第二講　推理判斷題-重在合情合理

第二講推理判斷題——重在合情合理推理判斷題是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，做出合情的推理和符合文意的判斷。根據(jù)近幾年高考來看，推斷隱含意義、寫作意圖、觀點態(tài)度為高頻考點，而推斷下段內(nèi)容、文章出處、讀者對象等為低頻考點。推理判斷題的解題基本原則是：合文意、合情理，不可妄加推斷、過度推斷。一、把握推理判斷題的命題特點1．常見設(shè)問方式(1)Whatcanweinferfromthetext?(2)Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?(3)Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthetext?(4)Whatisthepurposeofthistext?(5)What'stheauthor'sattitudetowards...?(6)Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?(7)Wherecanthetextbefound?(8)Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribe...?2．正確選項特征(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推斷出結(jié)果。(2)選項中一般不可以出現(xiàn)表示絕對概念的詞，如only,never,all和absolutely等；正確答案的表述一般會用一些相對能夠留下一些余地的詞，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly和probably等。3．干擾選項特征背離主題選項背離了文章的主題思想事實復(fù)述選項僅僅是對原文事實進行簡化復(fù)述，而非推斷出來的主觀臆斷沒有基于原文進行推斷，而是根據(jù)常識推斷過度推斷有時作者只是客觀地敘述事實，并未做出評論，而一些選項卻主觀地進行推斷。如提到一樣?xùn)|西貴，并不意味著買不起以偏概全一些選項僅對某一句話進行推斷，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全錯誤偷換概念某些干擾項的內(nèi)容與原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)及詞匯幾乎完全一樣，只是在不起眼的地方略微改動某個詞或表達方法，造成干擾項與短文內(nèi)容發(fā)生細(xì)微的變化；或者利用原文中的詞來偽造選項或斷章取義，干擾性極強邏輯顛倒某些選項與原文不符，出現(xiàn)邏輯顛倒，如因果倒置、手段與目的倒置等續(xù)表二、熟悉推理判斷題的三種?？碱}型

題型(一)細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。考生只有正確把握文章的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，理解文章的真正含義，才可能做出準(zhǔn)確的推斷。注意題干中常用的六個動詞：infer(推斷),indicate(象征，暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(表明),conclude(得出結(jié)論)和assume(假定，設(shè)想)。[例1]

(2023·全國甲卷·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Obviously,ifprecautions(預(yù)防)aren'ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits，”saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.35．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B．Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C．Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D．Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.分析：這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題。根據(jù)節(jié)選段中的“Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractants...isalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.”可知，如果人們把食物和引誘劑從他們的院子和露營地移走，灰熊通常會安然通過。在雞舍和其他農(nóng)場動物生活區(qū)周圍設(shè)置電動圍欄也能有效地趕走灰熊。由此可以推斷，人類可以和灰熊和諧共處。故選B。

題型(二)觀點、態(tài)度推理判斷題1．文章的觀點或結(jié)論推理判斷題此類試題問的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文觀點，可能只是文章中的某一片段的觀點。但要推測文中某一觀點，仍離不開對全文中心思想的把握，因為它們在語義上是緊密相連的，次要的觀點是支撐說明全文主要觀點的。所以理解全文的主要觀點或中心思想對正確解答此類試題至關(guān)重要。2．作者態(tài)度、語氣推理判斷題此類試題往往通過作者在文章里的措辭、感情色彩表現(xiàn)出來，并常常用一些詞匯進行表述。因此考生必須透過字里行間察其端倪，以此作為前提進行推理。[例2]

(2023·浙江1月高考·閱讀B篇節(jié)選)Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash！Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.25．Whatwastheattitudeoftheauthor'sfathertowardbuyinggrocerieswithjars?A．Hedisapprovedofit.B．Hewassympathetictoit.C．Hewastolerantofit.D．Hedidn'tcareaboutit.分析：此題考查對觀點態(tài)度的判斷。根據(jù)節(jié)選段中的“mydadcommentedonhowsilly...jarseverywhere”可知，作者的父親說作者到哪里都拿著罐子是愚蠢的，這令作者感到沮喪。由silly這一暗示情感態(tài)度的表達可以判斷，父親對作者在“零浪費”生活方式上做的嘗試并不贊同。故選A。

題型(三)寫作意圖推理判斷題寫作意圖推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖及運用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這類題型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進行分析和歸納總結(jié)的能力。[例3]

(2023·浙江1月高考·閱讀C篇)Amachinecannownotonlybeatyouatchess,itcanalsooutperformyouindebate.Lastweek,inapublicdebateinSanFrancisco,asoftwareprogramcalledProjectDebaterbeatitshumanopponents,includingNoaOvadia,Israel'sformernationaldebatingchampion.Brilliantthoughitis，ProjectDebaterhassomeweaknesses.Ittakessentencesfromitslibraryofdocumentsandprebuiltargumentsandstringsthemtogether.Thiscanleadtothekindsoferrorsnohumanwouldmake.Suchwrinkleswillnodoubtbeironedout,yettheyalsopointtoafundamentalproblem.AsKristianHammond,professorofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscienceatNorthwesternUniversity,putit:“There'sneverastageatwhichthesystemknowswhatit'stalkingabout.”WhatHammondisreferringtoisthequestionofmeaning,andmeaningiscentraltowhatdistinguishestheleastintelligentofhumansfromthemostintelligentofmachines.Acomputerworkswithsymbols.Itsprogramspecifiesasetofrulestotransformonestringofsymbolsintoanother.Butitdoesnotspecifywhatthosesymbolsmean.Indeed,toacomputer，meaningisirrelevant.Humans，inthinking,talking,readingandwriting,alsoworkwithsymbols.Butforhumans,meaningiseverything.Whenwecommunicate,wecommunicatemeaning.Whatmattersisnotjusttheoutsideofastringofsymbols,buttheinsidetoo,notjusthowtheyarearrangedbutwhattheymean.Meaningemergesthroughaprocessofsocialinteraction,notofcomputation,interactionthatshapesthecontentofthesymbolsinourheads.Therulesthatassignmeaninglienotjustinsideourheads,butalsooutside,insociety,insocialmemory,socialconventionsandsocialrelations.Itisthisthatdistinguisheshumansfrommachines.Andthat'swhy,howeverastonishingProjectDebatermayseem,thetraditionthatbeganwithSocratesandConfuciuswillnotendwithartificialintelligence.28．WhydoestheauthormentionNoaOvadiainthefirstparagraph?A．Toexplaintheuseofasoftwareprogram.B．ToshowtheclevernessofProjectDebater.C．TointroducethedesignerofProjectDebater.D．Toemphasizethefairnessofthecompetition.分析：此題考查考生對寫作意圖的推理判斷能力。文章第一段提到一個擊敗以色列前國家辯論冠軍NoaOvadia的軟件程序，再結(jié)合第二段提到它無法理解意義的缺陷以及最后的結(jié)論只有社會互動才是理解意義的關(guān)鍵可判斷，提到NoaOvadia是為了說明ProjectDebater在辯論方面很出色，故選B。三、靈活運用6大解題技法推理判斷題的題型多樣，考查內(nèi)容靈活，在解題時可依據(jù)設(shè)問角度靈活運用以下6類解題技法。技法(一)根據(jù)特定信息，運用逆向思維進行推斷有些推理判斷題，可根據(jù)題干提供的信息，到原文中去抓關(guān)鍵信息，然后進行分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維，從而得出正確的結(jié)論。[例1]

(2023·全國乙卷·閱讀B篇節(jié)選)OnetimemyfriendsandIdrovethreehourstoDevil'sLake,Wisconsin,toclimbthepurplequartz(石英)rockaroundthelake.Afterwefoundacrazy-lookingroadthathungoverabunchofrocks,wedecidedtophotographthesceneatsunset.Thepositionenabledustolookoverthelakewiththesunsetinthebackground.Wemanagedtoleavethisspottoclimbhigherbecauseofthesparetimeuntilsunset.However,wedidnotmarktheroute(路線)soweendedupalmostmissingthesunsetentirely.Oncewefoundtheplace,itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.Still,lookingbackonthephotos,theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely.26．Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor'stripwithfriendstoDevil'sLake?A．Theywentcrazywiththepurplequartzrock.B．Theyfeltstressedwhilewaitingforthesunset.C．Theyreachedtheshootingspotlaterthanexpected.D．Theyhadproblemswiththeirequipment.分析：根據(jù)題干中的“Devil'sLake”定位到節(jié)選段。根據(jù)所給段落中的“However,wedidnotmarktheroute...itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.”可知，文中描述的是作者和朋友幾乎完全錯過了日落，之后安置拍攝設(shè)備的時間就非常有限了，由此可逆向推斷出他們比預(yù)想的到達時間晚。故選C。技法(二)整合全文(段)信息進行推斷有些推理判斷題，很難從某一句話或某幾句話中推斷出其含義，這時就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息，綜合起來去推理判斷，從而確定最佳結(jié)論。[例2]

(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀C篇)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit'srightforyou.Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy：thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I'llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You'llheartheseparticipants'storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培養(yǎng))asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(獨處)andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspentonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.28．Whatisthebookaimedat?A．Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B．Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C．Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D．Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.分析：本題需結(jié)合全文的內(nèi)容進行整合推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism”、第二段中的“digitallives”和最后一段中的“asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle”可知，本書旨在倡導(dǎo)一種簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。故選B。技法(三)根據(jù)語境的褒貶性進行推斷文章是作者抒發(fā)感情、表達觀點的一種方式。因此，很多文章，尤其是記敘文和議論文，其語境都有一定的褒貶性，這種褒貶性反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)以及作者的寫作意圖。利用好文章的語境褒貶性就能在把握主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對文章進行準(zhǔn)確地邏輯判斷。找出反映語境褒貶性及變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，對掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特點及情感變化，從而正確地進行邏輯推斷很有用處。[例3]

(2019·全國卷Ⅰ·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué)),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.32．Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A．Unkind.

B．Lonely.C．Generous. D．Cool.分析：觀察四個選項可以看出，C項是褒義詞，A、B、D三項是貶義詞。因此要注意文章里面所表現(xiàn)的褒貶色彩。根據(jù)節(jié)選段第一句“Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué)),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes”可知，作者在小學(xué)時樂于與他人分享，是個慷慨大方的女孩。故選C。技法(四)根據(jù)作者的思想傾向和感情色彩，推斷觀點態(tài)度此方法適用于推斷作者及文中人物的觀點、態(tài)度、情感等。觀點和態(tài)度一般分為三類：支持或反對、樂觀或悲觀、主觀或客觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。解答此類題目應(yīng)多注意行文中的措辭，特別是具有感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。

解此類試題常用“忠于措辭”法。忠于措辭法關(guān)注首段首尾句，推斷文章主題，確定作者或某個人物的觀點關(guān)注but后表示觀點態(tài)度的語句，推斷作者或文中人物的觀點關(guān)注作者所舉的例子或所引用的話語，推測作者或文中人物的態(tài)度傾向關(guān)注文章語言的褒貶，推測作者的態(tài)度不要用自己的態(tài)度代替作者的態(tài)度把握感情色彩，推斷觀點態(tài)度，要注意文中的一些表達情感態(tài)度的傾向詞。支持、肯定favorable贊同的

positive

肯定的approving

贊成的

reasonable合理的反對、否定critical

批評的

negative

否定的disapproving

不贊成的

impractical不實際的radical

激進的

prejudiced有成見的中立、客觀objective客觀的

neutral

中立的indifferent/unconcerned漠不關(guān)心的[例4]

(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.34．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.分析：這是一道觀點態(tài)度題，可依據(jù)“忠于措辭法”解題。本段含有morebeneficialthanharmful,positiveaspect,helped等褒義措辭，由此可推知，作者對情商普及化是支持的。故選A。技法(五)根據(jù)通篇大意，把握寫作意圖做推斷寫作意圖題時，考生應(yīng)對整篇文章有完整、準(zhǔn)確的理解，從總體上把握文章的主題，善于抓住文中的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句。對文章的引申含義進行分析，整合與題目相關(guān)的信息，綜合起來去把握寫作意圖，確定最佳結(jié)論。[例5]

(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀B篇節(jié)選)Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.26．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A．ToreviewJohn'sresearchplans.B．ToshowanapplicationofJohn'sidea.C．TocompareJohn'sdifferentjobs.D．ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn'sinvention.分析：本文是記敘文。節(jié)選部分的第一段講到了John的發(fā)明取得成功。根據(jù)節(jié)選部分第二段的中心句“Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.”可知，多年來，John做了很多重大的工作。由此可推知，下文提到凈化福州的運河水是為了舉例說明John的發(fā)明及其理念在實踐中的應(yīng)用。故選B。技法(六)根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容推斷文章出處文章出處題要求考生具備一定的常識，能夠根據(jù)文章的體裁和內(nèi)容來推斷文章的出處或類別。依內(nèi)容判出處文章前面有日期、地點或通訊社名稱→newspaper推銷介紹新產(chǎn)品→advertisement文章中有clickhere等網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語→website旅游勝地方面的介紹→travelguide時尚、名人或娛樂方面的介紹→magazine/journal/entertainmentsection科普知識→sciencereport文化教育類文章→educationsection[例6]

(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·閱讀C篇)Reading

Art:Art

for

Book

Loversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists'representationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofbooks，”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描繪)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelate_to.Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway，artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser：thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate，“off-line”activity.28．Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A．Anintroductiontoabook.B．Anessayontheartofwriting.C．Aguidebooktoamuseum.D．Areviewofmodernpaintings.分析：根據(jù)第一段的第一句中的“Reading

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Loversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook...”可知，文章的主題是書；再由第一句中的“...thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.”以及第二段的第一句“Inthis‘bookofbooks，’artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.”等內(nèi)容可知，本文介紹了收錄近三百件來自世界各地博物館的收藏品的一本書——《閱讀藝術(shù)：書籍愛好者的藝術(shù)》。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自書的序言。故選A。[特別注意]推理判斷題需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理?？忌诮忸}時應(yīng)注意：1．直接陳述文章內(nèi)容的選項一般不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來的選項(但要以正確為前提)；2．推理不是憑空猜測，而是立足已知推斷未知，因此正確選項一定能在文中找到依據(jù)或理由；3．不能以自己的觀點代替作者的想法，脫離原文的主觀臆斷都是錯誤的。A(2023·雅安模擬)BudhaMagar,adoubleabove-the-kneeamputee(被截肢者),isworkingwithanall-Nepaliteamtoattempttoconquertheworld'shighestmountaininMay.Thoughhewillbekittedout(裝備)withspecialclimbinglegs,hewillessentiallybecrawlingupEverestusinghishands.Heestimatesitwilltakehimthreetimeslongerthanable-bodiedclimberstoreachthesummit(頂峰),thoughheisconfidenthewillbefasterthanaverageontheladdersectionsbecauseofhissuperiorupperbodystrength.Twoclimberswithbelow-kneeamputationshavereachedEverest'ssummitbefore.Butmakingtheclimbwithoutkneesissignificantlyharder.“InNepaliwesaythatbeingdisabledis‘likeaburdenoftheearth’，”heexplains.Magarhopesthathecanraiseawarenessofjustwhatispossibleforadisabledpersoninthecountryofhisbirth,andhopefullyinspireothersfurtherafield.HewasborninavillageofNepal,andheleftthereattheageof19.InApril2021,hehadanaccident.Suddenlylegless,hespentatleast18monthsdepressedbeforeacharityofferedhimthechancetogoskydiving.“Thatwasabigturningpointforme,especiallyformyconfidence.Andwhenwelandedontheground,Irealizedthatevenwithoutlegsweareabletodolotsofthings，”hesays.Hebegandoingsports—golf,rockclimbing,tabletennis—beforesettinghissightsonmountaineering.Beforelong,achildhooddreamtoclimbEverestresurfaced,andhebegantraininginearnesttomaketheclimbin2018.NowlivinginCanterbury,BudhaMagarhasraisedmorethan￡200,000towardshisattempt.Ifhecanfindanother￡100,000ofsponsorship,hewilltraveltoNepalinspringwithhisexpeditionleaderKrishnaThapa.Successontheworld'shighestmountaincanneverbeguaranteed,buthisexpeditioncredo(信條)illustrateshismindset:nolegs,nolimits.語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。文章介紹了BudhaMagar身患?xì)埣玻庵緢远?，充滿冒險精神，正在籌集資金嘗試在5月份征服世界最高峰。1．WhatmayenableMagartoperformbetterthanaverageontheladdersections?A．Hisoptimism.B．Uniqueequipment.C．Hisstrongerupperbody.D．Helpfromanall-Nepaliteam.答案：C

解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Heestimatesitwilltakehimthreetimeslongerthan...becauseofhissuperiorupperbodystrength.”可知，Magar有力的上肢使他在梯段的表現(xiàn)比普通人要好。2．WhatcanwelearnaboutMagarfromParagraph3?A．Helivedinhisbirthplaceallthetime.B．Herecoveredfromtheaccidentin2021.C．Hewasamemberofacharity.D．Hegainedconfidencethroughskydiving.答案：D

解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中Magar的話“Thatwasabigturningpointforme,especiallyformyconfidence.Andwhenwelandedontheground,Irealizedthatevenwithoutlegsweareabletodolotsofthings”可知，通過跳傘Magar獲得了自信。3．WhatcanweinferaboutMagarfromthelastparagraph?A．Hehasn'traisedenoughmoneyforthesummitattempt.B．Heneedsanewexpeditionleader.C．Hecanensurethesuccessofreachingthesummit.D．HewillgotoCanterburyinspring.答案：A

解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“NowlivinginCanterbury...hisexpeditionleaderKrishnaThapa.”可知，Magar已為登頂嘗試籌集了20多萬英鎊，還差10萬英鎊才能順利啟動該嘗試。由此可知，他還沒有為登頂籌集到足夠的資金。4．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesMagar?A．Caringandcourageous.B．Determinedandadventurous.C．Hard-workingandcooperative.D．Enthusiasticandintelligent.答案：B

解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“BudhaMagar,adouble...inMay.”可知，Magar身體殘疾但是想要征服世界最高峰，可見他是富有冒險精神的。根據(jù)最后一段中“Successontheworld's...nolegs,nolimits.”可知，面對巨大的未知，Magar有著堅定的信念。由此可知，Magar意志堅定且富有冒險精神。B(2023·銅川三模)Thereisnouniversallyacceptedagethatisconsideredoldamongorwithinsocieties.Oftendisagreementsexistastowhatageasocietymayconsideroldandwhatmembersinthatsocietyofthatageandoldermayconsiderold.Moreover,biologistsarenotinagreementabouttheexistenceofaninternalbiologicalcauseforaging.Ingeneralthesocialstatusofanagegroupisrelatedtoitseffectiveinfluenceinitssociety,whichisassociatedwiththatgroup'sfunctioninproductivity.Inagriculturalsocietiestheelderlyhaveastatusofrespectability.Theirlifeexperiencesandknowledgeareregardedasvaluable,especiallyinpreliterate(尚無文字的)societieswhereknowledgeisorallytransmitted.Therangeofactivitiesinthesesocietiesallowstheelderlytocontinuetobeproductivemembersoftheircommunities.Inindustrializednations,althoughincertainfieldsoldageisstillconsideredsignificant,particularlyinthepoliticalfield,olderpeopleareincreasinglybeingforcedintoretirementbeforetheirproductiveyearsareover,causingproblemsintheirpsychologicaladaptationstooldage.Retirementisnotregardedunfavorablyinallinstances,butitseconomiclimitationstendtofurtherremoveolderpeoplefromtherangeofinfluenceandraiseproblemsintheextendeduseofleisuretimeandhousing.Asaconsequence,financialpreparationforretirementhasbecomeanincreasedconcernforindividualsandsociety.Familialrelationshipstendtobethefocusoftheelderly'sattention.However,thetendencyforyoungpeopleinindustrializedcountriestobehighlymobilehasforcedolderpeopletodecidewhethertomove