AP微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)總結(jié)

APECONOMICS整理課件FinancialAnalyst整理課件Economics整理課件WhyAP?CollegelevelcourseGrantstudentcreditHigherchancesforcollegeenrollment整理課件Aboutthetest

%ofGradeNumberof

QuestionsTimeAllottedReading

PeriodSectionI662/36070minutes

SectionII331/31long+2short50minutes10minutes整理課件AboutthetestAPScoreQualification5Extremelywellqualified4Wellqualified3Qualified2Possiblyqualified1Norecommendation整理課件1.BasicsofMicro-econ整理課件EconomicsdefinedEconomicsstudieshowresourcesareusedandhowcanbeusedtotheirfullestpotential.Macroeconomics:involveseconomicproblemsconcernedbythenation.Microeconomics:concernstheeconomicproblemsfacedbyindividuals,orfirms.整理課件成本支出要素需求銷售收入產(chǎn)品供給產(chǎn)品需求消費(fèi)支出要素收入要素供給企業(yè)家庭產(chǎn)品市場要素市場實(shí)物流貨幣流Microeconomics整理課件Positivevs.normativeeconomicsPositiveeconomics:isbasedonthescientificmethods,Normativeeconomics:involvesone’svaluejudgments,personalopinions,andnotbasedonascientificinvestigation.Neitherofthesetwohassuperiority.整理課件ResourcesAresourceisanythingthatcanbeusedtoproduceagoodorservice.Itincludes:Land:allnaturalresources.Labor:allhumanattributesthatareproductive,eg.laborforce,labortime,intellectualcapability,etc.Capital:productiveequipmentormachinery,eg.factory,computers,paperclips,etc.整理課件OpportunitycostOpcostiswhatmustbesacrificedtoobtainsomething.Inthemacroeconomics,opcostis:ifanationdecidestoproduceonemoreunitofproductA,howmanyunitsofproductBwillhavetobesacrificed?E.g.oppcostofguns=1.67poundsbutter/gunOroppcostofbutter=0.6guns/butter整理課件ProductionpossibilitiesfrontierGunsButter1830Allthepointsalongthefrontierareequal:A,B,CPointsinsidethefrontier,D:resourcesarenotfullyused.Pointsoutsidethefrontier,E:cannotbereached.BACDE整理課件ProductionpossibilitiesfrontiershiftsTwofactorscausethefrontiertoshift:Changesintheamountofresources:Land:newterritoryfound,oilexploitationLabor:populationgrowth,Capital:placenewequipmentChangesintechnologyandproductivity.Positivechange:→,reach“E〞Negativechange:←,reach“D〞整理課件LawofincreasingcostsGunsButter1525BAAsmoreofaproductisproduced,itsopcostincreases.Whentheresourcesareshiftedfrombuttertogunproduction,notmanymoregunsareproduced,butalotofbuttermustbesacrificed.Theopcostofproducinggunsbecomeshigh.Whenresourcesareforcedtoworkinanindustrywheretheyarenotproficient,theyarelessproductive,andtheopcostofproducingagoodbecomesgreater.整理課件ComparativeadvantageLaborhoursneededtoproduceaunitof:CountryWheatClothPortugal1020England2060Absoluteadvantage:theproductioncanbemademoreefficiently.Comparativeadvantage:anationcanproducethegoodwithaloweropcost.PortugalhasanabsoluteadvantageoverEnglandinbothwheatandclothproduction.ButtradecanstillbebeneficialtobothcountriesevenifPortugalhastheabsoluteadvantage.Astradeisbasedoncomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage.整理課件ComparativeadvantageCountryWheatClothOpportunitycostsPortugal211/2c/w2w/cEngland311/3c/w3w/cEnglandhasloweropcostinwheat,Portugalhasloweropcostincloth.Eachcountryproducedonlythegoodwithcomparativeadvantage(loweropcost)andtradedfortheothergood.整理課件Specialization:eachgiven120hrsBeforespecializationClothWheatEngland13Portugal52Total65AfterspecializationEngland06Portugal60Tradeisbeneficialtoallpartiesevenwhenonepartyhasanabsoluteadvantageineverything.整理課件2.DemandandSupply整理課件DemandandSupplyDemandLawofdemandDemandcurveDeterminantsofDemandShiftindemandandmovealongdemandSupplyLawofsupplySupplycurveDeterminantsofsupplyShiftinsupplyandmovealongsupplyEquilibriumPricecontrolPriceceilingPricefloor整理課件DemandTheDemandFunctionthequantityofdemandeddependsonincome,thepricesofothergoods,aswellasotherfactorsLawofDemanddemanddecreasedasthepriceincreasedPP*Q*Q整理課件DemandDeterminantsofDemandPriceofproductConsumers’incomeConsumertastesPricesofsubstituteproductsPricesofcomplementaryproductsExpectedfuturepriceoftheproduct整理課件SupplyTheSupplyFunctionThequantitysupplydependsonthesellingprice,thecostsofproductionwhichdependontechnology,thecostoflabor,andthecostofotherinputsintotheproductionprocess.LawofsupplysupplyincreasedasthepriceincreasedPP*P0Q*Q整理課件DeterminantsofSupplyPriceoftheproductThenumberofsellers(providers,suppliers)CostsofresourcesorproductionPricesofsubstitutegoods(goodsthatarealsoproducedorcouldbeusingsimilarresources)PriceexpectationsTechnologyTaxes/subsidiesSupply整理課件ShiftsinandMovementsalongDemandandSupplyCurvesMovementsalongdemandandsupplycurves.沿著需求〔供給〕曲線移動(dòng)Achangeinthemarketpricethatsimplyincreasesordecreasesthequantitysuppliedordemandedisrepresentedbyamovementalongthecurve.Shiftsindemandandsupplycurves.需求〔供給〕曲線本身發(fā)生移動(dòng)Achangeinoneoftheindependentvariablesotherthanpricewillresultinashiftofthecurveitself.整理課件ShiftsinDemandandSupplyCurvesAnincreaseindemandPriceQuantityOriginaldemandAdecreaseindemandOriginalsupplyQuantityPriceAdecreaseinsupplyAnincreaseinsuppleChangeinDemandChangeinSupply整理課件

ChangeinQuantityDemand

ChangeinQuantitySuppliedP0P1Q0Q1PriceSupplyQuantityPriceDemandQ0Q1P0P1QuantityMovementsalongDemandandSupplyCurves整理課件MarketEquilibriumEquilibriumpriceandtheequilibriumquantityWhenhaveamarketsupplyandmarketdemandcurveforagood,wecansolveforthepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedequalsthequantitydemanded.Wedefinethisastheequilibriumpriceandtheequilibriumquantity.E:marketequilibrium.Attheprice,thequantityofsupply=thequantityofdemand.D:買方對每個(gè)產(chǎn)量愿意支付的最高價(jià)格；S:賣方對每個(gè)產(chǎn)量愿意出售的最低價(jià)格;E:買方愿意支付的最高價(jià)格=賣方愿意出售的最低價(jià)格PQP*Q*EODS整理課件MovementtowardEquilibriumIfthepriceisaboveitsequilibriumlevel,thequantitywillinglysuppliedexceedsthequantityconsumersarewillingtopurchase,andwehaveexcesssupply.Supplierswillingtosellatlowerpricewillofferthosepricestoconsumers,drivingthemarketpricedowntowardstheequilibriumlevel.Ifthemarketpriceisbelowitsequilibriumlevel,thequantitydemandedatthatpriceexceedsthequantitysupplied,andwehaveexcessdemand.Consumerswillofferhigherpricestocompetefortheavailablesupply,drivingthemarketpriceuptowardsitsequilibriumlevel.SuppliersreduceproductioninresponsetodecliningpriceSupplyQuantitysuppliedat$600/tonQuantitydemandedat$600/tonDemand3,000Excesssupplydrivespricetowardequilibrium$600$500$/tonDemandSupplyQuantitydemandedat$400/tonQuantitysuppliedat$400/tonExcessdemanddrivespricetowardequilibriumSuppliersincreaseproductioninresponsetorisingprice3,000$500$400$/ton整理課件ChangesinEquilibriaSE*E0D*DP0P0P*Q0Q*QS*E0E*DP0P*P0Q0Q*QS整理課件ChangeinbothDandSChangeindemandChangeinsupplyEffectonequilibriumPEffectonequilibriumQ→→Unknown+←←Unknown-→←+Unknown←→-Unknown整理課件EquilibriumPriceQuantityDemandSupplyP’P0P’’ExcesssupplyExcessdemandEquilibrium(E):noexcesssupplyordemand整理課件TheCharacteristicsofEquilibriumThereisnotendencyforchangeThedemandfunctionandsupplyfunctionstaythesameorconstant.Theamountsdemandedequaltheamountssupplied(attheintersec