生態(tài)學(xué)概念、研范疇及研究方法-

Definition

of

Ecology

1866

Ernst

Haeckel:

the

comprehensivescience

of

the

relationship

of

theorganism

to

the

environment1927

Charles

Elton:

Scientific

natural

1963

E.

P.

Odum:

The

study

of

the

structuand

function

of

nature

1972

C.

J.

Krebs:

The

scientific

study

ointeractions

that

determine

the

distriband

abundance

of

organismsEcological

spectrumBiosphere,

Landscape,

Ecosystem,Community,

Population,

Organism,

Orgasystem,

Organ,

Tissue,

Cell,

Subcellulaorganelles,

MoleculesBranches

of

EcologyChemical,

Molecular,

Physiological,Behavioral,

Population,

Community,Ecosystem,

Landscape,

Evolutionary,Theoretical,

Conservation

and

managemeBiodiversityJournals:

Behavioral

Ecology,

BiologicalConservation,

Chemical

Ecology,Conservation

Biology,

Conservation

EcologyEcological

Application,

EcologicalModeling,

Ecological

Monograph,

Ecologist,Ecology,

Environmental

Management,Evolutionary

Ecology,

Functional

Ecology,Journal

of

Animal

Ecology,

Journal

ofApplied

Ecology,

Journal

of

WildlifeManagement,

Landscape

Ecology,

MolecularEcology,

Oecologia,

Oikos,

Trends

inEvolution

and

Ecology,

etc.Methods

of

studying

ecology

To

understand,

describe,

explain,predict

and

controlScale

Lab

experiment,

field

experiment,natural

trajectory

experiment,

natsnapshot

experiment,

mathematicalmodelEcology

of

forest

birds

5

warbler

sp.

of

similar

ecologicarequirementFeeding

zones

In

the

presence

or

absence

of

otherspeciesCompetition

and

partitioningEnergy

budget

of

bumblebeeHow

to

keep

warm

in

cold

environment?

Energy

gain

for

feeding

–

energy

lossfrom

flying,

feeding

and

keeping

warmLab

and

field

studiesNumber

and

kinds

of

flower

visited,sugar

content

of

flowerEnergyloss

at

different

temperaturBrown

trout

v.s.

Native

GalaxiasFish

→

Mayfly

nymph

→

algaeActivity

pattern

(lab

and

field

expHabitat

preference

(natural

exp.)Community

effect

(field

exp.)

Trophic

cascade

–

effects

flowingdown

from

one

trophic

level

tothe

next

and

the

nextEnergy

flowPrimary

production:

trout

>>

GalaxSecondary

production:

trout

>>GalaxSuccession

of

old

fieldsNatural

trajectory

vs.

natural

snapCorrelation

vs.

mechanismwithin

field

comparison

indicaintroduced

sp.↑and

prairie

sp.↓

aField

experimentsp.

composition

and

N

supplyNutrients

in

the

rain

forest

canop

Epiphytes

mats

~

?

to

4x

of

thenutrient

content

of

the

foliage

ofcanopy

treesPhotosynthesis,

migratory

birds,Fox-rabies

(math

model)

Assumptions:

no

recovery

or

immune,no

migration,

random

contact

Biology:

life

span

2

yrs.,

1

cub/yr,latent

phase

28

days,

die

5

days

aftebecoming

infectiousN

=

S

+

L

+

IdS/dt

=

(b-d)S

-αSIdL/dt

=

αSI

-

dL

-

βLdI/dt

=

βL

-

dI

-

γIα-

contact

rateβ

-

reaction

rateγ

-

rabies-induced

mortalityMerits

of

modelSummarizing

current

knowledgeApproximation

and

simplificationHypotheses

testingExploring

scenarios

and

situationsCaution

in

evaluation

and

predictiFactors

affecting

the

abundanceand

distribution

of

speciesHistorical

factorsevolution

and

speciationcontinental

driftgeological

and

climaticchangesAbiotic

factorschemical

and

physicalBiotic

factorscompetition,

predation,mutualism,

etc.DispersalBehavioral

factorsHuman

factorsDarwinian

evolutionby

natural

selectionindividual

variationvariation

is

heritabledifferential

reproductive

rate

the

interaction

between

thecharacteristics

of

individual

andthe

environmentFitness

a

measure

of

biologicalsuccess

#

of

gene

or

genome

put

into

thenext

generation

the

proportionate

contribution

than

individual

makes

to

futuregenerationThe

fittest

individual

those

that

leave

the

greatest

#

ofdescendants

those

that

transport

more

gene

to

thnext

generationExampleModel:

an

annual,

only

one

gene,asexual

reproduction,

reproduce

onlonce

in

life

time.5

genotypes:

A,

B,

C,

D,

and

E

G,

S,

F

=

proportion

of

energydevoted

to

growth,

survival

(againspredator),

and

fecundity#of

seedGenotypesSpring/SummerFall

Survi10A2large 2seeds410B9small 1seeds910C2small 4seeds810D4medium 5seeds2010TotalE5

med-small 4seeds6120G:F:S

in

A=6:1:1,

B=1:1:6,

C=1:6:1,

D=1:1:1,

E=1Genotypefrequency

beforeafter

one

generatioA10/50=0.24/61=0.06B0.29/61=0.15C0.28/61=0.13D0.220/61=0.33E0.220/61=0.33Fitness

=

#

of

gene/genome

put

into

the

next

generFitness

of

D&E

=

20/10

=

2Fitness

ofC=

8/10=

0.8Fitness

ofB=

9/10=

0.9Fitness

ofA=

4/10=

0.4QuestionsIs

the

population

biologically