2021屆高考英語閱讀之說明文訓練（二）

2020-2021高考英語閱讀之說明文訓練（二）

（A）

Zero-emissionlargepassengeraircraftpoweredbyhydrogenwillbetechnicallyavailable

infiveyears,accordingtoAirbus,buttheywillnotenterserviceforatleastadecadeastheprice

ofthefuelneedstocomedown.

ThepredictioncomesfromGlennLlewellyn,vice-presidentofzero-emissiontechnologyat

thepan-Europeanplane-maker.HesaidthatwhileAirbusplannedtodemonstrate

hydrogen-poweredaircraftin2025,overthenext10years,hydrogenwon'tbemoreeconomic

thanthefossilfuelequivalent.<6Tomakerealemissionsfreehydrogen-poweredplanes,whichgive

outonlywaterandheat,theirfuelneedstocomefromhydrogenproducedviarenewablesources

suchaswindandsolar,"headded.Anotherbarrierisbuildinguptheecosystemthathydrogen

aircraftwillneed”.

However,MrLlewellynpredictedthattherewasenoughinterestinthesectortomakethis

happen.Inaninterview,MrLlewellynsaid,“Wealreadyseemassiveincreasesintheamountof

renewableenergybeingproducedacrosstheworld.Windenergyproductionhasmultipliedbytwo

overthelastfiveyearsandsolarenergyproductionhasmultipliedbyfbur.,,Headded,"Thereare

anumberofindependentinstitutesthathavemappedouthowhydrogencostscancomedownover

thenextdecades.Weseea30%reductioninrenewablehydrogencostsin2030comparedto

whereitistoday,anda50%reductioninrenewablehydrogencostsby2050.Theyareexactlythe

kindofcostfiguresthatareinterestingforus,becauseitmakeszeroemissionaircraft

commerciallyviable（可行的）inthe2030s.”

LastmonthUK-basedZeroAviaconductedtheworld'sfirstflightofacommercial-grade

aircraftpoweredbyhydrogen.Afewdaysbefore,Airbusannouncedaseriesofdesignproposals

forhydrogen-drivenaircraft,includinga"blendedwing"conceptthatprovidesgreaterstorage

capacity.Thisdesigncouldbekeytohydrogen-poweredaircraftasthefuelislessenergydense

（密度大）thanconventionalfuelandsorequiresmorespacetomatchperformanceofexisting

airplanes.

1.Whichcanbethesuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ApredictionaboutZero-emissionaircraft.

B.Zero-emissionlargeaircraftwillbeavailable.

C.HowZero-emissionlargeaircraftwillbemade.

D.ThebarrierstomakeZero-emissionlargeaircraft.

2.WhatdoesParagraph2focuson?

A.Thefuturetomakehydrogen-poweredaircraft.

B.Theimportancetomakehydrogen-poweredaircraft.

C.Theproblemstomakehydrogen-poweredaircraft.

D.Thepossibilitytomakehydrogen-poweredaircraft.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"capacity"inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Space.B.Ability.C.Place.D.Capability.

4.WhatisMrLlewellyn'sattitudetowardsthefutureofZero-emissionlargeaircraft?

A.Cautious.B.Negative.C.Doubtful.D.Positive.

(B)

“Thepileoficeissothick;itextendsmorethan10,000feetabovetheocean.Andifallthat

iceweretomeltandgointotheocean,globalsealevelswouldrisebyabout24feeteverywhere

aroundtheworld,“saidJasonBriner,ageologistwhostudiestheicesheetinGreenlandatthe

UniversityofBuffalo.Theicesheetofthebiggestislandintheworldismelting,andtheicesheet

thatsitsatopitismassive.Theicesheetismelting,ofcourse.Butjusthowmuch,comparedtothe

past?

BrineBsteamdidacomputersimulation(模擬)ofthesouthwestpartoftheGreenlandice

sheet—whichhesaysisagoodindicatorforicemeltingacrosstheentireicesheet.The

researcherspluggedpastclimatedataintothatmodelto“hindcast,''ratherthanforecast,thepast

activityoftheicesheet.Theythencheckedthemodel'spredictionsofthepastshapeandsizeof

theicesheetbylookingatpilesofrocksanddirtonGreenlandtoday,whichoutlinetheedgesof

ancientice.Andthesimulationwasingoodagreementwiththeactualsituation.

Usingthatreconstructionoftheicesheetovertime,theteamcouldcomparetheicesheefs

historiclossestothosehappeningtodayunderhuman-causedglobalwarming.Andthey

determinedthatGreenlandisontracktolosemoreicethiscenturythanduringanycenturyinthe

past12,000years—possiblyfourtimesasmuch.

Finally,it'suptoushowmuchiceactuallymelts.Iftheworldgoesnetcarbonzeroby2100,

forexample,Brinersaysicelosscouldstopentirelyattheendofthecentury,accordingtoone

model."Thatwaswhatkeptmefrombeingcompletelydepressedaboutourstudy."Dozensof

countrieshavealreadyannouncedgoalstogonetzerobythemiddleofthiscentury—sofarthe

U.S.isnotoneofthem.

1.WhatdoweknowabouttheGreenlandicesheet?

A.Itisasthickasover10,000feet.

B.Itisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.

C.Ithasraisedsealevelsby24feet.

D.Itisthelargesticesheetintheworld.

2.HowdidBriner'steamconducttheirresearch?

A.Bymodelingpartoftheicesheetoncomputer.

B.Bydoingasimulationofthewholeicesheet.

C.Bystudyingtheancientrocksanddirt.

D.Byforecastingthefutureclimatechange.

3.WhatcanweinferabouttheGreenlandicesheetinthelastparagraph?

A.Itsstatushasalreadybeenacknowledged.

B.Itsgrowthcanbeimprovedbythemodel.

C.Thespeedofitsmeltingwillbeincreasinglyfast.

D.Theextentofitslossdependsonhumanactivities.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.RisingGlobalSeaLevels

B.ClimateChangeisSpeedingUp

C.Greenland—theBiggestIslandisMelting

D.NetCarbonZero—aGlobalGoalby2100

(C)

Ifbusinessesaretogetworkersbackintotheoffice,findingwaystokeepsocial

distancing(社會隔離)willbeimportant.AnIsraelicompanythinksitcanhelp,usingsmartsensors

installedonworkplaceceilings.

PointGrabdevelopeditstechnologybeforeCOVID-19tohelpworkspacemanagers

optimize（優(yōu)化）howemployeesuseofficespace.Aboutthesizeofasmokealarm,thesensorscan

recordtheexactnumberandlocationofpeopleinbuildingsincludingoffices,hotelsand

restaurants.Oneofthecompany'sfirstclientswasDeloitte,whichinstalledthesystematits

Londonofficelastyear.PointGrabssensorswereconnectedtoscreensinthebuildingtoshowthe

availability（利用率）ofdesksandsharedareasinrealtime.PointGrabCEODoronShacharsaysit

wasoneofaseriesofinnovationsthathelpedDeloittefit30%morepeopleinto3%lessspace.

Nowtopreventthecoronavirusspreadingfacetoface,PointGrabhasadaptedthetechnology

tosomedegreesothesensorscanalsomonitorsocialdistancingbykeepingtrackofhowfarapart

peopleare,andwhetherthey'retravelinginonedirectionaroundabuilding.Workspacemanagers

cansetupalarmforwhentwopeoplearecloserthantwometersformorethan30seconds,for

example.Thesensorshavebeenincludedinthe“sixfeetoffice^^conceptcreatedbyacompany

Cushman&Wakefieldtoencourageemployeestopracticesocialdistancing.TheyarecuiTently

beingusedinthiswayatauniversityintheNetherlands,andataninnovationcentreinBelgium.

Whilethesocialdistancinginnovationisnew,PointGrabhasinstalledmorethan10,000sensors

forworkspaceoptimization,includingintheofficesofCoca-Cola,FacebookandDell.

Workersmightnotliketheideaofbeingmonitored,butPointGrabsaysnoimagesor

identifyingfeaturesarerecorded.Instead,eachemployeeisrepresentedasadotonascreen."The

sensordoesnotviolatepeople'sprivacy,“Shacharsays.Thisisextremelyimportantinthe

workspace.

1.WhatwerethesensorsusedtodobeforeCOVID-19?

A.Toidentifyemployees.B.Torecordlocations.

C.Tokeeptrackofemployees.D.Tomakebetteruseofofficespace.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“adapted“probablymeaninParagraph3?

A.Introduced.B.Adjusted.

C.Formed.D.Boomed.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Smartsensorsgiveawaypeople'sprivacy.

B.PointGrabisingoodconditions.

C.Workersareinfavorofthecompanymanagement.

D.Workerappearancewillnotshowclearlyonthescreen.

4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Howwecangetworkersbackintotheiroffice

B.Howwecanimprovetheemployees5efficiency

C.Smartsensorsmakeofficesocialdistancingeasier

D.Smartsensorsareakeytechnologicalinnovation

（D）

IfyouwalkedbyJamesFasulo'sbedroom,inQueens,NewYork,youmighthearthe

8-year-oldtalking.Youmightthinkhewasspeakingwithafriend,orwithhis4-year-oldsister,

Anna.Morelikely,Jameswouldbetalkingtohissmartspeaker,anEchoDot."Iuseitdaily,“he

says.

JamesoftenaskshisDottotelljokes,reportthetimeandtemperature,andplaymusic.And

hissister?”SheasksittoplaysongsfromFrozen,hesays.

AsofDecember2017,therewereabout67millionsmartspeakersinhouseholdsinthe

UnitedStates,accordingtoastudybyNationalPublicRadioandEdisonResearch.Ayearlater,

thatnumberhadjumpedtonearly119million.That'sa78%increase.

"Familiesareveryinterestedintryingtheseproducts,MsaysCarolineKnorrofCommon

SenseMedia.KidslikeJamesandAnnaalsolovethattheyarefun.

Smartspeakersincludedevices（設(shè)備）suchasGoogleHomeandAmazonEcho.Common

SenseMediamadeasurveyofmorethan1,000parentswithkidsages2to8.Thesurveyasked

abouthowkidsusesmartspeakers.Italsoaskedaboutprivacy.

Nearlyhalfoftheparentssaidtheirkidsusethespeakers,andhalfofthosekidsusethem

daily.Ofparentswhohave,atsomepoint,turnedoffasmartspeaker'smicrophone（麥克風）,

aboutone-thirdofthemdiditbecausetheydidn'ttrustthedevice.

“Asmartspeakermightbehavelikeahumaninsomeofthewaysitanswersus,"saysFlorian

Schaub,anassistantprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganSchoolofInformation."Butthat's

reallyacompanycollectingdata（數(shù)據(jù)）aboutyou.Everythingyousaytoasmartspeakeris

recordedbythesecompanies.,,

"Companiesusetherecordingsindifferentways,"Schaubsays,“suchastopersonalize

serviceordecidewhichadstoplay."Ifusersdon'tlikethis,hesuggeststheymutethespeaker

whenit'snotinuseandconsidersettingprivacycontrols.

JamesFasulosayshedoesn'tworryaboutprivacy.Buthismom,NancyEllwood,does.

“Sometimes,thespeakerflashes(閃現(xiàn))itslightswhenwe'renottalkingdirectlytoit,“shesays.

“Iwonderwhatit'sdoing."

1.WhatdoweknowaboutJamesFasulo'sEchoDot?

A.Itcanmovearoundfreely.

B.Itcanbecontrolledbyvoice.

C.Itismainlyusedtoplaymusic.

D.Itisshapedlikeahumanbeing.

2.WhatdidthesurveybyCommonSenseMediafindout?

A.Smartspeakersarelesshelpfulforkids.

B.GoogleHomeissmarterthanAmazonEcho.

C.Someusershavelesstrustinsmartspeakers.

D.Smartspeakerusershaverapidlyincreasedinnumber.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"mute”inParagraph8probablymean?

A.Fixup.B.Talkto.

C.Turnoff.D.Researchinto.

4.Whocaresmoreaboutprivacy?

A.AnnaFasulo.B.JamesFasulo.

C.CarolineKnorr.D.NancyEllwood.

(E)

Accordingtosomeresearchers,youshouldnotpraisechildrenforeverythingthattheydo.It

doesnothelpthembuildself-confidence.

Mostparentsandteachersagreethatpraisecanhelpincreasechildren'sself-confidence一

themore,thebetter.However,accordingtosomeresearchers,onlyproperpraiseisgoodfor

children.Ifadultspraiseeverythingchildrendo,itmakeschildrenlookforpraiseallthetime,not

tryingtodotheirbest,"Teachersshouldnotsaythingslike'goodjob*or'nicework'whenevera

childdoesanything.Theyshouldencouragethemtocontinuetoimprove,1'someresearchers

advise.

Anotherideaisthatchildrenwithhighself-confidencearehappier,anddobetteratschool.

Aboutthis,MarshallDuke,aresearcherinchildren,says,"Highself-confidencebroughtinbytoo

muchpraisedoesnotmakechildrenhappier,getmore,orbecomeabletodomore.Findinga

child'sadvantagesanddevelopingthemcanhelpbuildconfidencemorethantoomuchpraise

can."Praisealsolosesitseffectifitisgivenequallytoailstudents.

"Ifsimportanttotellchildrenthetruthaboutwhatthey'vedone.Honestfeedbackisfarbetter

thanemptypraise,"Dukeadds.nPeoplehavegotintothehabitofnottellingchildrenwhenthey're

wrong.Thatmakesithardforthemtodealwithdifficultieswhentheygrowup.That'sjusthow

theworldis."

1.Accordingtosomeresearchers,ifparentspraisetheirchildrentoomuch,theirchildren

will.

A.becomestrongB.increaseself-confidence

C.dobetterintheirstudiesD.alwayslookfbrpraise

2.1nordertohelpchildrenbuildself-confidence,someresearchersadviseteachersto.

A.makethemlivemorehappilyB.letthemdomoredifficultwork

C.encouragethemtoimproveD.heipthemdobetterinschool

3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE,accordingtothepassage?

A.Praisemakeschildrenbecomesuccessful.

B.Thesamepraiseforallchildrenhasnomeaning.

C.Childrendon'tknowwhatthey'rereallygoodat.

D.Dukethinkspraiseismoreimportantthanfindingchildren'sstrengths.

4.Whatisthelastparagraphabout?

A.Whatchildrenwithhighself-confidencearelike.

Bitsimportanttohavethehabitofpraisingchildren.

C.Childrenshouldknowtheirmistakesassoonaspossible.

D.Weshouldpraisechildrenhonestlyandtellthemtheirmistakes.

參考答案:

A

1.Bo根據(jù)第——段首句"Zero-emissionlargepassengeraircraftpoweredbyhydrogenwillbe

technicallyavailableinfiveyears,accordingtoAirbus,buttheywillnotenterserviceforatleasta

decadeasthepriceofthefuelneedstocomedown.（根據(jù)空中客車公司的說法，零排放氫動力

大型客機技術(shù)上將在五年內(nèi)投入使用，但由于燃料價格需要下降，它們至少在10年內(nèi)不會

投入使用）”；第三段“However,MrLlewellynpredictedthattherewasenoughinterestinthe

sectortomakethishappen.（然而，盧埃林預(yù)計，人們對該行業(yè)的興趣足夠大，足以實現(xiàn)這一

目標）”以及最后一段uLastmonthUK-basedZeroAviaconductedtheworld'sfirstflightofa

commercial-gradeaircraftpoweredbyhydrogen.（上個月,總部位于英國的ZeroAvia完成

了全球首架氫動力商業(yè)級飛機的飛行）”可知，文章主要講述了盡管面臨一些困難，但零排

放的大型飛機有望在將來成為現(xiàn)實。故B項“零排放的大型飛機將會出現(xiàn)”適合作為文章

的標題。故選B項。

2.Co根據(jù)第二段“HesaidthatwhileAirbusplannedtodemonstratehydrogen-powered

aircraftin2025,overthenext10years,hydrogenwon'tbemoreeconomicthanthefossilfuel

equivalent."Tomakerealemissionsfreehydrogen-poweredplanes,whichgiveoutonlywater

andheat,theirfuelneedstocomefromhydrogenproducedviarenewablesourcessuchaswind

andsolar,“headded.Anotherbarrierisbuildinguptheecosystemthathydrogenaircraftwill

need”.（他說，盡管空中客車公司計劃在2025年展示氫動力飛機，但在未來10年，氫不

會比化石燃料更經(jīng)濟。他補充說：“要制造真正的無排放的氫動力飛機，這種飛機只釋放水

和熱，它們的燃料需要來自風能和太陽能等可再生資源產(chǎn)生的氫?！绷硪粋€障礙是建立氫飛

機所需的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。"）"可知，無排放的氫動力飛機的燃料成本高，建立氫動力飛機的生

態(tài)系統(tǒng)也是個問題。由此可知，第二段重點講制造氫動力飛機的問題。故選C項。

3.Ao根據(jù)最后一段"Afewdaysbefore,Airbusannouncedaseriesofdesignproposalsfor

hydrogen-drivenaircraft,includingaublendedwing“conceptthatprovidesgreaterstorage

capacity.Thisdesigncouldbekeytohydrogen-poweredaircraftasthefuelislessenergydense

thanconventionalfuelandsorequiresmorespacetomatchperformanceofexistingairplanes.（幾

天前，空中客車公司宣布了一系列氫驅(qū)動飛機的設(shè)計方案，包括提供更大存儲capacity的“混

合機翼”概念。這種設(shè)計可能是氫動力飛機的關(guān)鍵，因為這種燃料的能量密度比傳統(tǒng)燃料低，

因此需要更多的空間來匹配現(xiàn)有飛機的性能）”可知，空中客車公司提出了“blendedwing”

計劃，后句對該設(shè)計的原因進行解釋，因為這種燃料的能量密度比傳統(tǒng)燃料低，因此需要更

多的空間來匹配現(xiàn)有飛機的性能，而“blendedwing”設(shè)計可以提供更大的儲存空間。由此

推知“capacity”意為空間，與space同義。故選A項。

4.DouHowever,MrLlewellynpredictedthattherewasenoughinterestinthe

sectortomakethishappen.（然而，盧埃林預(yù)計，人們對該行業(yè)的興趣足夠大，足以實現(xiàn)這

一目標。）“和^Inaninterview,MrLlewellynsaid,uWealreadyseemassiveincreasesinthe

amountofrenewableenergybeingproducedacrosstheworld.（盧埃林在接受采訪時表示：“我

們已經(jīng)看至IJ,全球可再生能源產(chǎn)量大幅增加。以及“Theyareexactlythekindofcostfigures

thatareinterestingforus,becauseitmakeszeroemissionaircraftcommerciallyviableinthe2030s.

（這正是我們感興趣的成本數(shù)字，因為這使得零排放飛機在本世紀30年代具有商業(yè)可行

性。）”可知，MrLlewellyn認為全球可再生能源產(chǎn)量大幅增加，飛機的燃料成本降低，使

得零排放飛機在本世紀30年代具有商業(yè)可行性。由此推知，MrLlewellyn對未來的零排放

大型飛機的態(tài)度是積極樂觀的。故選D項。

B

1.Bo根據(jù)第一段"Theicesheetofthebiggestislandintheworldismelting,andtheice

sheetthatsitsatopitismassive.（世界上最大的島嶼的冰蓋正在融化，而位于島上的冰蓋非常

巨大）”可知，格陵蘭冰蓋正在融化，即越變變小。

2.Ao根據(jù)第二段“Briner'steamdidacomputersimulationofthesouthwestpartofthe

Greenlandicesheet-whichhesaysisagoodindicatorforicemeltingacrosstheentireice

sheet.（布里納的團隊對格陵蘭冰原的西南部進行了計算機模擬一一他說這是整個冰原融化

的一個很好的指示器）”可知，布里納的團隊通過在計算機上模擬格陵蘭冰原的部分區(qū)域來

進行研究。

3.Do根據(jù)最后一段"Finally,it'suptoushowmuchiceactuallymelts.（最終，冰到底

會融化多少取決于我們自己）”可知，格陵蘭冰原的融化速度取決于人類活動。

4.C。第一段中的“Theicesheetofthebiggestislandintheworldismelting,andtheice

sheetthatsitsatopitismassive.（世界上最大的島嶼的冰蓋正在融化，而位于島上的冰蓋非常

巨大）”引出了文章主題，文章主要圍繞著格陵蘭島的冰正在融化來展開。由此可知,Greenland

一theBiggestIslandisMelting（格陵蘭島最大的島嶼正在融化）適合做本文最佳標題。

c

l.Do根據(jù)第二段的"PointGrabdevelopeditstechnologybeforeCOVID-19tohelp

workspacemanagersoptimize（優(yōu)化）howemployeesuseofficespace.（PointGrab在新冠疫情

以前研發(fā)了這行科技，幫助工作區(qū)管理經(jīng)理優(yōu)化雇工如何使用工作空間廣可知，這種傳感器

在疫情前是用來更充分利用辦公室空間的。

2.Bo根據(jù)下文“sothesensorscanalsomonitorsocialdistancingbykeepingtrackofhow

farapartpeopleare,andwhetherthey'retravelinginonedirectionaroundabuilding（以便于這些

傳感器也可以通過跟蹤人們相距有多遠，以及他們是否在建筑物周圍的一個方向上行走來監(jiān)

測社會距離）”可推斷，為了防止冠狀病毒面對面的傳播，PointGrab已經(jīng)在某種程度上改編

了這種技術(shù)，故劃線詞詞義為：改編；與adjusr調(diào)整”意思相近。

3.Do根據(jù)最后一段的“Workersmightnotliketheideaofbeingmonitored,butPointGrab

saysnoimagesoridentifyingfeaturesarerecorded.Instead,eachemployeeisrepresentedasan

anonymous（無名的）dotonascreen.（人們可能不喜歡被監(jiān)視的想法，但PointGrab說，沒有

圖象或識別特征被記錄下來。相反，每個員工在儀表板上都被表示為一個匿名點。）”可推

斷，工人的外貌不會在屏幕上清楚地顯示出來。

4.Co通讀全文，根據(jù)第一段“Ifbusinessesaretogetworkersbackintotheoffice,finding

waystokeepsocialdistancingC社會隔離）willbeimportant.AnIsraelicompanythinksitcanhelp,

usingsmartsensorsinstalledonworkplaceceilings4如果企業(yè)要讓員工在流行期重返辦公室，

找到保持社會距離的方法將是關(guān)鍵。一家以色列公司認為，使用安裝在工作場所天花板上的

智能傳感器可以提供幫助。戶可知，文章主要講的是：使用智能傳感器在疫情期間將有助于

保持社會距離。因此推斷C項“智能傳感器使辦公室保持社交距離更容易，為最佳標題。

D

1.Bo根據(jù)文章第——段中的“Morelikely,Jameswouldbetalkingtohissmartspeaker,an

民hoDot.（更有可能的是，詹姆斯會對著他的智能揚聲器EchoDot說話）”和第二段中的

uJamesoftenaskshisDottotelljokes,reportthetimeandtemperature,andplaymusic.（詹姆斯

經(jīng)常讓他的Dot講笑話，報告時間和溫度，播放音樂）”以及倒數(shù)第三段中的“Everythingyou

saytoasmartspeakerisrecordedbythe