歐洲侵權(quán)法基本原則中英文對(duì)照版

歐洲侵權(quán)法基本原則中英文對(duì)照版EuropeanGrouponTortLawPrinciplesofEuropeanTortLaw歐洲侵權(quán)法基本原則部分章節(jié)示例如下：(1)Apersontowhomdamagetoanotherislegallyattributedisliabletocompensatethatdamage.任何在法律上對(duì)第三方造成損害的行為人應(yīng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任．(2)Damagemaybeattributedinparticulartotheperson損害賠償應(yīng)尤其由下列各方承擔(dān)：a)whoseconductconstitutingfaulthascausedit;or其行為構(gòu)成過錯(cuò)并造成損失的一方；或b)whoseabnormallydangerousactivityhascausedit;or從事異常危險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng)且造成損失的一方；或c)whoseauxiliaryhascauseditwithinthescopeofhisfunctions.其附屬機(jī)構(gòu)在其職責(zé)范圍內(nèi)造成損失的一方。TITLEII.GeneralConditionsofLiability第二篇．責(zé)任原則Chapter2.Damage第二章．損害Art.2:101.Recoverabledamage第二條：可受償損失Damagerequiresmaterialorimmaterialharmtoalegallyprotectedinterest.該損失必須對(duì)合法保護(hù)的利益造成物質(zhì)上或非物質(zhì)上的損害。Art.2:102.Protectedinterests第二條：受保護(hù)的利益(1)Thescopeofprotectionofaninterestdependsonitsnature;thehigheritsvalue,theprecisionofitsdefinitionanditsobviousness,themoreextensiveisitsprotection.某一利益受保護(hù)的范圍取決于該利益的性質(zhì);其價(jià)值越高，定義越精確，利益越明顯，對(duì)該利益的保護(hù)范圍越廣泛。(2)Life,bodilyormentalintegrity,humandignityandlibertyenjoythemostextensiveprotection.生命，人身或精神上的完整性，人格尊嚴(yán)和人身自由享受最廣泛的保護(hù)。(3)Extensiveprotectionisgrantedtopropertyrights,includingthoseinintangibleproperty.財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)，包括無形資產(chǎn)享受廣泛的保護(hù)。(4)Protectionofpureeconomicinterestsorcontractualrelationshipsmaybemorelimitedinscope.Insuchcases,dueregardmustbehadespeciallytotheproximitybetweentheactorandtheendangeredperson,ortothefactthattheactorisawareofthefactthathewillcausedamageeventhoughhisinterestsarenecessarilyvaluedlowerthanthoseofthevictim.對(duì)純經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和合同利益的保護(hù)范圍相對(duì)受限。在此情況下，應(yīng)適當(dāng)考慮行為人與受害方的接近程度，或考慮到行為人明知其行為將造成損失的事實(shí)（盡管其利益的價(jià)值被認(rèn)為低于受害方的利益)。(5)Thescopeofprotectionmayalsobeaffectedbythenatureofliability,sothataninterestmayreceivemoreextensiveprotectionagainstintentionalharmthaninothercases.利益保護(hù)范圍也受責(zé)任性質(zhì)的影響，因此對(duì)國際利益造成的損害的保護(hù)應(yīng)比其他情況下的保護(hù)更廣泛。(6)Indeterminingthescopeofprotection,theinterestsoftheactor,especiallyinlibertyofactionandinexercisinghisrights,aswellaspublicinterestsalsohavetobetakenintoconsideration.決定利益保護(hù)范圍時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮行為人的利益，尤其該行為人行動(dòng)與行使權(quán)利的自由，以及公共利益。Art.2:103.Legitimacyofdamage第二條：損害的合法性Lossesrelatingtoactivitiesorsourceswhichareregardedasillegitimatecannotberecovered.與非法行為及非法資源相關(guān)的損失不能得到賠償。Art.2:104.Preventiveexpenses第二條104.款：預(yù)防措施的費(fèi)用Expensesincurredtopreventthreateneddamageamounttorecoverabledamageinsofarasreasonablyincurred.為避免緊急威脅造成的費(fèi)用在合理的范圍內(nèi)可以得到賠償。Art.2:105.Proofofdamage第二條105款：舉證責(zé)任Damagemustbeprovedaccordingtonormalproceduralstandards.Thecourtmayestimatetheextentofdamagewhereproofoftheexactamountwouldbetoodifficultortoocostly.損害的證明必須依據(jù)通常的程序標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行舉證。在無法舉證損害的確切數(shù)額或舉證費(fèi)用過高時(shí)，法院有權(quán)判定損害數(shù)額。Chapter3.Causation第三章．因果原則Section1.Conditiosinequanonandqualifications第一節(jié)．必要條件與原因識(shí)別Art.3:101.Conditiosinequanon第三條：必要條件Anactivityorconduct(hereafter:activity)isacauseofthevictim’sdamageif,intheabsenceoftheactivity,thedamagewouldnothaveoccurred.若無某一活動(dòng)或行為（以下簡(jiǎn)稱為行為)，損失就不會(huì)發(fā)生，則此行為被認(rèn)為是造成受害方損失的原因。Art.3:102.Concurrentcauses第三條：共同原因Incaseofmultipleactivities,whereeachofthemalonewouldhavecausedthedamageatthesametime,eachactivityisregardedasacauseofthevictim’sdamage.在多方行為的情況下，若任一方的單獨(dú)行為足以造成損失，則每一方的行為都被認(rèn)定為造成受害方損失的原因。Art.3:103.Alternativecauses第三條：其他原因(1)Incaseofmultipleactivities,whereeachofthemalonewouldhavebeensufficienttocausethedamage,butitremainsuncertainwhichoneinfactcausedit,eachactivityisregardedasacausetotheextentcorrespondingtothelikelihoodthatitmayhavecausedthevictim’sdamage.在多方行為的情況下，若任一方的單獨(dú)行為都可能足以造成損失，但事實(shí)上并不明確哪一方的行為造成此損失，則每一方的行為依據(jù)其可能造成受害方損失的可能性來判定其作為造成受害方損失的原因的程度。(2)If,incaseofmultiplevictims,itremainsuncertainwhetheraparticularvictim’sdamagehasbeencausedbyanactivity,whileitislikelythatitdidnotcausethedamageofallvictims,theactivityisregardedasacauseofthedamagesufferedbyallvictimsinproportiontothelikelihoodthatitmayhavecausedthedamageofaparticularvictim.在多方受害人的情況下，若不能確認(rèn)某一受害方的損失由某一行為造成，而此行為很可能并未造成所有受害方的損失，則依據(jù)該行為造成某一受害方損失可能性的大小依比例認(rèn)定其作為所有受害方損失的原因。Art.3:104.Potentialcauses第三條：潛在原因(1)Ifanactivityhasdefinitelyandirreversiblyledthevictimtosufferdamage,asubsequentactivitywhichalonewouldhavecausedthesamedamageistobedisregarded.若某一行為絕對(duì)且不可避免的造成受害方遭受損害，則相繼的可單獨(dú)造成同樣損失的行為不被采納為造成損害的原因。(2)Asubsequentactivityisneverthelesstakenintoconsiderationifithasledtoadditionaloraggravateddamage.但若相繼行為導(dǎo)致額外損失或加重?fù)p失，則仍應(yīng)考慮此行為。(3)Ifthefirstactivityhascausedcontinuingdamageandthesubsequentactivitylateronalsowouldhavecausedit,bothactivitiesareregardedasacauseofthatcontinuingdamagefromthattimeon.若第一個(gè)行為造成持續(xù)的損失，后發(fā)的相繼行為本來也可能造成此損失，則這兩個(gè)行為都被視為持續(xù)損失的原因。Art.3:105.Uncertainpartialcausation第三條：不明確的部分原因Inthecaseofmultipleactivities,whenitiscertainthatnoneofthemhascausedtheentiredamageoranydeterminablepartthereof,thosethatarelikelytohave[minimally]contributedtothedamagearepresumedtohavecausedequalsharesthereof.在多方行為的情況下，若能確定無一行為造成全部損失或決定性部分損失，則所有（至少)可能造成該損失的行為被推定為相同比例造成損失。Art.3:106.Uncertaincauseswithinthevictim’ssphere第三條：受害方范圍內(nèi)不明確原因Thevictimhastobearhislosstotheextentcorrespondingtothelikelihoodthatitmayhavebeencausedbyanactivity,occurrenceorothercircumstancewithinhisownsphere.若損害可能由受害方范圍內(nèi)的活動(dòng)、行為或其他情況造成，受害方應(yīng)承擔(dān)與該活動(dòng)、行為或其他情況造成損害的可能性相對(duì)應(yīng)的損失。Section2.ScopeofLiability第二節(jié)．責(zé)任范圍Art.3:201.ScopeofLiability第三條：責(zé)任范圍WhereanactivityisacausewithinthemeaningofSection1ofthisChapter,whetherandtowhatextentdamagemaybeattributedtoapersondependsonfactorssuchas若某一行為構(gòu)成本章第一節(jié)規(guī)定中的原因，行為人是否及至何種程度承擔(dān)責(zé)任取決于下列因素：a)theforeseeabilityofthedamagetoareasonablepersonatthetimeoftheactivity,takingintoaccountinparticulartheclosenessintimeorspacebetweenthedamagingactivityanditsconsequence,orthemagnitudeofthedamageinrelationtothenormalconsequencesofsuchanactivity;在善意行為人行為時(shí)損失的可預(yù)見性，尤其考慮到致?lián)p行為與其后果在時(shí)間或空間上的接近性，或該行為造成的通常后果與該損失程度之間的關(guān)系；b)thenatureandthevalueoftheprotectedinterest(Article2:102);受保護(hù)利益的性質(zhì)和價(jià)值（第二條：102)；c)thebasisofliability(Article1:101);c)責(zé)任基礎(chǔ)（第一條：101)；d)theextentoftheordinaryrisksoflife;andd)生活中通常風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的程度；和e)theprotectivepurposeoftherulethathasbeenviolated.被違反的本原則的保護(hù)目的。TITLEIII.BasesofLiability第三篇．責(zé)任性質(zhì)Chapter4.Liabilitybasedonfault第四章．過錯(cuò)責(zé)任制Section1.Conditionsofliabilitybasedonfault第一節(jié)．過錯(cuò)責(zé)任制的條件Art.4:101.Fault第四條：101．過錯(cuò)Apersonisliableonthebasisoffaultforintentionalornegligentviolationoftherequiredstandardofconduct.行為人在過錯(cuò)的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)由于其故意或過失而違反必要行為準(zhǔn)則的行為承擔(dān)責(zé)任。Art.4:102.Requiredstandardofconduct第四條：必要行為準(zhǔn)則(?1)Therequiredstandardofconductisthatofthereasonablepersoninthecircumstances,anddepends,inparticular,onthenatureandvalueoftheprotectedinterestinvolved,thedangerousnessoftheactivity,theexpertisetobeexpectedofapersoncarryingiton,theforeseeabilityofthedamage,therelationshipofproximityorspecialreliancebetweenthoseinvolved,aswellastheavailabilityandthecostsofprecautionaryoralternativemethods.必要行為準(zhǔn)則指善意行為人善意行為時(shí)的行為準(zhǔn)則，尤其取決于受保護(hù)利益的性質(zhì)和價(jià)值，行為的危險(xiǎn)性，可期望的行為人的專業(yè)知識(shí)，損失的可預(yù)見性，所涉及各方之間接近或特殊依賴關(guān)系，以及可用資源和預(yù)防措施及其他替代辦法的費(fèi)用。(2)Theabovestandardmaybeadjustedwhenduetoage,mentalorphysicaldisabilityorduetoextraordinarycircumstancesthepersoncannotbeexpectedtoconformtoit.當(dāng)行為人由于年齡、精神病或身體殘疾或極其特殊的情況而不能執(zhí)行該準(zhǔn)則時(shí)，上述準(zhǔn)則可適當(dāng)調(diào)整。(3)Ruleswhichprescribeorforbidcertainconducthavetobeconsideredwhenestablishingtherequiredstandardofconduct.當(dāng)確立必要行為準(zhǔn)則時(shí)，規(guī)定或禁止某些行為的規(guī)則應(yīng)被考慮在內(nèi)。Art.4:103.Dutytoprotectothersfromdamage第四條：保護(hù)其他方免受損失的責(zé)任Adutytoactpositivelytoprotectothersfromdamagemayexistiflawsoprovides,oriftheactorcreatesorcontrolsadangeroussituation,orwhenthereisaspecialrelationshipbetweenpartiesorwhentheseriousnessoftheharmontheonesideandtheeaseofavoidingthedamageontheothersidepointtowardssuchaduty.行為人積極行為保護(hù)其他方免受損失的責(zé)任存在于下列幾種情況：在有法律規(guī)定時(shí)，或行為人制造或控制危險(xiǎn)局面時(shí)，或當(dāng)事方之間存在特殊關(guān)系時(shí)，或一方面危害的嚴(yán)重性，另一方面避免此損失的容易性共同指向此責(zé)任時(shí)。Section2.Reversaloftheburdenofprovingfault第二節(jié)．舉證責(zé)任倒置Art.4:201.Reversaloftheburdenofprovingfaultingeneral第四條：一般舉證責(zé)任倒置(1)Theburdenofprovingfaultmaybereversedinlightofthegravityofthedangerpresentedbytheactivity.舉證責(zé)任的倒置在某行為構(gòu)成緊急危險(xiǎn)時(shí)可成立。(2)Thegravityofthedangerisdeterminedaccordingtotheseriousnessofpossibledamageinsuchcasesaswellasthelikelihoodthatsuchdamagemightactuallyoccur.危險(xiǎn)的緊急性由該情況下可能造成損失的嚴(yán)重性以及該損失實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性決定。Art.4:202.EnterpriseLiability第四條：企業(yè)責(zé)任(1)Apersonpursuingalastingenterpriseforeconomicorprofessionalpurposeswhousesauxiliariesortechnicalequipmentisliableforanyharmcausedbyadefectofsuchenterpriseorofitsoutputunlessheprovesthathehasconformedtotherequiredstandardofconduct.使用輔助設(shè)備或技術(shù)設(shè)備，長期從事經(jīng)濟(jì)或?qū)I(yè)性企業(yè)經(jīng)營的行為人，對(duì)該企業(yè)或其產(chǎn)品的缺陷造成的損害承擔(dān)責(zé)任，除非該行為人能證明他采取了所有必要的防護(hù)措施。(2)?Defect“isanydeviationfromstandardsthatarereasonablytobeexpectedfromtheenterpriseorfromitsproductsorservices.缺陷是指偏離對(duì)該企業(yè)、其產(chǎn)品或其服務(wù)合理期待的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Chapter5.Strictliability第五章．嚴(yán)格責(zé)任制Art.5:101.Abnormallydangerousactivities第五條：異常危險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng)(1)Apersonwhocarriesonanabnormallydangerousactivityisstrictlyliablefordamagecharacteristictotheriskpresentedbytheactivityandresultingfromit.從事異常危險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)的行為人對(duì)活動(dòng)本身特有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所造成的損害及該活動(dòng)造成的損害負(fù)嚴(yán)格責(zé)任。(2)Anactivityisabnormallydangerousif滿足下列條件的活動(dòng)被視為異常危險(xiǎn)的活動(dòng)：a)itcreatesaforeseeableandhighlysignificantriskofdamageevenwhenallduecareisexercisedinitsmanagementand即使在從事活動(dòng)過程中采取所有防護(hù)措施，該活動(dòng)仍造成可預(yù)見的和極高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；且b)itisnotamatterofcommonusage.該活動(dòng)并非通常慣例。(3)Ariskofdamagemaybesignificanthavingregardtotheseriousnessorthelikelihoodofthedamage.基于損失的嚴(yán)重性和可能性，造成損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大。(4)ThisArticledoesnotapplytoanactivitywhichisspecificallysubjectedtostrictliabilitybyanyotherprovisionofthesePrinciplesoranyothernationallaworinternationalconvention.此條規(guī)定不適用于本原則其他條款、國內(nèi)法或國際條約明確規(guī)定適用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任的活動(dòng)。Art.5:102.Otherstrictliabilities第五條：其他適用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任制的活動(dòng)(1)Nationallawscanprovideforfurthercategoriesofstrictliabilityfordangerousactivitieseveniftheactivityisnotabnormallydangerous.國內(nèi)法有權(quán)規(guī)定其他適用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任制的危險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)，即使該活動(dòng)并非異常危險(xiǎn)。(2)Unlessnationallawprovidesotherwise,additionalcategoriesofstrictliabilitycanbefoundbyanalogytoothersourcesofcomparableriskofdamage.除非國內(nèi)法另有規(guī)定，其他適用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任制的活動(dòng)可依據(jù)造成損失的同類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)類推適用。Chapter6.Liabilityforothers第六章．對(duì)第三方的責(zé)任Art.6:101.Liabilityforminorsormentallydisabledpersons第六條：對(duì)未成年人及精神病人的責(zé)任Apersoninchargeofanotherwhoisaminororsubjecttomentaldisabilityisliablefordamagecausedbytheotherunlessthepersoninchargeshowsthathehasconformedtotherequiredstandardofconductinsupervision.監(jiān)護(hù)人對(duì)其監(jiān)護(hù)的未成年人或精神病人造成的損害負(fù)責(zé)，除非該監(jiān)護(hù)人能證明他已盡到監(jiān)護(hù)責(zé)任要求的必要行為準(zhǔn)則。Art.6:102.Liabilityforauxiliaries第六條：對(duì)附屬機(jī)構(gòu)的責(zé)任(1)Apersonisliablefordamagecausedbyhisauxiliariesactingwithinthescopeoftheirfunctionsprovidedthattheyviolatedtherequiredstandardofconduct.行為人對(duì)其附屬機(jī)構(gòu)在職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)造成的損失負(fù)責(zé)，若該附屬機(jī)構(gòu)違反了必要行為準(zhǔn)則。(2)AnindependentcontractorisnotregardedasanauxiliaryforthepurposesofthisArticle.獨(dú)立承攬人不視為本條款所規(guī)定的附屬機(jī)構(gòu)。TITLEIV.Defences第四篇．抗辯Chapter7.Defencesingeneral第七章．基本抗辯Art.7:101.Defencesbasedonjustifications第七條：證明適當(dāng)?shù)目罐q(1)Liabilitycanbeexcludedifandtotheextentthattheactoractedlegitimately行為人在下列情況下合法行為可免責(zé)：a)indefenceofhisownprotectedinterestagainstanunlawfulattack(self-defence),為保護(hù)自身利益防止非法侵犯（自衛(wèi))，b)undernecessity,必要的情況下，c)becausethehelpoftheauthoritiescouldnotbeobtainedintime(self-help),救濟(jì)機(jī)關(guān)不能及時(shí)提供救濟(jì)（自立救濟(jì))，d)withtheconsentofthevictim,orwherethelatterhasassumedtheriskofbeingharmed,or取得受害方同意，或受害方同意承擔(dān)受損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，e)byvirtueoflawfulauthority,suchasalicence.合法授權(quán)，比如許可證。(2)Whetherliabilityisexcludeddependsupontheweightofthesejustifi