新高考數(shù)學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第十一講三角函數(shù)概念和誘導(dǎo)公式(含解析)_第1頁(yè)
新高考數(shù)學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第十一講三角函數(shù)概念和誘導(dǎo)公式(含解析)_第2頁(yè)
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第十一講:三角函數(shù)概念和誘導(dǎo)公式【考點(diǎn)梳理】1.任意角和弧度制、三角函數(shù)的概念(1)終邊相同的角所有與角α終邊相同的角,連同角α在內(nèi),構(gòu)成的角的集合是SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0.(2)弧長(zhǎng)與扇形面積公式扇形的弧長(zhǎng)公式:SKIPIF1<0,扇形的面積公式:SKIPIF1<0.(3)任意角的三角函數(shù)借助單位圓定義:任意角SKIPIF1<0的終邊與單位圓交于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.借助終邊上點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo):,若取點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0是角SKIPIF1<0終邊上異于頂點(diǎn)的任一點(diǎn),設(shè)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到原點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的距離為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0三角函數(shù)在各個(gè)象限符號(hào)記憶口訣:一全正、二正弦、三正切、四余弦.2.同角三角函數(shù)的基本關(guān)系及誘導(dǎo)公式(1)平方關(guān)系:SKIPIF1<0.(2)商數(shù)關(guān)系:SKIPIF1<0;(3)三角函數(shù)的誘導(dǎo)公式公式一二三四五六角SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0正弦SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0余弦SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0正切SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0口訣函數(shù)名不變,符號(hào)看象限函數(shù)名改變,符號(hào)看象限【方法技巧與總結(jié)】1.利用SKIPIF1<0可以實(shí)現(xiàn)角SKIPIF1<0的正弦、余弦的互化,利用SKIPIF1<0可以實(shí)現(xiàn)角SKIPIF1<0的弦切互化.2.“SKIPIF1<0”方程思想知一求二.SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0【典型題型講解】考點(diǎn)一:弧長(zhǎng)公式,扇形面積公式【典例例題】例1.(2022·廣東廣東·一模)數(shù)學(xué)中處處存在著美,機(jī)械學(xué)家萊洛發(fā)現(xiàn)的萊洛三角形就給人以對(duì)稱(chēng)的美感.萊洛三角形的畫(huà)法:先畫(huà)等邊三角形ABC,再分別以點(diǎn)A、B、C為圓心,線段AB長(zhǎng)為半徑畫(huà)圓弧,便得到萊洛三角(如圖所示).若萊洛三角形的周長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,則其面積是______.【詳解】由條件可知,弧長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0,等邊三角形的邊長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0,則以點(diǎn)A、B、C為圓心,圓弧SKIPIF1<0所對(duì)的扇形面積為SKIPIF1<0,中間等邊SKIPIF1<0的面積SKIPIF1<0所以萊洛三角形的面積是SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0【方法技巧與總結(jié)】熟記弧長(zhǎng)公式:l=|α|r,扇形面積公式:S扇形=eq\f(1,2)lr=eq\f(1,2)|α|r2(弧度制SKIPIF1<0)【變式訓(xùn)練】1.炎炎夏日,在古代人們乘涼時(shí)習(xí)慣用的紙疊扇可看作是從一個(gè)圓面中剪下的扇形加工制作而成.如圖,扇形紙疊扇完全展開(kāi)后,扇形ABC的面積S為SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則當(dāng)該紙疊扇的周長(zhǎng)C最小時(shí),BD的長(zhǎng)度為_(kāi)__________SKIPIF1<0.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】解:設(shè)扇形ABC的半徑為rcm,弧長(zhǎng)為lcm,則扇形面積SKIPIF1<0.由題意得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.所以紙疊扇的周長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0時(shí),等號(hào)成立,所以SKIPIF1<0.又SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<02.中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)扇文化有著極其深厚的底蘊(yùn).按如下方法剪裁,扇面形狀較為美觀.從半徑為SKIPIF1<0的圓面中剪下扇形SKIPIF1<0,使剪下扇形SKIPIF1<0后所剩扇形的弧長(zhǎng)與圓周長(zhǎng)的比值為SKIPIF1<0,再?gòu)纳刃蜸KIPIF1<0中剪下扇環(huán)形SKIPIF1<0制作扇面,使扇環(huán)形SKIPIF1<0的面積與扇形SKIPIF1<0的面積比值為SKIPIF1<0.則一個(gè)按上述方法制作的扇環(huán)形裝飾品(如圖)的面積與圓面積的比值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】記扇形SKIPIF1<0的圓心角為SKIPIF1<0,扇形SKIPIF1<0的面積為SKIPIF1<0,扇環(huán)形SKIPIF1<0的面積為SKIPIF1<0,圓的面積為SKIPIF1<0,由題意可得,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)榧粝律刃蜸KIPIF1<0后所剩扇形的弧長(zhǎng)與圓周長(zhǎng)的比值為SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.考點(diǎn)二:三角函數(shù)及相關(guān)概念:【典例例題】例1.已知角SKIPIF1<0的終邊上有一點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0 D.不確定【答案】B【詳解】角SKIPIF1<0的終邊上點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,于是得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故選:B【方法技巧與總結(jié)】正弦函數(shù)、余弦函數(shù)、正切函數(shù)的定義【變式訓(xùn)練】1.已知角SKIPIF1<0的始邊與SKIPIF1<0軸非負(fù)半軸重合,終邊過(guò)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0故選:B2.在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中,SKIPIF1<0是圓SKIPIF1<0上的四段?。ㄈ鐖D),點(diǎn)P在其中一段上,角SKIPIF1<0以O(shè)??為始邊,OP為終邊,若SKIPIF1<0,則P所在的圓弧是()A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【解析】本題主要考查三角函數(shù)線的知識(shí).由下圖可得:有向線段SKIPIF1<0為余弦線,有向線段SKIPIF1<0為正弦線,有向線段SKIPIF1<0為正切線.對(duì)于A選項(xiàng):當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于B選項(xiàng):當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于C選項(xiàng):當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故C選項(xiàng)正確;對(duì)于D選項(xiàng):當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上且SKIPIF1<0在第三象限時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,故D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤.綜上,故選C.3.已知角α的終邊經(jīng)過(guò)點(diǎn)(3a-9,a+2),且cosα≤0,sinα>0,則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是()A.(-2,3] B.(-2,3)C.[-2,3) D.[-2,3]【答案】A【解析】∵cosα≤0,sinα>0,∴角α的終邊落在第二象限或y軸的正半軸上.∴eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(3a-9≤0,,a+2>0,))∴-2<a≤3.故選A.考點(diǎn)三:同角三角函數(shù)的基本關(guān)系:【典例例題】例1.已知SKIPIF1<0是三角形的一個(gè)內(nèi)角,且SKIPIF1<0則這個(gè)三角形的形狀是()A.銳角三角形B.鈍角三角形C.不等腰的直角三角形D.等腰直角三角形【答案】B【解析】解法1:主要是判斷SKIPIF1<0是鈍角、銳角還是直角,又可以等價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)化為判斷SKIPIF1<0的某一三角函數(shù)值的符號(hào).由SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0兩邊平方得SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0故SKIPIF1<0為鈍角.解法2:由SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0從而SKIPIF1<0而SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0為鈍角.例2.(2022·廣東惠州·一模)已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故選:A.【方法技巧與總結(jié)】熟練掌握商,平方的關(guān)系式.熟練掌握正弦、余弦和差與之積的關(guān)系式【變式訓(xùn)練】1.(2022·廣東茂名·一模)已知角SKIPIF1<0的頂點(diǎn)在原點(diǎn),始邊與SKIPIF1<0軸非負(fù)半軸重合,終邊與直線SKIPIF1<0平行,則SKIPIF1<0的值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】因?yàn)榻荢KIPIF1<0的終邊與直線SKIPIF1<0平行,即角SKIPIF1<0的終邊在直線SKIPIF1<0上所以SKIPIF1<0;SKIPIF1<0故選:D2.已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】由SKIPIF1<0及SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故選:C.3.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0同號(hào),即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,從而SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.故選:C.4.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.2 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】解:原式SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.故選:C考點(diǎn)四:誘導(dǎo)公式【典例例題】例1.(2022·廣東佛山·高三期末)已知SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0等于(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】因SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0,于是得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故選:A例2.(2022·廣東深圳·高三期末)已知SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.【方法技巧與總結(jié)】(1)誘導(dǎo)公式用于角的變換,凡遇到與SKIPIF1<0整數(shù)倍角的和差問(wèn)題可用誘導(dǎo)公式,用誘導(dǎo)公式可以把任意角的三角函數(shù)化成銳角三角函數(shù).(2)通過(guò)SKIPIF1<0等誘導(dǎo)變形把所給三角函數(shù)化成所需三角函數(shù).(3)SKIPIF1<0等可利用誘導(dǎo)公式把SKIPIF1<0的三角函數(shù)化【變式訓(xùn)練】1.(2021·廣東佛山·一模)SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.故選:D2.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】由題意得:SKIPIF1<0,故選:D.3.若SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】解:因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故選:B.4.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.-3 D.3【答案】C【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,分子分母同除以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0故選:C5.已知SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0_____,SKIPIF1<0_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0【解析】SKIPIF1<0.又SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0則,且SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<06.已知SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.【鞏固練習(xí)】一、單選題1.中國(guó)古代數(shù)學(xué)的瑰寶《九章算術(shù)》中記載了一種稱(chēng)為“曲池”的幾何體,該幾何體是上?下底面均為扇環(huán)形的柱體(扇環(huán)是指圓環(huán)被扇形截得的部分)現(xiàn)有一個(gè)如圖所示的曲池,SKIPIF1<0垂直于底面,SKIPIF1<0,底面扇環(huán)所對(duì)的圓心角為SKIPIF1<0,弧SKIPIF1<0長(zhǎng)度是弧SKIPIF1<0長(zhǎng)度的3倍,SKIPIF1<0,則該曲池的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】不妨設(shè)弧AD所在圓的半徑為R,弧BC所在圓的半徑為r,由弧AD長(zhǎng)度為弧BC長(zhǎng)度的3倍可知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.故該曲池的體積SKIPIF1<0.故選:D.2.二十四節(jié)氣是中華民族上古農(nóng)耕文明的產(chǎn)物,是中國(guó)農(nóng)歷中表示李節(jié)變遷的24個(gè)特定節(jié)令.如圖,每個(gè)節(jié)氣對(duì)應(yīng)地球在黃道上運(yùn)動(dòng)SKIPIF1<0所到達(dá)的一個(gè)位置.根據(jù)描述,從立冬到立春對(duì)應(yīng)地球在黃道上運(yùn)動(dòng)所對(duì)圓心角的弧度數(shù)為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】根據(jù)題意,立春是立冬后的第六個(gè)節(jié)氣,故從立冬到立春相應(yīng)于地球在黃道上逆時(shí)針運(yùn)行了SKIPIF1<0,所以從立冬到立春對(duì)應(yīng)地球在黃道上運(yùn)動(dòng)所對(duì)圓心角的弧度數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0.故選:B3.已知圓錐的母線長(zhǎng)為2,其側(cè)面展開(kāi)圖是圓心角等于SKIPIF1<0的扇形,則該圓錐的體積為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】設(shè)圓錐的底面半徑為SKIPIF1<0,高為SKIPIF1<0,則由題意可得SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以圓錐的體積為SKIPIF1<0,故選:C4.已知角SKIPIF1<0的大小如圖所示,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.5 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】由圖可知,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0;故選:A.5.SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】解:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0故選:C6.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0故選:C7.已知向量SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.2 B.-2 C.3 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】由題意SKIPIF1<0可得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,由于SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0(舍去),故選:C8.?dāng)?shù)學(xué)家華羅庚倡導(dǎo)的“0.618優(yōu)選法”在各領(lǐng)域都應(yīng)用廣泛,0.618就是黃金分割比SKIPIF1<0的近似值,黃金分割比還可以表示成SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

).A.4 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.2 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【解析】【詳解】根據(jù)題意,可得SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.故選:A.二、多選題9.(2022·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)折扇文化有著極其深厚的底蘊(yùn),一般情況下,折扇可看作是從一個(gè)圓面中剪下的扇形制作而成,設(shè)扇形(如圖)的面積為SKIPIF1<0,圓心角為SKIPIF1<0,圓面中剩余部分的面積為SKIPIF1<0,圓心角為SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的比值為SKIPIF1<0(黃金分割比)時(shí),折扇看上去較為美觀,那么(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】BCD【詳解】設(shè)扇形的半徑為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0,故D正確;由SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,故C正確;由SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故B正確.故選:BCD10.(2022·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))(多選)給出下列四個(gè)結(jié)論,其中正確的結(jié)論是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0成立的條件是角SKIPIF1<0是銳角B.若SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0),則SKIPIF1<0C.若SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0),則SKIPIF1<0D.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0【答案】CD【詳解】由誘導(dǎo)公式二,知SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,所以A錯(cuò)誤.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,所以B錯(cuò)誤.若SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0),則SKIPIF1<0,所以C正確.將等式SKIPIF1<0兩邊平方,得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0.若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0;若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,所以D正確.故選CD三、填空題11.(2022·山東·德州市教育科學(xué)研究院二模)已知角θ的終邊過(guò)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則tanθ=____________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】SKIPIF1<0角θ的終邊過(guò)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0即SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在第四象限,SKIPIF1<0解得:SKIPIF1<0(舍去)或SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.12.已知SKIPIF1<0為第三象限角,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0______.【答案】SKIPIF1<0##SKIPIF1<0【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0為第三象限角,且SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.四、解答題13.某企業(yè)欲做一個(gè)介紹企業(yè)發(fā)展史的銘牌,銘牌的截面形狀是如圖所示的扇形環(huán)面(

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