCNSEfferentnerveEffectorReflexarcMonosynapticreflexPolysynapticreflex(3)Centralneuronalcircuitsingletprinciple(單線式)

divergenceprinciple(輻散式)

convergenceprinciple(聚合式)

circuit-likeconnection(環(huán)路式)

chain-likeconnection(鏈鎖式)

1.Onewayconduction

2.Synapticdelay(0.3-0.5ms)3.Summation4.Changeinrhythmofexcitation5.Susceptibilitytoasphyxia,ischemia,anddrugs6.

Fatigue(4)Characteristicsofcentralexcitationtransmission(5)Centralinhibition

Itcanbedividedintothepostsynapticinhibitionandpresynapticinhibitionaccordingtothelocation.

1)Postsynapticinhibition

Afferentcollateralinhibition:Thebranchesofaxonsynapsetheinhibitoryinterneuron,whichconnectwithotherexcitatoryneurons.

Recurrentinhibition:Theinhibitoryinterneuronisconnectedinsuchawaythattheyactbackontheexcitedcellitself.ItisveryimportantforcoordinatingreflexactivityRecurrentinhibition2)PresynapticinhibitionInpresynapticinhibition,thereisnochangeinthepostsynapsticmembrane,butareductioninthereleaseoftransmitteratthepresynapticterminaloftheexcitatorysynapses.Presynapticinhibitionisinducedbyanactivationofaxo-axonicsynapse(combinedwithaxo-somaticsynapse).(6)CentralfacilitationPresynapticfacilitation1.SomatosensoryanalysisofthecentralnervoussystemSection2SensoryFunctionoftheNervousSystem1)Afferentfiberstothalamus(1)SensorypathwayHemisectedspinalcordinjury2)Nucleigroupsinthalamus

Lateralventralposteriornucleus

MedialventralposteriornucleusMedialgeniculatebody

Lateralgeniculatebody①SpecificsensoryrelaynucleiPapezCircuit

Anteriornucleiofthalamus②Associatednuclei

Nucleuslateralis

Pulvinar

Nucleiintralaminares③Non-specificprojectionnuclei3)Sensoryprojectionsystem

Fromthespecificsensorynucleiandassociatednuclei

Projectingtothespecificareasofcortex(pointtopoint)Inducingthespecificsensory①Specificprojectionsystem②Non-specificprojectionsystem

Fromnon-specificprojectionnucleiProjectingdiffuselytothecortexMultisynapsesMaintainingtheawarenessstate丘腦兩類投射系統(tǒng)的比較特異性投射系統(tǒng)非特異性投射系統(tǒng)有三級神經(jīng)元接替完成，最終投射到大腦皮層的特定區(qū)域各種感覺傳導通路的第二級神經(jīng)元纖維通過腦干時，發(fā)出側(cè)支與腦干網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)神經(jīng)元發(fā)生聯(lián)系，并在網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)反復換元上行，抵達丘腦的髓板內(nèi)側(cè)核，然后彌散投射到大腦的廣泛區(qū)域上行纖維進入大腦主要與第IV層神經(jīng)元形成突觸聯(lián)系上行纖維進入大腦后分散在各層與皮層神經(jīng)元的樹突形成突觸聯(lián)系形成特定感覺維持與改變大腦皮層的興奮狀態(tài)不易受藥物作用的影響易受藥物的作用的影響Somaticrepresentations-SomaticsensoryareaI-SomaticsensoryareaIIProprioceptiverepresentations

(2)SensoryareasofcerebralcortexTheareaswhichreceivebodysensorymessagefromspecificprojectionsystem(ventralposteriornucleus)1)Somaticsensoryarea

①SomatosensoryareaI

(SI)

--Brodmann'sareas(BA)3a,3b,1,and2

CrossingprojectionforSomaticsensory,butbilateralprojectionforhead-facialsensationThesizeisdirectlyproportionaltosensoryresolution

Arrangementofprojectionisupside-down,butupside-upinhead-facialsensoryprojectionLocalizationofvarioussensationswithinSI肌肉牽張慢適應(yīng)快適應(yīng)深感覺SensorycolumnPlasticityinsensorycortexPlasticityistheideathattheenvironmentalexperiencecanalterthetuningandorganizationofcorticalareas.

Monkeystrainedtodoataskthatinvolvesextensiveuseofaparticularfingertipwillhavelargercorticalareasdevotedtothatfingertipthreemonthsafterlearningthetask②SomatosensoryareaII(SII)–betweenprecentralgyrusandinsula,intherostralpartofBA40SomatosensorycortexSIPostcentralgyrusHighdegreeoflocalization(BA3,1,2)Extensiveandmorestudied-moreimportantSIIPoorlocalizationLessstudiedRemovalofSIIhasnoapparenteffectonsensationLocation:BA4

2)Proprioceptive/Sensorimotorarea

Receivingafferentfibersfromcerebellumandbasalganglia

(3)PainFastPain

SlowPainquick,sharpslowlocalizedpoorlylocalizedfollowedbyadull,intense,unpleasedfeelingfollowedbynausea,vomiting,andcardiovascularandrespiratorychangestransmittedbyAδfiberstransmittedbyCfibersProjecttoSI,SIIProjecttocingulatecortex2.Visceralsensoryarea

(1)AfferentpathwayandcorticalareasCellbodylocation:Sympathetic:T1-L3Parasympathic:S2-4III,VII,IX,andXVisceralcortex:

①SⅠ②SII③Supplementarymotorarea④Cingulategyrusandinsularcortex(2)VisceralsensationPoorlylocalizedSlowandlong-lastingSensitivetomechanicalstretch,ischemia,andinflammationEspeciallyelicitingunpleasantemotionandcardiovascularandrespiratorychangesPropertiesofvisceralpain:ReferredpainMechanism:convergingandfacilitateddoctrine(1)Vision3.SpecialsensationanalysisofthecentralnervoussystemOrientationcolumn(2)Auditorysensation(3)OtherSensoryareasincerebralcortexSmellcortex–inferiorpartofthelimbicsystemTastecortex–belowthehead-facialcorticalrepresentationwhichlocatesinpostcentralgyrusSection3Cerebralcontrolofmotorfunctionandposture1.Finalcommonpathwayofmotorcontrol(1)MotorneuroninthespinalcordFinalcommonpathway(2)Motorunit

Amotorunitconsistsofasingleα-motorneuronandthegroupofmusclefiberswhichitinnervates.

2.CentralnervoussystemcontrolofpostureUnderthetransection:i)Thetoneofskeletalmuscleinnervatedandspinalrelaxesbelowthelesionisdecreasedordisappeared.ii)BPdropsdown,peripheralbloodvesselsaredilated.iii)Sweatingreflexissuppressed.iv)Fecesisdetainedinrectumandurineinbladder.

v)Somereflexesacquiredagain.

Whenthespinalcordissuddenlytransectedintheupperneck,essentiallyallcordfunctions,includingthecordreflexes,immediatelybecomedepressedtothepointoftotalsilence.1)Spinalshock

(1)ThefunctionofspinalcordPosturalreflex:①Crossedextensorreflexandflexorreflex(2)Spinalcontrolofposture

②Stretchreflex

③Intersegmentalreflex①CrossedextensorreflexFlexorreflex

Ifthestimulussufficientlystrong,flexionofipsilaterallimbandextensionofthecontra-laterallimbwhichservestosupportthebodyweightandmaintainthebodybalance.Definition:Wheneveraskeletalmuscleisstretchedsuddenly,excitationofthespindlecausesreflexcontractionofthelargeskeletalmusclefibersofthesamemuscle.

②Stretchreflex

Tendonreflex

Shortlastingandrelativelyintense,strongreflexcontraction.(singlesynapticreflex).Muscletonus

Lessintensebutlastslonger,maintainthebodyposture.(polysynapticreflex)Musclespindle

GolgiTendonOrgansandinversestretchreflex

牽張反射和反牽張反射比較感受器感受器位置感受變化傳入神經(jīng)興奮閾值興奮后的效應(yīng)肌梭梭外肌中間肌肉長度Ia、II一般牽拉同一塊肌肉收縮對抗牽拉腱器官梭外肌肌腱中肌張力Ib過度牽拉同一塊肌肉舒張,避免牽拉過度③Intersegmentalreflex(2)Brainstemcontrolofmotorfunction1)Brainstem

controlof

muscletonusDecerebraterigidityMidbrainattheinter-collicularlevelistransected.Extensor

stretchreflexesbecomehyperactiveandhyper-tonicofallextensormusclesappears,whichmakesthelimbsrigidlyextended,thebackstiffandstraightandtheheadheldupandslightlybackward..DecorticaterigidityDecerebraterigidityMechanismsinvolvedindecerebraterigidityα-rigidityandγ-rigidity2)Brainstemcontrolofposturalreflex①Attitudinalreflex:ToniclabyrinthinereflexTonicneckreflexTonicneckreflex②Rightingreflex3.Cerebralcontrolofmotorfunction隨意運動的產(chǎn)生和協(xié)調(diào)(1)Motorareasofcerebralcortexandmotorpathway1)MotorareasofcerebralcortexSupplementarymotorareaPrimarymotorarea[pre-centralgyrus(BA4)andpre-motorarea(BA6)]Crossedinnervation,butbilateralinnervationtohead-facialmuscles(exceptforinferiorfacialandlingualismuscles).Preciselocationforfunction.Upside-downarrangementatcorticalmotorarea,upside-upforface.Functionalcharacteristics:2)MotorpathwayCorticospinaltractsCorticobulbartract

Flaccidparalysis

隨意運動喪失并伴有牽張反射減退或消失（損傷延髓錐體）

Spasticparalysis隨意運動喪失伴有牽張反射亢進Babinskisign見于皮層脊髓束損傷、嬰兒、深睡或麻醉狀態(tài)意義：檢查皮層脊髓側(cè)束功能是否正常柔軟性麻痹和痙攣性麻痹的區(qū)別痙攣性麻痹柔軟性麻痹癱瘓性質(zhì)硬癱、痙攣性癱、中樞性癱軟癱、萎縮性癱、周圍性癱損害部位姿勢調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)、運動傳出通路、小腦運動調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)脊髓前角運動神經(jīng)元或運動神經(jīng)元麻痹范圍常為廣泛的常為局限的肌緊張張力過強張力減退、松弛腱反射增強減弱或消失淺反射減弱或消失減弱或消失病理反射巴賓斯基征陽性無肌萎縮不明顯明顯(2)Motor-modulationfunctionofbasalganglia

Caudatenucleusputamenglobuspallidus---paleostriatum

SubthalamicnucleusSubstantianigraNeostriatumLentiformnucleu

Fiberconnectionbetweenbasalganglionsandcerebralcortex2)Twodiseasesassociatedwithbasalganglion①Parkinsondisease②HuntingtondiseaseGABA↓(3)Cerebellumcontrolofmotor后外側(cè)裂1)Vestibulocerebellum/FlocculonodularlobeItistheoldestpartinevolutionaryterms(archicerebellum)andparticipatesmainlyinbalanceandspatialorientation前庭小腦的纖維聯(lián)系

前庭神經(jīng)核小腦下腳絨球小結(jié)葉內(nèi)側(cè)縱束眼外肌運動神經(jīng)元前庭脊髓束軀干肌運動神經(jīng)元2)Spinocerebellum

/Paleocerebellum

Thissectorofthecerebellumfunctionsmainlytofine-tunebodyandlimbmovements.脊髓小腦的纖維聯(lián)系和功能脊髓小腦束小腦下腳小腦蚓頂核中間核小腦半球皮質(zhì)對側(cè)紅核紅核脊髓束丘腦腹外側(cè)核皮質(zhì)脊髓側(cè)束前庭神經(jīng)核腦干網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)前庭脊髓束網(wǎng)狀脊髓束本體感受器視覺、聽覺

3)Cerebrocerebellum

/Neocerebellum

Itisthoughttobeinvolvedinplanningmovementthatisabouttooccur,inevaluatingsensoryinformationforaction,andinanumberofpurelycognitivefunctionsaswell.大腦小腦的纖維聯(lián)系和功能大腦皮質(zhì)廣泛區(qū)域橋核小腦半球外側(cè)部皮質(zhì)齒狀核紅核丘腦腹外側(cè)核大腦皮質(zhì)運動區(qū)皮質(zhì)脊髓側(cè)束紅核脊髓束ExtrapyramidalsystempathwaySection4

NervousSystemcontrolofvisceralactivities,instinctivebehaviorandmood1.AutonomicnervoussystemPympatheticnerveParasympatheticnerve(1)Structural

characteristics還有腎也是只受交感神經(jīng)支配?。?！自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)末梢的化學傳遞1)Sympatheticandparasympathetic“tone”:Thetwosystemarecontinuallyactive2)Dualinnervation:Mostofthevisceralorgansreceivebothsympatheticandparasympatheticinnervations.但汗腺、腎上腺髓質(zhì)、腎臟、皮膚及肌肉的血管平滑肌僅接受交感神經(jīng)支配。

3)Thefunctionsofsympatheticandparasympatheticsystemaresometimesassociatedwiththestatusofeffectors.

(2)PrimaryfunctionofAutonomicNSSympatheticNervousSystem:“FightorFlight”ParasympatheticNervousSystem:“RestandDigest”4)Regulationtothephysiologicalfunctionsofthewholebody

Simplereflexesareintegratedhere.e.g.defecationandmicturation,sweating,angiotasis(血管張力反射),

penileerectilereflection(陰莖勃起反射).2.Centralcontroltovisceralaction(1)SpinalcordItisthebasiccenterofvisceralaction.Medullaoblongataisthevitalcenter

ImportantregulationonBP,HR,andrespirationoccurinmedullaoblongata.

(2)Lowerbrainstem

Pupillarylightreflexispracticedwiththeactionofmidbrain(3)Hypothalamus

Hypothalamusisahighercenterforthefunctionalintegrationofvisceralandsomaticresponses.Component：FiberconnectionwithotherbrainregionsA.Regulationofbodytemperature–thepreopticareaandanteriorhypothalamus(PO/AH)Theprimaryfunctionsofhypothalamus:B.Regulationofwaterbalance–osmoreceptorADH.C.RegulationoffoodintakeSatietycenter:

VentromedialnucleusFeedingcenter:VentrolateralnucleusandAmygdalaD.Biorhythm–suprachiasmaticnucleus(4)Cerebralcortexcontrolofvisceralactivities1)LimbicsystemAmygdaloidbodyHippocamp