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LearningandMemory1.Thebasicconceptsoflearning&memory
classificationoflearning&memorybrainstructureshostinglearning&memorylearning&memoryinbehavioralstudylearning&memoryandneuralplasticity2.Themolecularbasisoflearning&memory
studiesinAplysiastudiesinmouse,LTP,LTDandlongtermmemory2BasicconceptsofLearn&MemLearning:theprocessofacquiringabilityorknowledgethatisnotborn
learned:reading;,writing,drivingetcborn:suckingmilk,yelling,blinkingetcMemory:theretaining/maintainingoflearnedabilityorknowledgeActually,thestudiesonlearningandmemoryincludelearning,repeating,memory,andforgettingaswell3StepsofmemoryprocessingAcquisitionistheprocessofbringingknowledgeintothebrainandintoafirst-stagememorybufferviasensoryorgansandprimarysensorycorticesConsolidationistheprocessofrehearsingandbuildingarobustrepresentationofitinthebrainStorageisthecreationofarelativelystablememorytraceorrecordofknowledgeinthebrainRetrievalistheprocessofreactivatingknowledgeinawaythatwillallowittobecomeanimageinconsciousnessortranslatedintomotoroutput4AmnesiaRetrogradeamnesia:memorylossforeventsbeforethetrauma;youforgetthingsyoualreadyknewAnterogradeamnesia:aninabilitytoformnewmemoriesfollowingbraintrauma.5ClassificationofmemoriesAccordingtotimecourse:WorkingmemoryShorttermmemoryLongtermmemoryAccordingtoappearance:non-declarativememory(implicitmemory)declarativememory(explicitmemory)
6Workingmemory:informationheld“inmind.”Short-termmemory:memoriesthatlastontheorderofsecondstohoursandarevulnerabletodisruption.Long-termmemory:memoriesthatyoucanrecalldays,months,
oryearsaftertheywereoriginallystored.7ImplicitandexplicitmemoryNon-declarativememory(implicitmemory):
Perceptualmemory:acquiredthroughthesense.
Procedurelearning:representationofaseriesofactionsorperceptualprocessingfunctionsthatoccurunconsciouslyandrepetitionstypicallyresultinincreasedspeedoraccuracy
Fearmemory:Declarativememory(explicitmemory):
Episodicmemory:asystemthatcollectstemporarilyandspatiallyencodedeventsinasubject’slife,suchasrecallsofparticularexperiencesorepisodes
Semanticmemory:anorganizationoffactualinformationindependentofspecificepisodesduringwhichthatinformationwasacquired.It’sknowledgeoftheworld.8Declarativeandnon-declarative
memory91.Thebasicconceptsoflearning&memory
classificationoflearning&memory
brainstructureshostinglearning&memorylearning&memoryinbehavioralstudylearning&memoryandneuralplasticity10Brainstructureshostinglearning&memoryGeneraltheoriesaboutmemoryengramLocalizationofdeclarativememory:temporallobediencephalonLocalizationofprocedurememorystriatumLocalizationofworkingmemoryfrontalcortex
11Thesearchforengram-Whereistheengram?Engram-thephysicalrepresentationorlocationofmemory,alsocalledmemorytraceStrategy/Methods:1.lesionorablationofcertainbrainregions2.recordingtheresponseofspecificneurons12EffectofbrainlesionsonMazelearninginrats-KarlLashleyratsgivenbrainlesionsbeforelearningneededmoretrialstorunthemazewithoutgoingdownblindalleysratgivenbrainlesionsafterlearningmademistakesandwentdownblindalleysithadpreviouslylearnedtoavoid.aratrunthroughamazetogetfood13Thegreaterthepercentageofcortexdestroyed,themoreerrorsmadewhiletheratslearntorunthemaze.Thenumberoferrorsshowniscumulativeacrosstrials,suggestingthatratswithlargerlesionshaddifficultyrememberingwhicharmsofthemazewereblindalleys.14KarlLashley’sconclusionsallcorticalareascontributeequallytolearningandmemoryitissimplyamatterofgettingpoorerperformanceonthemazetaskasthelesiongetsbiggerandtheabilitytorememberthemazeworsens.Itiswrongthatallareasareequal,butittruethatthememoriesaredistributed15Brainstructureshostinglearning&memoryGeneraltheoriesaboutmemoryengramLocalizationofdeclarativememory:medialtemporallobediencephalonbrainLocalizationofprocedurememorystriatumLocalizationofworkingmemoryfrontalcortex16LocalizationofdeclarativememoriestoneocortexStudiedinhumanStudiesinmonkeys17ThebrainlesioninpatientH.M.thatproducedsevereanterogradeamnesia.(a)ThemedialtemporallobewasremovedfrombothhemispheresinH.M.’sbraintoalleviatesevereepilepticseizures.(b)Anormalbrain,showingthelocationofthehippocampusandcortexthatwereremovedfromH.M.’sbrain.H.M.haspartialretrogradeamnesiafortheyearsprecedingtheoperation.Muchmoreseriousishisextremeanterogradeamnesia.Whilehecanrememberagreatdealabouthischildhood,heisunabletoremembersomeonehemetjustafewminutesearlier.Casestudy-H.M.18Declarativememoriesinneocortex
-studiesinmonkeysResponsestofacesininferotemporalcortex.(a)ThelocationofareaITintheinferiortemporallobeofamacaquemonkey.(b)Responsesofafacecell.ThehistogramsshowtheresponseofaneuroninareaITtodifferentviewsofamonkey’shead.Thehorizontalbarundereachhistogramindicateswhenthestimuluswaspresented.(c)Changingresponsesofacelltounfamiliarfaces.19DiencephalonandmemoryComponentsofthediencephaloninvolvedinmemory.Thethalamusandmammillarybodiesreceiveafferentsfromstructuresinthemedialtemporallobe.CasestudyofNAandKosakoff’ssyndrome20Casestudy-N.A.Theonlyobviousdamagewasalesioninhisleftdorsomedialthalamus.N.A.’scognitiveabilitywasnormalbuthismemorywasimpaired.Hehadrelativelysevereanterogradeamnesiaandretrogradeamnesiaforaperiodofabout2yearsprecedingtheaccident.Whilehecouldremembersomefacesandeventsfromtheyearsfollowinghisaccident,eventhesememoriesweresketchy.Hehaddifficultywatchingtelevisionbecauseduringcommercials,he’dforgetwhatwaspreviouslyhappening.21Korsakoff’ssyndrome-lesionsinthedorsomedialthalamusandmammillarybodiesNostrongcorrelationexistsbetweentheseverityofanterogradeamnesiaandretrogradeamnesiainKorsakoff’ssyndrome.Themechanismsinvolvedinconsolidation(disruptedinanterogradeamnesia)arelargelydistinctfromprocessesusedtorecallmemories(disruptedinretrogradeamnesia).Anterogradeamnesiamaybeassociatedwithdiencephaliclesionsresultsfromdamagetothethalamusandmammillarybodies.Retrogradeamnesia,mayinvovlesdiencephalon,thecerebellum,brainstem,andneocortex.22Brainstructureshostinglearning&memoryGeneraltheoriesaboutmemoryengramLocalizationofdeclarativememory:Localizationofprocedurememory
striatumLocalizationofworkingmemory
23An
eight-arm
radialarmmaze.Ifaratlearnsthatfouroftheeightarmsnevercontainfood,itwillignoretheseandfollowapathtoonlythebaitedarms.Hippocampusanddeclarativememory24Twoversionsofradialarmmazetask
-declarative/procedurememoryThefirstwasthestandard,inwhichtheratmustmoveasefficientlyaspossibleretrievingthefoodfromeachofthebaitedarmsofthemaze.Inthesecondversion,smalllightswereilluminatedabovethearmscontainingfood,andtheunlitarmshadnofood.ThelightscouldbeturnedonoroffatanytimeThestandardmazetaskwasdesignedtorequiretheuseofdeclarativememory.The“l(fā)ight”versionofthetaskwasintendedtodrawonproceduralmemorybecauseoftheconsistentassociationbetweenthepresenceoffoodandilluminatedlights.25Ifthehippocampalsystemwasdamaged,performancewasdegradedonthestandardmazetaskbutwasrelativelyunaffectedonthelightversion.Conversely,alesioninthestriatumimpairedperformanceofthelighttaskbuthadlittleeffectonthestandardtask.This“doubledissociation”ofthelesionsiteandthebehavioraldeficitsuggeststhatthestriatumispartofaproceduralmemorysystembutisnotcrucialfortheformationofdeclarativememories.26Brainstructureshostinglearning&memoryGeneraltheoriesaboutmemoryengramLocalizationofdeclarativememory:temporallobediencephalonbrainLocalizationofprocedurememorystriatumLocalizationofworkingmemory
frontalcortex,areaLIP
27AreaLIPandworkingmemoryLIP:lateralintraparietalcortex(頂內(nèi)溝外側(cè)區(qū))(a)Themonkeyfixatesonacentralpointwhileaperipheraltargetflashesonandoff.Whenthefixationpointdisappears,andtheanimalknowstomoveitseyestotherememberedlocationofthetarget.(b)ThehistogramshowstheresponseofanLIPneuron.281.Thebasicconceptsoflearning&memory
classificationoflearning&memorybrainstructureshostinglearning&memory
learning&memoryinbehavioralstudylearning&memoryandneuralplasticity2.Themolecularbasisoflearning&memory
studiesinAplysiastudiesinmouse,LTP,LTDandlongtermmemory29Non-associativelearningSensitizationprogressiveamplificationofaresponseafterrepeatedadministrationsofastimulus
GillWithdrawReflexinAplysiaHabituationdecreaseinresponsetoastimulusafterrepeatedpresentationsProbscisextensionresponseinDrosophila“wolf-coming”30Associativelearning
-Classicalconditioning31CS:conditionedstimulus
Asignalingstimulusthatdoesnotelicitaresponsebyitself
US:unconditionedstimulus:
AstimulusisafactorthatcausesaresponseinanorganismConditioning:couplingofCSandUStoelicitaresponse32Associativelearning
-operantcondition
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