第二章-句子寫作(上)

第二章句子寫作（上）ChapterII

MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentencesElementsofasentenceII.RequirementsofacorrectsentenceIII.RequirementsofaneffectivesentenceI.Elementsofasentence1.Completenessinstructure;2.Beginwithacapitalletter;3.Endwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4.Expressasinglecompleteidea.II.Requirementsofacorrectsentence1.completenessinstructure2.therightsubject3.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb4.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent5.clearpronounreference6.endingsentenceswithfullstops7.joiningclauseswithconjunctions8.amainclauseinacomplexsentence9.properuseofcomparisons10.correctuseofthetenseCorrectthefollowingsentences:1.Becausehehadn’tfinishhisassignment,sohecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.completenessinstructure2.Notknowinghisname,itwasdifficulttointroducehim.

therightsubject3.Anumberofspellingmistakeswasfoundinhiscomposition.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverb4.Everybodyshouldreturnthebooksheborrowedwithinaweek.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent1.Becausehehadn’tfinishedhisassignment,hecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.2.Notknowinghisname,itwasdifficultforustointroducehim.3.Anumberofspellingmistakeswerefoundinhiscomposition4.Everybodyshouldreturnthebooksheorsheborrowedwithinaweek5.Shetoldmysisterthatherideawaspracticable.clearpronounreference6.Noonecometotheparty,itwasacompletefailure.endingsentenceswithfullstops/joiningclauseswithconjunctions7.Becausehehadnotheardaboutthatimportantdecision.

amainclauseinacomplexsentence8.TheSaharaislargerthananydesertintheworld.

properuseofcomparisons9.Wehaverevisedourworkplanlastnight.correctuseofthetense5.Shetoldmysisterthatherownideaormysister’swaspracticableCorrectthefollowingsentences:III.RequirementsofaneffectivesentenceUnity一致性Coherence連貫性Conciseness簡潔性

Emphasis強調(diào)性

一.Unity一致性Unity:

Asentenceshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea,nomore,noless.Ifitcontainstoomuch,thenthesentencebecomesconfusing.Ifitcontainstoolittle,thentheideainitisincomplete.Inotherwords,asentenceviolatestheprincipleofunityifitcontainsideasthatarenotcloselyrelated;what’smore,asentenceisnotunifiedifitdoesnotexpressacompletethought.III.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence

Eg:Ideasnotcloselyrelated:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideaincomplete:DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.

DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.Coherencerequiresthatthepartsofasentencearesoarrangedthattheysticktogether,andthattheideasprogressinalogicalsequence.1.Parallelism

E.g:IforgotthatmyresearchpaperwasdueonTuesdayandmyteacherhadsaidhewouldnotacceptlatepapers.二.Coherence連貫性三.Conciseness簡潔性1.NowordinessWordinessalsoviolatestheprincipleofunity,theideagetsblurredbyunnecessarywordswhichobscureitlikecloudsandsmoke.Sorry,I’mnotinapositiontoofferassistancetohim.Sorry,Iamunabletohelphim.ThemaidputtheletterthatcamefromPragueonmydesk.ThemaidputtheletterfromPragueonmydesk.Thereareseveraladvantagestobuyingamotorbike.Buyingamotorbikeoffersseveraladvantages.I’dliketotaketheopportunitytosaythankyou.Thankyou.四.Emphasis強調(diào)性Emphasisisthemeansbywhichyougivedesiredforcetoyourwriting.1.positioningforemphasisThesentenceend---theplaceofstrongestemphasisThesentencebeginning---theplaceofsecondaryemphasisThemiddle---theplaceofleastemphasisE.g.Hewillnothavetheenduranceneededforthelongtrainingrequiredtobeadentist,Ithink.Attention:movethepointtobeemphasized,outoforder,tothefront,thisprocessisoftencalledfrontingorinversion.E.g:ThisIwillneverdo.第二章句子寫作（上）句子的分類句子的語序句子的統(tǒng)一和連貫句子的變化和簡潔平行結(jié)構(gòu)第一節(jié)句子的分類一、四種不同類型的句子簡單句并列句復(fù)合句復(fù)雜句簡單句只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子例如：并列句包含兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子或兩個以上互補依存的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。意義上同等重要語法上平行常用并列連詞:and，but，for,nor,or,otherwise,so,therefore,yet等例如：復(fù)合句由一個主句和至少一個從句構(gòu)成的句子。例如：復(fù)雜句并列句與復(fù)合句的混合二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換由一個語法結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為另一個語法結(jié)構(gòu)，意義不變。簡單句與并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換簡單句與復(fù)合句直接的轉(zhuǎn)換并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換簡單句之間的合并1.簡單句與并列句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

2.簡單句與復(fù)合句直接的轉(zhuǎn)換3.并列句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

4.簡單句之間的合并Exercises句型轉(zhuǎn)換1.Ashewastiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.tiredandhungry,theboywasunwillingtomoveon.2.Whenhearrives,pleasegivemeane-mailOnhearinghisarrival,pleasegivemeane-mail.3.Thegirlisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwrriten.Thegirlwhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.4.Thereisagirl.Sheissittingbetweenus.Thereisagirlsittingbetweenus.5.Thisisabook.Thebookwasboughtyesterday.Thisisabookwhichwasboughtyesterday.Thisisabookboughtyesterday.第二節(jié)句子的語序正常語序與倒裝全部倒裝與部分倒裝習(xí)慣性倒裝第三節(jié)句子的統(tǒng)一和連貫一、句子的統(tǒng)一(unity)句子主題思想必須一致，支持思想要緊扣主題SingleCompleteClosely1.主題的唯一性2.句意的完整性3.內(nèi)容的相關(guān)性二、句子的連貫（coherence）句子的連貫（coherence）：構(gòu)成句子的每一個部分都必須意思連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、銜接正確、表意清楚。MeaningcoherenceStructurecoherence1.句意的連貫性2.結(jié)構(gòu)的連貫性

BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideasnotcloselyrelated:HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.2.DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.

Ideaincomplete

DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.Practice

3.Shesuddenlypausedanditseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasilybutshewasusuallybashful.

severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.

Improved:Shesuddenlypaused.Itseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasily,butshewasusuallybashful.4.TheydidnotwinthegamesofarasIcouldseetheydidnoteventry.severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.

Improved:Theydidnotwinthegame.SofarasIcouldsee,theydidnoteventry.5.Havingeatenourlunch,theydepartedbyboat.KeepthepersonofpronounconsistentHavingeatentheirlunch,theydepartedbyboat.6.Thecast(演員）firstdiscussestheplayandthennightlyrehearsalsbegin.keepthesamegrammaticalsubjectunlessthereisgoodreasonforchanging.Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthenbeginnightlyrehearsals.7.Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.

Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.(parallelconstruction)8.Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.Hesatdownandbegantowork(parallelconstruction)第四節(jié)句子在統(tǒng)一和連貫的基礎(chǔ)上，要長短句結(jié)合，簡單句、復(fù)合句并用。注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多變性和簡潔性。一、句子的變化二、句式的簡潔一、句式的變化1.長短句結(jié)合比較如下兩段話2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣化二、句式的簡潔1.省略意思重復(fù)的詞語3.省略句的運用例如:When(wateris)pure,waterisacolorlessliquid.Anyone,nomatterwho(heis),maypointourshortcomings.readingsleepingshoesbarkingcatdumbfounded（adj.目瞪口呆）請你根據(jù)以下四幅圖(總分20)寫一篇100詞左右的短文。

參考詞語:

slippers(拖鞋)

要點：1.老人穿著拖鞋讀報,

狗在邊上睡覺。2.

老人想出門，叫狗拿鞋。3.

狗閉著眼睛，一動不動，汪汪直叫，老人很納悶。4.貓嘴里叼著鞋走進來，老人目瞪口呆。

Anoldmanwassittinginanarmchairathome,readinghisnewspaper.Besidehimlayadogsleepingsoundly. Suddenlytheoldmandecidedtoleavehomeforawhile,buthecouldn’tgooutwithhisslipper