曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第13章

生產(chǎn)本錢Chapter13生產(chǎn)本錢供給定理:當(dāng)一種物品價(jià)格上升時(shí)，企業(yè)愿意生產(chǎn)并銷售更多的這種物品。這種反響導(dǎo)致了向右上方傾斜的供給曲線。企業(yè)的目標(biāo)MaximumProfits企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)就是要使其獲得的利潤最大化。企業(yè)的總收益與總本錢總收益企業(yè)出售其產(chǎn)品所得到的貨幣量。總本錢企業(yè)用于生產(chǎn)的投入品的市場價(jià)值。企業(yè)的利潤利潤即企業(yè)的總收益減去總本錢 Profit=Totalrevenue-Totalcost作為時(shí)機(jī)本錢的本錢企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)本錢包括所有用來生產(chǎn)商品與效勞的投入品的時(shí)機(jī)本錢。顯性本錢與隱性本錢企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)本錢包括顯性本錢與隱性本錢。顯性本錢〔Explicitcosts〕指企業(yè)為購置生產(chǎn)用投入要素而直接支出的貨幣本錢。隱性本錢〔Implicitcosts〕指不包括在直接貨幣支出中的投入本錢。經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤versus會(huì)計(jì)利潤經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家衡量企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤用企業(yè)的總收益減去生產(chǎn)所銷售物品與勞務(wù)的總時(shí)機(jī)本錢〔顯性的與隱性的〕。會(huì)計(jì)師衡量企業(yè)的利潤用企業(yè)的總收益減去顯性本錢，也就是說，他們忽略隱性本錢。EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfit當(dāng)總收益超過顯性本錢與隱性本錢，企業(yè)將獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤。經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤小于會(huì)計(jì)利潤。EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitRevenueTotalopportunitycostsHowanEconomistViewsaFirmExplicitcostsEconomicprofitImplicitcostsExplicitcostsAccountingprofitHowanAccountantViewsaFirmRevenue生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與總本錢TheProductionFunction生產(chǎn)函數(shù)〔Theproductionfunction〕展示了用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品的產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。邊際產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)過程中任何一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量〔marginalproduct〕是增加一單位投入所引起的產(chǎn)量增加。MarginalProduct投入增量產(chǎn)量增量=邊際產(chǎn)量邊際產(chǎn)量遞減邊際產(chǎn)量遞減〔Diminishingmarginalproduct〕指一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量隨著投入量增加而減少的特征。例如:當(dāng)越來越多的工人被雇用到企業(yè)，每個(gè)增加的工人對產(chǎn)量的奉獻(xiàn)卻越來越少，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的設(shè)備數(shù)量是有限的。AProductionFunction...QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)150140130120110100908070605040302010NumberofWorkersHired012345ProductionfunctionDiminishingMarginalProduct

生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的斜率測量了投入品的邊際產(chǎn)量，如勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量。

隨著投入品數(shù)量的增加，邊際產(chǎn)量不斷減少，生產(chǎn)函數(shù)變得越來越平坦。從生產(chǎn)函數(shù)到總本錢曲線企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量與本錢的關(guān)系決定了價(jià)格決策?？偙惧X曲線展示了產(chǎn)量與本錢的幾何關(guān)系。AProductionFunctionandTotalCostHungryHelen’sCookieFactoryTotal-CostCurve...TotalCost$8070605040302010QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)020401401201008060Total-costcurve本錢的各種衡量指標(biāo)生產(chǎn)本錢可以被分為固定本錢與可變本錢。固定本錢與可變本錢固定本錢指不隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的本錢?？勺儽惧X指隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的本錢。FamilyofTotalCostsTotalFixedCosts(TFC)TotalVariableCosts(TVC)TotalCosts(TC)

TC=TFC+TVCFamilyofTotalCostsQuantityTotalCostFixedCostVariableCost0$3.00$3.00$0.0013.303.000.3023.803.000.8034.503.001.5045.403.002.4056.503.003.5067.803.004.8079.303.006.30811.003.008.00912.903.009.901015.003.0012.00平均本錢平均總本錢〔Averagecosts〕以總本錢除以產(chǎn)量。平均總本錢是每單位產(chǎn)量的本錢。FamilyofAverageCostsAverageFixedCosts(AFC)AverageVariableCosts(AVC)AverageTotalCosts(ATC)ATC=AFC+AVCFamilyofAverageCosts$3.00FamilyofAverageCostsQuantityAFCAVCATC0———1$0.30$3.3021.500.401.9031.000.501.5040.750.601.3550.600.701.3060.500.801.3070.430.901.3380.381.001.3890.331.101.43100.301.201.50邊際本錢邊際本錢〔Marginalcost(MC)〕指額外一單位產(chǎn)量所引起的總本錢的增加。邊際本錢有助于理解如下問題： 生產(chǎn)額外一單位產(chǎn)量的本錢是多少？MarginalCostMarginalCostTotal-CostCurve...$0.00$2.00$4.00$6.00$8.00$10.00$12.00$14.00$16.00024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostTotal-costcurveATCAVCMCAverage-CostandMarginal-CostCurves...$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)

CostsAFC本錢曲線及其形狀邊際本錢隨著產(chǎn)量增加而上升，具有遞增的特點(diǎn)。這反映了邊際產(chǎn)量遞減的性質(zhì)。CostCurvesandTheirShapes$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)CostsMCCostCurvesandTheirShapes平均總本錢曲線呈U-形.當(dāng)產(chǎn)量水平很低時(shí)，平均總本錢很高，因?yàn)楣潭ū惧X分?jǐn)偟搅撕苌俚漠a(chǎn)量上。當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時(shí)，平均總本錢遞減。當(dāng)平均可變本錢上升到能抵銷平均固定本錢的遞減時(shí)，平均總本錢開始上升。CostCurvesandTheirShapesU-形曲線的底端對應(yīng)著使平均總本錢最小的產(chǎn)量，這種產(chǎn)量有時(shí)被稱為企業(yè)的有效規(guī)模。CostCurvesandTheirShapes$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostsATC邊際本錢與平均總本錢的關(guān)系當(dāng)邊際本錢低于平均本錢時(shí)，平均本錢下降。當(dāng)邊際本錢大于平均本錢時(shí)，平均本錢上升。RelationshipBetweenMarginalCostandAverageTotalCost邊際本錢曲線穿過平均總本錢曲線于其有效規(guī)模的點(diǎn)上。有效規(guī)模即平均總本錢最小的產(chǎn)量。MCATCRelationshipBetweenMarginalCostandAverageTotalCost$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)

Costs各種本錢的計(jì)算現(xiàn)在考察各種本錢的計(jì)量及其內(nèi)在的關(guān)聯(lián)。TheVariousMeasuresofCostBigBob’sBagelBinBigBob’sCostCurves...$0.00$2.00$4.00$6.00$8.00$10.00$12.00$14.00$16.00$18.00$20.000246810121416QuantityofOutput(bagelsperhour)TotalCostTotalCostCurveAFCAVCMCBigBob’sCostCurves...00.511.522.533.50246810121416QuantityofOutputCostsATC本錢曲線的三個(gè)重要特性當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時(shí)，邊際本錢最終會(huì)上升。平均總本錢曲線是U-形.邊際本錢曲線經(jīng)過平均總本錢曲線的最低點(diǎn)，即U-形的底端。長期本錢對許多企業(yè)而言，總本錢分為固定本錢與可變本錢取決于所考察的時(shí)間長短。在短期，一些本錢是固定的。在長期，固定本錢將變?yōu)榭勺兊?。CostsintheLongRun由于許多本錢在短期是固定的，但在長期卻是可變的，因此企業(yè)的長期本錢曲線與短期本錢曲線是不同的。AverageTotalCostintheShortandLongRuns...QuantityofCarsperDay0AverageTotalCost小型工廠短期ATC

中型工廠短期ATC大型工廠短期ATC長期ATC

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)〔Economiesofscale〕指當(dāng)長期平均總本錢隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少的特性。規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)〔Diseconomiesofscale〕指當(dāng)長期平均總本錢隨著產(chǎn)量增加而增加的特性。規(guī)模收益不變〔Constantreturnstoscale〕指長期平均總本錢不隨產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的特性。EconomiesandDiseconomiesofScale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)QuantityofCarsperDay0AverageTotalCostATCinlongrun規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模收益不變SummaryThegoaloffirmsistomaximizeprofit,whichequalstotalrevenueminustotalcost.

Whenanalyzingafirm’sbehavior,itisimportanttoincludealltheopportunitycostsofproduction.Someopportunitycostsareexplicitwhileotheropportunitycostsareimplicit.SummaryAfirm’scostsreflectitsproductionprocess.Atypicalfirm’sproductionfunctiongetsflatterasthequantityofinputincreases,displayingthepropertyofdiminishingmarginalproduct.Afirm’stotalcostsaredividedbetweenfixedandvariablecosts.Fixedcostsdon’tvarywithquantitiesproduced;variablecostsdo.SummaryAveragetotalcostistotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput.Marginalcostistheamountbywhichtotalcostwouldriseifoutputwereincreasedbyoneunit.Themarginalcostalwaysriseswiththequantityofoutput.SummaryTheaverage-total-costcurveisU-shaped.Themarginal-costcurvealwayscrossestheaverage-total-costcurveattheminimumofATC.Afirm’scostsoftendependonthetimehorizonbeingconsidered.GraphicalReviewEconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitRevenueTotalopportunitycostsHowanEconomistViewsaFirmExplicitcostsEconomicprofitImplicitcostsExplicitcostsAccountingprofitHowanAccountantViewsaFirmRevenueAProductionFunction...QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)150140130120110100908070605040302010NumberofWorkersHired012345ProductionfunctionTotal-CostCurve...TotalCost$8070605040302010QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)020401401201008060Total-costcurveTotal-CostCurve...$0.00$2.00$4.00$6.00$8.00$10.00$12.00$14.00$16.00024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostTotal-costcurveAverage-CostandMarginal-CostCurves...ATCAVCMC$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)

CostsAFCCostCurvesandTheirShapes$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)CostsMCCostCurvesandTheirShapes$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostsATCRelationshipBetweenMarginalCostandAverageTotalCostMCATC$0.00$0.50