現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)概論7-Sense-relations-between-words

ChapterVIISenseRelationsBetweenWords2021/6/71TeachingContentsI.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Types3.Relevantpoints4.UseIII.HyponymyIV.SemanticField2021/6/72KeyPointsI.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Typesanddifferentiation4.UseIII.Hyponymy1.Definition2.UseIV.SemanticField1.Definition2.Features2021/6/73DifficultPoints1.Differentiationanduseofsynonyms2.Charicteristicsofanddifferencesbetweenthethreekindsofantonyms2021/6/74Ⅰ.Synonymy(同義關(guān)系):

Relationshipbetweensynonyms1.Definitionofsynonyms(同義詞):

◆Synonymsarebetterdefinedaswordshavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaning,thatis,denotativemeaning,anddifferinginconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse,etc.

2021/6/752.Kindsofsynonyms:1.)Complete/absolutesynonyms(完全同義詞):

◆wordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontextsothatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.

spirant&fricative摩擦音(phonetics)word-formation&word-building構(gòu)詞(lexicology)compounding&composition復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法(lexicology)malnutrition&undernourishment營養(yǎng)不良(medicine)caecitis&typhlitis盲腸炎(medicin)2021/6/762.)Relativesynonyms(相對同義詞;近義詞)Quasi-synonymouswords:◆indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning(語義色彩)☆Differenceindegreeofagivenquality:1.Mybedroomissmallerthanyours.2.Fleasaretinyinsects.3.Thediminutivesuffix-lingin“duckling”denotesaffection.4.Theofficeisminute,withbarelyroomforadeskandtwochairs.5.amicroscopicplant6.Thebody‘sannualintakeofmetallicironisinfinitesimal.

2021/6/77☆Differenceinshadeofmeaning:1.declineaninvitationtodinner2.thosewhoacceptedtheofferandthosewhorejectedit3.refuseachildpermissiontogoout2021/6/78◆inaffectivemeaning,andstylisticmeaning:☆Differenceinaffectivemeaning:

asmallroompoorlittleboy2021/6/79Appreciative/Favourable

thrifty/frugal（節(jié)儉的）bravery（勇敢,勇氣）firm（堅定的,堅決的）intellectual（知識分子）black（黑人）

Derogatory/Unfavourable

niggardly/miserly（吝嗇的）

foolhardiness（蠻勇）

pigheaded（頑固的）

egghead（書呆子）

nigger（黑鬼）2021/6/710☆Differenceinstylisticmeaning:man(neutral)chap/fellow/bird(colloquial)guy/bozo(slang)gent(vulgar/jocular)2021/6/711◆incollocationanddistribution

☆Differenceincollocation:

sailasmallboat駕駛小船teacharithmetic教算術(shù)scholarlyintelligence學(xué)者的智慧offeringtoachurch向教堂捐贈navigatealiner駕駛客輪

inculcatedoctrine諄諄教誨animalcunning動物的狡猾doletotheunemployed救濟(jì)失業(yè)者2021/6/712☆Differenceindistribution:◆Heisthegreatestlivingscientist.Heisthegreatestscientist

alive.◆Don’tdisturbthesleeping

oldladyinthenextroom.Don’tdisturbtheoldladyasleepinthenextroom.2021/6/7133.Patternsofsynonyms:1.)Thedoublescalepattern:◆native(informal)----borrowed(learned)↓↓

English

Latinbodilycorporealfriendshipamityheartycordialmotherlymaternaltotiretofatigue2021/6/714◆native(literary)----borrowed(common)↓↓

English

Latindalevalleydeedactionfoeenemymeedreward2021/6/7152.)Thetriplescalepattern:native----borrowed----anotherborrowed↓↓↓English

French

Latinaskquestioninterrogatefastfirmsecurefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecratedrisemountascendtimeageepoch2021/6/7164.Useofsynonyms:1.)

Thechoiceanduseofsynonyms:◆Avoidingrepetition:

Weweregreatly(much)surprisedtoseesogreat(large)anumberofpeopleassembled,evidentlyforsomegreat(important)occasion.2021/6/717◆Achievingprecisioninmeaning:

Totakeoffherbootsortoputthemonwasanagony

(verygreatmentalorphysicalpain)toher,butithadbeenanagonyforyears.Infact,shewassoaccustomedtothepain(sufferingordistressofbodyormind)thatherfacewasdrawnandscrewedupreadyforthetwinge

(asudden,brief,dartingpain)beforeshe’dsomuchasuntiedthelaces.2021/6/718◆Achievingvarietyinstyle:…AsyetIhadspokentonoone,nordidanybodyseemtotakenoticeofme;Istoodlonely

(a.)enough,buttothatfeelingofisolation

(n.)Iwasaccustomed…2021/6/719◆Avoidingvulgarnessoroffendingothers

grave----restingplacetolie----todistortthefactsdrunk----elevated2021/6/720◆Usedforemphasis:Therearetemporarysetbacksandreverses.Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate…2021/6/7212)Synonymalsoincludesthreeaspects:◆Synonymsofdifferentword-classes:jealous&jealousy◆Wordssynonymouswithphrases:totolerate&toputupwith◆Differentsentencepatternsexpressingroughlythesameidea:Hewasthe

soleproviderofthefamily.Healonehadtosupportthefamily.Hewastheonlypersontoprovideforthefamily.2021/6/7223)Fakesynonyms:havingnosimilaroridenticaldenotativemeaningdoubt&suspect:懷疑,疑心object&oppose反對2021/6/723II.Antonymy:

Relationshipbetweenantonyms(oppositenessofmeaning)1.Definitionofantonyms:Wordsthatareopposite2021/6/7242.Typesofantonyms:1.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast（語義對比）:◆Contraries相對性反義詞◆Complementaries互補(bǔ)反義詞

◆Conversives換位反義詞

2.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)):◆Rootantonyms詞根反義詞◆Derivationalantonyms派生反義詞2021/6/7251.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast（語義對比）:◆Contraries相對性反義詞/gradedantonyms:rich&poorheavy&lightdeep&shallow2021/6/726◆Gradability可分級性:degreeofthequalityinvolved:richveryrichricherrichest◆Relativity相對性:intermediatetermsbetweenthetwoopposites:rich----well-to-do----well-off----moderatelywealthy----comfortablyoff----hardup----poor2021/6/727★Othercontraries:fool&wiseman(n.)tolove&tohate(v.)up&down(ad.)afew&many(determiner)2021/6/728◆Complementaries互補(bǔ)反義詞Contradictories詞義矛盾/對立性反義詞:alive&deadsingle&married→complementariespresent&absent2021/6/729﹡Binarysemanticopposition★Absoluteness絕對性:

theassertionofoneimplyingthedenialoftheother★Beingnongradable:

neithermodifiedbyadverbsnorhandledintermsofcomparisonandadmittingnointermediatemembers

Thiswomanisneitheralivenordead.(F)Thiswomanisneitherrichnorpoor.(T)2021/6/730◆Conversives換位反義詞Relationalopposites相對關(guān)系詞/關(guān)系對立詞:lend&borrowhusband&wifeemployer&employee2021/6/731★Binaryopposition★Interdependenceofmeaning→onememberpresupposestheother☆Thedefinitionofreciprocalsocialroles

☆Spatialrelationship2021/6/7322.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)):◆Rootantonyms詞根反義詞:

wordswithdifferentrootsDeep&shallowTolove&tohateUp&down2021/6/733

◆Derivationalantonyms派生反義詞:

wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes

HappyunhappyConformist

Nonconformist

Code

Decode

Harmfulharmless2021/6/7343.Relevantpointsaboutantonyms:

1.)Marked（有標(biāo)記項）

Unmarkedmembers（無標(biāo)記項）:

Unmarkedmembers

tigeroldbigwideheavyCarryingnoparticularimplication(general籠統(tǒng)的)

Howbigisit?→sizeofsomething

Markedmembers

tigressyoung

small

narrowlight

Carryingacertainimplication

ofdistinctiveness

(specific具體的)Howsmallisit?→degreeofsmallness2021/6/7352.)Somewordswithoutantonyms:★Notallwordshaveantonyms.★Antonymsarefoundin﹡Qualitativeadjectives:

clean&dirty﹡Somenouns:love&hatred﹡Someverbs:toagree&todisagree﹡Someadverbs:loudly&softly﹡Determiners:few&many2021/6/7363.)Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances:◆Polysemicword:fast(fixedfirmly)----loose/insecurefast(steadfast,loyal)----disloyalfast(dissipated,pleasureseeking)----temperate,sober,moderate)2021/6/737◆Differentcontexts:anoldman----ayoungmananoldhouse----amodern/newhouse2021/6/738◆Differentcollocations：freshbread----stalebreadfreshair----stuffyairfreshflowers----fadedflowers2021/6/739◆Thesamecollocations：aclever(quickinlearning)worker----astupidworkeraclever(skillfiul)worker----aclumsyworker2021/6/7404.)Lexicalantonymsvs.syntacticnegation:impossible----notpossibleunfair----notfair↓Stronger2021/6/7415.)Wordorderofantonymouspairs:heavenandearthfireandwatermanandwifeheatandcoldcauseandeffecteatanddrink↓↓thesameastheoppositeoftheChineseChinesecounterpartequivalents2021/6/7424.Useofantonyms:Usecontrastofantonymstoimpressthelistenerorreader.Antithesis對偶Sweetashoney,bitterasgall.Artislong,lifeisshort.2021/6/743III.Hyponymy（上下義關(guān)系）:Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformeris‘included’inthelatter.Thegenerallexicalitem:vague&triteasuperordinateterm（支配詞，上義詞，同類概括詞）anuppertermThespecificlexicalitem:vivid&preciseasubordinatetermalowertermhyponym（受支配詞，下義詞）2021/