概要寫(xiě)作技巧課件

概要寫(xiě)作SummaryWriting2023最新整理收集do

somethingWhatis“summary”?Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.

概要是一篇較長(zhǎng)文章本質(zhì)思想的簡(jiǎn)潔重述，它要求用盡量少的語(yǔ)言對(duì)原文的主旨進(jìn)行復(fù)述。概要不是簡(jiǎn)單的換句話說(shuō)，更不是評(píng)論，而是作者思想中最基本部分的準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)。Howtogetahighmark?《考試說(shuō)明》中評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定概要寫(xiě)作閱卷時(shí)按5個(gè)檔次給分，其中最高檔次第五檔（21-25points）：理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)；能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言；有效使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。contents(內(nèi)容)languageskills(語(yǔ)言)structure(結(jié)構(gòu))agoodsummaryallthekeypointsgrammar,vocabularytightandcoherent(連貫)yourownwordsabout60-80wordsrightspelling,properpunctuationHowtowritingagoodsummary?定位findouttheessentialinformation改寫(xiě)rewritetheinformationinyourownwords核查checkthesentencesandaddsomeconjunctionsA.定位

通過(guò)閱讀定位語(yǔ)篇的核心信息，包括核心單詞，核心短語(yǔ)和核心句子。（句子為主，以單詞和短語(yǔ)為輔）

typeskeyinformation記敘文narration人物+時(shí)間+地點(diǎn)+事件（起因+發(fā)展+結(jié)果）說(shuō)明文exposition描寫(xiě)某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對(duì)象+性質(zhì)功用+利好”；針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出解決方法或措施。即“問(wèn)題+解決方法”；介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象+原因+結(jié)果”議論文argumentation論點(diǎn)+論據(jù)(+結(jié)論)1.確定文體thetypesofthepassage√√2.消減事例Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglishin1546.3.省略細(xì)節(jié)（盡量減少實(shí)事，大膽省略實(shí)事）essentialinformationB.改寫(xiě)

在核心信息的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式的改寫(xiě)，對(duì)原文的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式盡可能實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的改變。

改寫(xiě)過(guò)程中，原則上字?jǐn)?shù)不超過(guò)原句，不改變?cè)牡倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)，充分考慮語(yǔ)句壓縮。1.使用近義詞或反義詞ZhouYangwillrememberhisfirsttaskasareporter.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBakerperformedtwoexperiments.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentasajournalist.studyifcarriedout/did/madeShebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazines.2.把短語(yǔ)變?yōu)閱卧~Cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleaningawaydirtbenefitshealth.3.使用廣義詞(generalwords)代替具體詞(specificwords)ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Hedidn’tlikethecity.Hehatedit.4.消除重復(fù)5.把直接引語(yǔ)的主要信息變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)Thebosssaidtohim,“Tillyou’remoreexperiencedyoucancoverastory.”Hedislikedthecity.Thebosssaidthatwithmoreexperiencehecouldcovernews.6.

主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句互換RobertBaker,apsychologistattheUniversityofKentucky,performedtwoexperiments.Twoexperimentswerecarriedoutbyapsychologist.7.基本句型間靈活轉(zhuǎn)換Dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.S+V+PS+V+ODirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.Youwillobtainalltheinformationifvariousquestionsareasked.8.

特殊句式（強(qiáng)調(diào)句，倒裝句，therebe）和正常語(yǔ)序句式的轉(zhuǎn)化Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformation.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,…thereisreallyasixthsense9.把從句變?yōu)槎陶Z(yǔ)(介詞短語(yǔ)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ))Iftheintervieweeagrees,youcanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.Withtheinterviewee’sagreement,arecordercouldbeused.________________________________________Theskinisanecessaryorgan,whichcanserveasabarrieragainstoutsidedangers.Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.10.各種從句的靈活轉(zhuǎn)化Hisconclusionisthatpeoplearenotequippedwiththeabilitytofeelothers’observation.C.核查核查連貫性優(yōu)先考慮使用最短連接詞（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）核查字?jǐn)?shù)（60-80words）核查標(biāo)點(diǎn)和語(yǔ)法+StepsofwritingsummarystepscontentsThe1ststep定位核心信息The2ndstep在核心信息基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式改寫(xiě)（改詞，換句型）The3rdstep核查連接詞，語(yǔ)法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)…thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.have,exist,changingopinions，viewpointsPeoplehave

changingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Changingviewpointstowarddirtexist.People’sviewpointstowardsdirtarechanging.…S+V+PIntheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease….France/EnglandInEuropeItwasthoughtthat…/Peoplebelievedthat…protect…from…;prevent…from…;keep…freefromS+V+Pillness,gettingillIntheearly16thcentury,people,especiallythoseinsomeEuropeancountries,

thoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectthemfromgettingill.Intheearly16thcentury,peopleincludingsomeEuropeansbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.S+V+OsomeEuropeancountries…sincethe18thcentury…cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.DoingAisgoodtoBItisgoodforBtodoAPeoplehaverealizedthat

itwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.remove,wash…offbenefityourhealth,keep…h(huán)ealthySincethe18thcentury,peoplehavebeentoldthat

washingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.…Nowadays…anAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.now/atpresentsomescientistsadvise,suggest,holdtheviewpowerfulexpose…toNow,morepeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttohaveapowerfulimmunesystem.Moreandmorepeoplebelievethat

exposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.…Peoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Intheearly16thcentury,itwasthoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.However,peoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.

Now,anincreasingnumberofpeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttostrengthenimmunesystem.Don’tforgettomakeyoursummarytight!Example1:Usingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpavingaroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.Amajorpartofthewaterweuseeverydayisgroundwater.Groundwaterdoesnotcomefromlakesorrivers.Itcomesfromunderground.Themoreroadsandparkinglotswepave,thelesswatercanflowintothegroundtobecomegroundwater.Humanactivityisnotresponsibleforallwatershortages.Drierclimatesareofcoursemorelikelytohavedroughtsthanareaswithmorerainfall,butinanycase,goodmanagementcanhelptomakesurethereisenoughwatertomeetourbasicneeds.Thinkingaboutthewayweusewatereverydaycanmakeabigdifference,too.IntheUnitedStates,afamilyoffourcanuse1.5tonsofwateraday!Thisshowshowmuchwedependonwatertolive,butthere’salotwecandotolowerthenumber.Youcantakestepstosavewaterinyourhome.Tostartwith,usethesameglassforyourdrinkingwaterallday.Washitonlyonceaday.Runyourdishwasheronlywhenitisfull.Helpyourparentsfixanyleaksinyourhome.Youcanevenhelptokeepourwatersupplycleanbyrecyclingbatteriesinsteadofthrowingthemaway.關(guān)注那些承上啟下過(guò)渡句Humanactivityisnotresponsibleforallwatershortages.Drierclimatesareofcoursemorelikelytohavedroughtsthanareaswithmorerainfall,butinanycase,goodmanagementcanhelptomakesurethereisenoughwatertomeetourbasicneeds.關(guān)注那些總起句和小詞

Thinkingaboutthewayweusewatereverydaycanmakeabigdifference,too.IntheUnitedStates,afamilyoffourcanuse1.5tonsofwateraday!Thisshowshowmuchwedependonwatertolive,butthere’salotwecandotolowerthenumber. Youcantakestepstosavewaterinyourhome.Tostartwith,usethesameglassforyourdrinkingwaterallday.Washitonlyonceaday.Runyourdishwasheronlywhenitisfull.Helpyourparentsfixanyleaksinyourhome.Youcanevenhelptokeepourwatersupplycleanbyrecyclingbatteriesinsteadofthrowingthemaway.如何使用自己的語(yǔ)言概括Usingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpavingaroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.Amajorpartofthewaterweuseeverydayisgroundwater.Groundwaterdoesnotcomefromlakesorrivers.Itcomesfromunderground.Themoreroadsandparkinglotswepave,thelesswatercanflowintothegroundtobecomegroundwater.Sample參考答案 Humanactivities,suchaswastingwater,pollutingriversandconstructingroads,canpartlyleadtowatershortage.Meanwhile,drierclimatesareanothercauseofinsufficientwatersupply.Hopefully,ifyoutakeactiontousewatersmartly/wiselyinyourdailylife,say,usingthesameglassofwater,maximizingtheefficiencyofdishwashers,helpingrepairleaksandrecyclingbatteries,youcanstillmakeasignificantdifference.Example2:Manycoupleswhoalreadyhaveonehealthy,happychild,arefacingadilemma,thatis,theissueofwhethertohaveasecondchildornot.Theyhavehardjobsandlimitedtimeandmoney,buttheywanttomakesurethattheironlychilddoesnotbecomealonelychild.So,whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofhavingasecondchild?Thatiswhatsomanycouplesareverymuchconcernedaboutandeagertounderstand.Onepopularsayingisthatonechildmeansalonelychild.That’swhymanysingle-childparentsplantohaveasecondchild.Theyfeelguiltyabouttheirdecisiontohaveonlyonechild,becausetherearenootherchildreninthefamilyfortheironlychildtoplaywith,whichmaymakethechildfeellonelyattimes,especiallyduringvacations.Anothercommonargumentagainsthavingjustonechildisthatanonlychildmaybemorespoiledthanonewithbrothersorsisters.Ifonecouplehadonlyonechild,thechildcouldnotlearntosharethingswithothersandarelesscapableofgettingalongwellwithotherchildrenthanonewhogrowsupwithbrothersorsisters.However,inmanypartsoftheworld,moreandmoreparentsarestillchoosingnottohaveasecondchildbecausetheyarguethatthereareadvantagesforthechildaswellastheparents.Withjustonechild,theysuggest,thereislittlechanceoffamilyargumentsconcernedwithchildren.Besides,asanonlychildinthefamily,thechildcanreceivemorequalitytimeandattention.Thisoftenleadstoincreasedself-respectandindependence,whichcanleadtothechildbeingmoreconfident.Unluckily,thereisnosimpleanswertothequestionofwhetherornottohaveasecondchild.Everyfamilyisdifferent,andwhatisproperforonefamilymaynotbeforanother.Theimportantthing,intheend,istomakeadecisionthatbothyouandyourspouse(配偶)feelconfidentabout.關(guān)注那些表示觀點(diǎn)的句子Onepopularsayingisthatonechildmeansalonelychild.That’swhymanysingle-childparentsplantohaveasecondchild.Theyfeelguiltyabouttheirdecisiontohaveonlyonechild,becausetherearenootherchildreninthefamilyfortheironlychildtoplaywith,whichmaymakethechildfeellonelyattimes,especiallyduringvacations.Anothercommonargumentagainsthavingjustonechildisthatanonlychildmaybemorespoiledthanonewithbrothersorsisters.Ifonecouplehadonlyonechild,thechildcouldnotlearntosharethingswithothersandarelesscapableofgettingalongwellwithotherchildrenthanonewhogrowsupwithbrothersorsisters.關(guān)注那些轉(zhuǎn)折詞

However,inmanypartsoftheworld,moreandmoreparentsarestillchoosingnottohaveasecondchildbecausetheyarguethatthereareadvantagesforthechildaswellastheparents.Withjustonechild,t