計算機專業(yè)英語Unit02-SectionA-Computer-Hardware

ComputerEnglish

(FourthEdition)Unit2,SectionAComputerHardware2/29ComputerHardware—Introduction3/29ComputerHardware—IntroductionI.IntroductionComputerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthefunctionofacomputerandconsistsofthecomponentsthatcanbephysicallyhandled.Thefunctionofthesecomponentsistypicallydividedintothreemaincategories:input,output,andstorage.Componentsinthesecategoriesconnecttomicroprocessors,specifically,thecomputer’scentralprocessingunit(CPU),theelectroniccircuitrythatprovidesthecomputationalabilityandcontrolofthecomputer,viawiresorcircuitrycalledabus.I.引言

計算機硬件是計算機運行所需要的設(shè)備，由可進(jìn)行物理處理的元件組成。這些元件的功能一般分為3個主要類別：輸入、輸出和存儲。這些類別的元件與微處理器相連接，特別是與計算機的中央處理器相連接，而后者是通過被稱之為總線的線路或電路來提供計算能力和對計算機進(jìn)行控制的電子電路。4/29ComputerHardware—Introduction

Software,ontheotherhand,isthesetofinstructionsacomputerusestomanipulatedata,suchasaword-processingprogramoravideogame.Theseprogramsareusuallystoredandtransferredviathecomputer’shardwaretoandfromtheCPU.Softwarealsogovernshowthehardwareisutilized;forexample,howinformationisretrievedfromastoragedevice.TheinteractionbetweentheinputandoutputhardwareiscontrolledbysoftwarecalledtheBasicInput/OutputSystem(BIOS)software.

另一方面，軟件是計算機用來處理數(shù)據(jù)的一套指令，如文字處理程序或者視頻游戲。這些程序通常被存儲起來，并由計算機硬件調(diào)入和調(diào)出中央處理器。軟件也控制著硬件如何使用；例如，如何從存儲設(shè)備中檢索信息。輸入與輸出硬件的交互作用是由基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)（BIOS）軟件控制的。5/29ComputerHardware—IntroductionAlthoughmicroprocessorsarestilltechnicallyconsideredtobehardware,portionsoftheirfunctionarealsoassociatedwithcomputersoftware.Sincemicroprocessorshavebothhardwareandsoftwareaspectstheyarethereforeoftenreferredtoasfirmware.盡管微處理器在技術(shù)上仍被認(rèn)為是硬件，其部分功能也與計算機軟件有關(guān)系。既然微處理器同時具有硬件與軟件方面的特征，它們因此經(jīng)常被稱作固件。6/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareII.InputHardwareInputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevices—thatis,componentsoutsideofthecomputer’sCPU—thatprovideinformationandinstructionstothecomputer.II.輸入硬件輸入硬件由給計算機提供信息和指令的外部設(shè)備——亦即計算機中央處理器以外的元件——組成。Alightpenisastyluswithalightsensitivetipthatisusedtodrawdirectlyonacomputer’svideoscreenortoselectinformationonthescreenbypressingaclipinthelightpenorbypressingthelightpenagainstthesurfaceofthescreen.Thepencontainslightsensorsthatidentifywhichportionofthescreenitispassedover.

光筆是具有光敏端頭的輸入筆，用來在計算機屏幕上直接寫畫，或者通過按光筆上的夾子或用光筆接觸屏幕來在屏幕上選擇信息。這種筆含有光傳感器，能夠識別屏幕上筆經(jīng)過的部分。7/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareII.InputHardwareInputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevices—thatis,componentsoutsideofthecomputer’sCPU—thatprovideinformationandinstructionstothecomputer.II.輸入硬件輸入硬件由給計算機提供信息和指令的外部設(shè)備——亦即計算機中央處理器以外的元件——組成。Alightpenisastyluswithalightsensitivetipthatisusedtodrawdirectlyonacomputer’svideoscreenortoselectinformationonthescreenbypressingaclipinthelightpenorbypressingthelightpenagainstthesurfaceofthescreen.Thepencontainslightsensorsthatidentifywhichportionofthescreenitispassedover.

光筆是具有光敏端頭的輸入筆，用來在計算機屏幕上直接寫畫，或者通過按光筆上的夾子或用光筆接觸屏幕來在屏幕上選擇信息。這種筆含有光傳感器，能夠識別屏幕上筆經(jīng)過的部分。stylus:n.鐵筆用來刻畫、雕刻的細(xì)長而尖利的工具；留聲機的唱針tip:n.尖端，技巧the~ofafinger指尖~s小貼士，小技巧Photoofthe

HypertextEditingSystem

(HES)consoleinuseat

BrownUniversity,circaOctober1969.ThephotoshowsHESonanIBM2250Mod4displaystation,includinglightpenandprogrammedfunctionkeyboard,channelcoupledtoBrown's

IBM360mainframe.8/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmouseisapointingdevicedesignedtobegrippedbyonehand.Ithasadetectiondevice(usuallyaball)onthebottomthatenablestheusertocontrolthemotionofanon-screenpointer,orcursor,bymovingthemouseonaflatsurface.Asthedevicemovesacrossthesurface,thecursormovesacrossthescreen.Toselectitemsorchoosecommandsonthescreen,theuserpressesabuttononthemouse.鼠標(biāo)是為一只手抓握而設(shè)計的指示設(shè)備。它在底部有一個檢測裝置（通常是一個圓球），使用戶通過在一個平面上移動鼠標(biāo)能夠控制屏幕上指針或光標(biāo)的運動。當(dāng)鼠標(biāo)滑過平面的時候，光標(biāo)隨著在屏幕上移動。要在屏幕上選擇項目或命令，用戶就點擊鼠標(biāo)上的按鈕。9/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmouseisapointingdevicedesignedtobegrippedbyonehand.Ithasadetectiondevice(usuallyaball)onthebottomthatenablestheusertocontrolthemotionofanon-screenpointer,orcursor,bymovingthemouseonaflatsurface.Asthedevicemovesacrossthesurface,thecursormovesacrossthescreen.Toselectitemsorchoosecommandsonthescreen,theuserpressesabuttononthemouse.鼠標(biāo)是為一只手抓握而設(shè)計的指示設(shè)備。它在底部有一個檢測裝置（通常是一個圓球），使用戶通過在一個平面上移動鼠標(biāo)能夠控制屏幕上指針或光標(biāo)的運動。當(dāng)鼠標(biāo)滑過平面的時候，光標(biāo)隨著在屏幕上移動。要在屏幕上選擇項目或命令，用戶就點擊鼠標(biāo)上的按鈕。Mechanicalmouse;Opticalmouse;Wirelessmouse;Bluetoothmouse.Operatinganmechanicalmouse.movingthemouseturnstheball.XandYrollersgriptheballandtransfermovementOpticalencodingdisksincludelightholes.InfraredLEDsshinethroughthedisks.SensorsgatherlightpulsestoconverttoXandYvectors.10/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAjoystickisapointingdevicecomposedofaleverthatmovesinmultipledirectionstonavigateacursororothergraphicalobjectonacomputerscreen.操縱桿是由一根桿子組成的指示設(shè)備，該桿以向多個方向移動來操縱計算機屏幕上的光標(biāo)或者其他圖形對象。

11/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAjoystickisapointingdevicecomposedofaleverthatmovesinmultipledirectionstonavigateacursororothergraphicalobjectonacomputerscreen.操縱桿是由一根桿子組成的指示設(shè)備，該桿以向多個方向移動來操縱計算機屏幕上的光標(biāo)或者其他圖形對象。

lever:n.桿，控制桿leverprinciple杠桿原理Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.(給我一個支點，我將撬動地球。)Videogamejoystickelements:#1Stick;#2Base;#3Trigger;#4Extrabuttons;#5Autofireswitch;#6Throttle;#7HatSwitch(POVHat);#8SuctionCup12/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAkeyboardisatypewriter-likedevicethatallowstheusertotypeintextandcommandstothecomputer.Somekeyboardshavespecialfunctionkeysorintegratedpointingdevices,suchasatrackballortouch-sensitiveregionsthatlettheuser’sfingermotionsmoveanon-screencursor.鍵盤是一個像打字機的設(shè)備，它使用戶得以向計算機鍵入文本和命令。有些鍵盤有特殊功能鍵或集成的指示設(shè)備，如軌跡球或者可以讓用戶通過手指的移動來移動屏幕上光標(biāo)的觸敏區(qū)。

13/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAnopticalscanneruseslight-sensingequipmenttoconvertimagessuchasapictureortextintoelectronicsignalsthatcanbemanipulatedbyacomputer.Forexample,aphotographcanbescannedintoacomputerandthenincludedinatextdocumentcreatedonthatcomputer.Thetwomostcommonscannertypesaretheflatbedscanner,whichissimilartoanofficephotocopier,andthehand-heldscanner,whichispassedmanuallyacrosstheimagetobeprocessed.光掃描儀利用光感應(yīng)設(shè)備將圖片或文本等形式的圖像轉(zhuǎn)換成計算機能夠處理的電子信號。例如，一張照片能夠被掃入一臺計算機，然后包括在該計算機建立的文本文件中。最常見的兩種掃描儀類型是平板式掃描儀和手持式掃描儀，前者類似一臺辦公復(fù)印機，后者用手動的方式從要處理的圖像上掃過。14/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAnopticalscanneruseslight-sensingequipmenttoconvertimagessuchasapictureortextintoelectronicsignalsthatcanbemanipulatedbyacomputer.Forexample,aphotographcanbescannedintoacomputerandthenincludedinatextdocumentcreatedonthatcomputer.Thetwomostcommonscannertypesaretheflatbedscanner,whichissimilartoanofficephotocopier,andthehand-heldscanner,whichispassedmanuallyacrosstheimagetobeprocessed.光掃描儀利用光感應(yīng)設(shè)備將圖片或文本等形式的圖像轉(zhuǎn)換成計算機能夠處理的電子信號。例如，一張照片能夠被掃入一臺計算機，然后包括在該計算機建立的文本文件中。最常見的兩種掃描儀類型是平板式掃描儀和手持式掃描儀，前者類似一臺辦公復(fù)印機，后者用手動的方式從要處理的圖像上掃過。optical:adj.光學(xué)的，視力的~instruments光學(xué)設(shè)備an~defect視力缺陷15/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmicrophoneisadeviceforconvertingsoundintosignalsthatcanthenbestored,manipulated,andplayedbackbythecomputer.Avoicerecognitionmoduleisadevicethatconvertsspokenwordsintoinformationthatthecomputercanrecognizeandprocess.麥克風(fēng)是將聲音轉(zhuǎn)換成可被計算機存儲、處理和回放的信號的設(shè)備。語音識別模塊是將說的話轉(zhuǎn)換成計算機能夠識別和處理的信號的設(shè)備。

16/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmodem,whichstandsfor

modulator-demodulator,isadevicethatconnectsacomputertoatelephonelineandallowsinformationtobetransmittedtoorreceivedfromanothercomputer.Eachcomputerthatsendsorreceivesinformationmustbeconnectedtoamodem.調(diào)制解調(diào)器代表調(diào)制器―解調(diào)器，是將計算機與電話線連接、允許信息傳給或接自另一臺計算機的設(shè)備。每臺發(fā)送或接收信息的計算機都必須與調(diào)制解調(diào)器相連接。17/29ComputerHardware—InputHardwareTheinformationsentfromonecomputerisconvertedbythemodemintoanaudiosignal,whichisthentransmittedbytelephonelinestothereceivingmodem,whichconvertsthesignalintoinformationthatthereceivingcomputercanunderstand.計算機發(fā)送的信息由調(diào)制解調(diào)器轉(zhuǎn)換成音頻信號，然后通過電話線傳送到接收調(diào)制解調(diào)器上，由其將信號轉(zhuǎn)換成接收計算機能夠理解的信息。18/29ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareIII.OutputHardware

Outputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevicesthattransferinformationfromthecomputer’sCPUtothecomputeruser.III.輸出硬件輸出硬件由將信息從計算機中央處理器傳給計算機用戶的外部設(shè)備構(gòu)成。

Avideodisplay,orscreen,convertsinformationgeneratedbythecomputerintovisualinformation.視頻顯示器或屏幕將計算機生成的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成可視信息。

19/29ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareDisplayscommonlytakeoneoftwoforms:avideoscreenwithacathoderaytube(CRT)oravideoscreenwithaliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD).顯示器一般有兩種形式：陰極射線管視頻屏幕和液晶顯示視頻屏幕。

ACRT-basedscreen,ormonitor,lookssimilartoatelevisionset.InformationfromtheCPUisdisplayedusingabeamofelectronsthatscansaphosphorescentsurfacethatemitslightandcreatesimages.基于陰極射線管的屏幕或監(jiān)視器看起來就像一臺電視機。從中央處理器輸出的信息，使用電子束顯示出來，其過程是電子束掃描熒光屏，而熒光屏則發(fā)出光并產(chǎn)生圖像。

20/29ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareAnLCD-basedscreendisplaysvisualinformationonaflatterandsmallerscreenthanaCRT-basedvideomonitor.LCDsarefrequentlyusedinlaptopcomputers.基于液晶顯示器的屏幕將可視信息顯示在比基于陰極射線管的視頻監(jiān)視器更平、更小的屏幕上。液晶顯示器常常用于膝上型計算機。

21/29ComputerHardware—OutputHardwarePrinterstaketextandimagefromacomputerandprintthemonpaper.Dot-matrixprintersusetinywirestoimpactuponaninkedribbontoformcharacters.Laserprintersemploybeamsoflighttodrawimagesonadrumthatthenpicksupfineblackparticlescalledtoner.Thetonerisfusedtoapagetoproduceanimage.Inkjetprintersfiredropletsofinkontoapagetoformcharactersandpictures.打印機將計算機輸出的文本和圖像打印在紙上。點陣打印機使用細(xì)小的金屬絲打擊色帶，從而形成字符。激光打印機使用光束在磁鼓上畫圖像，然后由磁鼓吸起被稱之為色粉的微小黑粒。色粉熔凝到紙上，形成圖像。噴墨打印機將小墨滴噴射到紙上，形成字符和圖像。22/29ComputerHardware—OutputHardwarePrinterstaketextandimagefromacomputerandprintthemonpaper.Dot-matrixprintersusetinywirestoimpactuponaninkedribbontoformcharacters.Laserprintersemploybeamsoflighttodrawimagesonadrumthatthenpicksupfineblackparticlescalledtoner.Thetonerisfusedtoapagetoproduceanimage.Inkjetprintersfiredropletsofinkontoapagetoformcharactersandpictures.打印機將計算機輸出的文本和圖像打印在紙上。點陣打印機使用細(xì)小的金屬絲打擊色帶，從而形成字符。激光打印機使用光束在磁鼓上畫圖像，然后由磁鼓吸起被稱之為色粉的微小黑粒。色粉熔凝到紙上，形成圖像。噴墨打印機將小墨滴噴射到紙上，形成字符和圖像。fine:adj.美好的，精細(xì)的a~day美好的一天~hairs纖細(xì)的頭發(fā)abladewith~edge有鋒利邊沿的刀鋒23/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareIV.Storagehardware

Storagehardwareprovidespermanentstorageofinformationandprogramsforretrievalbythecomputer.Thetwomaintypesofstoragedevicesaredisk

drivesandmemory.Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrives:hard,floppy,magneto-optical,andcompact.IV.存儲硬件存儲硬件為計算機檢索提供信息和程序的永久性存儲。兩種主要的存儲設(shè)備是磁盤驅(qū)動器和存儲器。磁盤驅(qū)動器有幾種類型：硬盤、軟盤、磁光盤和光盤(緊密)。8-inch,5?-inch,and3?-inchfloppydisks24/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareIV.Storagehardware

Storagehardwareprovidespermanentstorageofinformationandprogramsforretrievalbythecomputer.Thetwomaintypesofstoragedevicesaredisk

drivesandmemory.Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrives:hard,floppy,magneto-optical,andcompact.IV.存儲硬件存儲硬件為計算機檢索提供信息和程序的永久性存儲。兩種主要的存儲設(shè)備是磁盤驅(qū)動器和存儲器。磁盤驅(qū)動器有幾種類型：硬盤、軟盤、磁光盤和光盤(緊密)。8-inch,5?-inch,and3?-inchfloppydisks25/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareHarddiskdrivesstoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinadisk.Usuallyapermanentpartofthecomputer,harddiskdrivescanstorelargeamountsofinformationandretrievethatinformationveryquickly.硬盤驅(qū)動器將信息存儲在盤中嵌入的磁性顆粒中。硬盤驅(qū)動器通常是計算機的固定部分，能存儲大量的信息并對其進(jìn)行快速的檢索。

26/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareFloppydiskdrivesalsostoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinremovabledisksthatmaybefloppyorrigid.Floppydisksstorelessinformationthanaharddiskdriveandretrievetheinformationatamuchslowerrate.軟盤驅(qū)動器也將信息存儲在磁性顆粒中，但這些顆粒是嵌入在可移動的盤中，而這些盤既可能是軟的也可能是硬的。軟盤比硬盤存儲的信息少，檢索該信息的速度也慢得多。

27/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareFloppydiskdrivesalsostoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinremovabledisksthatmaybefloppyorrigid.Floppydisksstorelessinformationthanaharddiskdriveandretrievetheinformationatamuchslowerrate.軟盤驅(qū)動器也將信息存儲在磁性顆粒中，但這些顆粒是嵌入在可移動的盤中，而這些盤既可能是軟的也可能是硬的。軟盤比硬盤存儲的信息少，檢索該信息的速度也慢得多。

floppy:adj.懶散的，松軟的~materials松軟的材料rigid:adj.剛硬的，嚴(yán)格的~inone’sview意志堅定28/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareMagneto-opticaldiscdrivesstoreinformationonremovablediscsthataresensitivetobothlaserlightandmagneticfields.Theycantypicallystoreasmuchinformationasharddisksbuthaveslightlyslowerretrievalspeeds.磁光盤驅(qū)動器將信息存儲在對激光和磁場都敏感的可移動盤上。它們可存儲的信息通常與硬盤一樣多，但檢索速度稍微慢一點。29/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareCompactdiscdrives(CD-ROM)storeinformationonpitsburnedintothesurfaceofadiscofreflectivematerial.Theinformationstoredon

CD-ROMscannotbeerasedoroverwrittenwithnewinformation.Theycanstoreaboutasmuchinformationasaharddrivebuthaveaslowerrateofinformationretrieval.由反射材料制成的光盤，其表面燒蝕出凹陷區(qū)。光驅(qū)（CD-ROM）就是將信息存儲于此。存儲在光盤上的信息不能擦除或用新信息改寫。它們能夠存儲和硬盤差不多的信息量，但信息檢索速度比其慢。30/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareMemoryreferstothecomputerchipsthatstoreinformationforquickretrievalbytheCPU.存儲器是指存儲信息供中央處理器快速檢索的計算機芯片。Randomaccessmemory(RAM)isusedtostoretheinformationandinstructionsthatoperatethecomputer’sprograms.Typically,programsaretransferredfromstorageonadiskdrivetoRAM.RAMisalsoknownasvolatilememorybecausetheinformationwithinthecomputerchipsislostwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.隨機訪問存儲器（RAM）用來存儲操作計算機程序的信息和指令。通常，程序由磁盤驅(qū)動器的存儲區(qū)調(diào)到隨機訪問存儲器中。隨機訪問存儲器也稱作易失性存儲器，因為當(dāng)計算機的電源關(guān)閉時，計算機芯片中的信息隨著丟失。31/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareRead-onlymemory(ROM)containscriticalinformationandsoftwarethatmustbepermanentlyavailableforcomputeroperation,suchastheoperatingsystemthatdirectsthecomputer’sactionsfromstartuptoshutdown.ROMiscallednonvolatilememorybecausethememorychipsdonotlosetheirinformationwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.只讀存儲器（ROM）包含必須永久可供計算機操作使用的關(guān)鍵信息和軟件，如從開機到關(guān)機一直指揮計算機的運行的操作系統(tǒng)。只讀存儲器稱之為非易失性存儲器，因為當(dāng)計算機的電源關(guān)閉時，存儲芯片中的信息不會丟失。

32/29ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareSomedevicesservemorethanonepurpose.Forexample,floppydisksmayalsobeusedasinputdevicesiftheycontaininformationtobeusedandprocessedbythecomputeruser.Inaddition,theycanbeusedasoutputdevicesiftheuserwantstostoretheresultsofcomputationsonthem.有些設(shè)備有不止一種用途。例如，軟盤也可用作輸入設(shè)備，如果它們含有計算機用戶要使用和處理的信息的話。此外，它們也可用作輸出設(shè)備，如果用戶想將計算結(jié)果存儲在它們上面的話。33/29ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsV.HardwareConnections

Tofunction,hardwarerequiresphysicalconnectionsthatallowcomponentstocommunicateandinteract.Abusprovidesacommoninterconnectedsystemcomposedofagroupofwiresorcircuitrythatcoordinatesandmovesinformationbetweentheinternalpartsofacomputer.V.硬件連接要想運轉(zhuǎn)，硬件需要物理連接，使元件之間能夠交流和相互作用?？偩€提供了一種常見的互連系統(tǒng)，它由一組導(dǎo)線或電路組成，在計算機的內(nèi)部組成部分之間協(xié)調(diào)和移動信息。34/29ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsV.HardwareConnections

Tofunction,hardwarerequiresphysicalconnectionsthatallowcomponentstocommunicateandinteract.Abusprovidesacommoninterconnectedsystemcomposedofagroupofwiresorcircuitrythatcoordinatesandmovesinformationbetweentheinternalpartsofacomputer.V.硬件連接要想運轉(zhuǎn)，硬件需要物理連接，使元件之間能夠交流和相互作用?？偩€提供了一種常見的互連系統(tǒng)，它由一組導(dǎo)線或電路組成，在計算機的內(nèi)部組成部分之間協(xié)調(diào)和移動信息。function:n.功能，函數(shù)v.運行，行使職責(zé)the~ofachairmen主席的作用~edasateamlead行使小組長的職責(zé)35/29ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsAcomputerbusconsistsoftwochannels:onethattheCPUusestolocatedata,calledtheaddressbus,andanothertosendthedatatothataddress,calledthedatabus.Abusischaracterizedbytwofeatures:howmuchinformationitcanmanipulateatonetime,calledthebuswidth,andhowquicklyitcantransferthesedata.計算機總線由兩條通道組成：一條由中央處理器用來給數(shù)據(jù)定位，叫做地址總線；另一條用來將該數(shù)據(jù)送往那個地址，叫做數(shù)據(jù)總線。總線可用兩個特征來描述：一次可處理的信息量，稱為總線寬度，和傳送這些數(shù)據(jù)的速度。36/29ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsAserialconnectionisawireorsetofwiresusedtotransferinformationfromtheCPUtoanexternaldevicesuchasamouse,keyboard,modem,scanner,andsometypesofprinters.Thistypeofconnectiontransfersonlyonepieceofdataatatime,andisthereforeslow.Theadvantagetousingaserialconnectionisthatitprovideseffectiveconnectionsoverlongdistances.串行連接是一根或一組導(dǎo)線，用于將信息從中央處理器傳送到外部設(shè)備，如鼠標(biāo)、鍵盤、調(diào)制解調(diào)器、掃描儀和一些類型的打印機。這種連接一次只能傳送一段數(shù)據(jù)，因此很慢。使用串行連接的好處在于它能提供遠(yuǎn)距離的有效連接。37/29ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsApa