2023屆高三英語名校新題03（閱讀理解之說明文） 期中考試專輯 解析版

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專題03閱讀理解之說明文解析版

北京市海淀區(qū)2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中英語試題

Humanshavelonggainedpleasurefromthesmellsofthenaturalworld.Forthemostpart,though,

humanbeingsarenottheirtargetmarket.Forplants,fragrancesareawaytointeractwithinsectsandother

animals.Theirattractionforpeoplehappenssimplybychance.

Inchemicalterms,mostnaturalfragrancesaremadeupofvolatiles—socalledbecauseoftheir

tendencytochangestatessuddenly.Volatilesevaporateeasily,driftingintonoses.Inplants'reproductive

processes,smellyvolatilesattractpollinators（授粉昆蟲）.Buttheirnaturalapplicationsaremuchmore

varied.IfaninsectchewsthroughtheleavesofsomeBurseraplants,outshootsasticky,smellyliquidto

trapit.Coyotetobaccoplantsareevenmorecrafty:uponsensingthesmellofhungrycaterpillars,they

producevolatilesthatattractpredatorstokillthepests.

Whatistrulyamazingisjusthowwilyplantscanbeinusingtheirscentsforreproduction.White

flowersoftenemittheirscentatnighttoattractnocturnalpollinatorssuchasmoths.Theyproduceadilute

nectar（稀釋的花蜜）thatencouragesmothstokeepmoving,ratherthanlingeratasinglebloom—allthe

bettertoincreasepollination.Otherflowerschangetheirfragranceafterbeingsuccessfullypollinated,asa

signalfbrinsectstogoelsewhere.

Butthough“Scent”isastoryofplants9cleverness,itisalsoataleofthehumankind.Peoplehavelong

usedfragrancesfortheirownpurposes,particularlyforuseinreligiousceremonies:perfumerecipesonthe

wallsofanEgyptiantempleinEdfudemonstratejusthowlongingi,edientshavebeenmixedinpursuitof

thebestblend.Sohighlyprizedweresomescentsthat,toscareoffcompetitors,Arabtradersspreada

legendaboutgianteaglesthatguardedcinnamon.

Eventuallyscientistsnolongerneedednaturalsourcesforfragrances.In1866afragrancemolecule

wasproducedforthefirsttime.Sixteenyearslater,HoubigantParfumreleasedFougereRoyale,thefirst

“modemfantasyperfilme^^thatcreatesanimaginaryscentratherthancopyinganaturalone.Nowadays

fragrance-makingisdominatedbyman-madecompounds,whichcanbereliablyandaffordablyproduced

inlargequantities.

Thathasledtothemassproductionofsmellyproducts,fromtoiletpapertotoothpaste.Scentis

accordinglybigbusiness.Itissaidthataworld-famousfragranceandflavourmanufacturerthatclaims

peopleinteractwithitsproductsupto30timesaday,hadsalesof€3.8bnlastyear.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1and2,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?

A.Someplantsmightkillthepestswiththeirsmells.

B.Fragranceisatoolforplantstoprotectthemselves.

C.Peopleinteractwithnatureeasilythroughfragrance.

D.Fragrancesarelessimportanttohumansthantoanimalsandinsects.

32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prized“inParagraph4mostprobablymean?

A.Developed.B.Rewarded.C.Mixed.D.Valued.

33.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Humansdonotusefragrancesaspurposefullyasplantsdo.

B.Naturalsourcesforfragranceswillbeoutofdateinthefuture.

C.Plantsusefragrancestobothattractandsendawaypollinators.

D.Man-madefragranceshavetobeproducedbycopyingnaturalones.

34.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.PlantsSmell,InsectsPrey

B.SmartnessbehindFragrance

C.Fragrance:ToMakeorNottoMake

D.FragranceConnectsHuman&Nature

【答案】31.B32.D33.C34.B

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。對植物來說，香味是與昆蟲和其他動物互動的一種方式。它們對人的

吸引力完全是偶然發(fā)生的。文章主要說明了植物是如何通過香味來保護(hù)自己以及繁殖的。

[31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中"IfaninsectchewsthroughtheleavesofsomeBurseraplants,out

shootsasticky,smellyliquidtotrapit.Coyotetobaccoplantsareevenmorecrafty:uponsensingthe

smellofhungrycaterpillars,theyproducevolatilesthatattractpredatorstokillthepests.（如果一只

昆蟲咬穿了一些Bursera植物的葉子，就會噴出一種粘性的、有臭味的液體來困住它。土狼煙草

植物甚至更狡猾：一旦嗅到饑餓毛蟲的氣味，它們就會產(chǎn)生揮發(fā)物，吸引捕食者殺死害蟲）”可推

知，作者認(rèn)同香味是植物保護(hù)自己的工具。故選B。

[32題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“toscareoffcompetitors,Arabtradersspreadalegendaboutgiant

eaglesthatguardedcinnamonM可知，為了嚇跑競爭對手，阿拉伯商人傳播了一個(gè)關(guān)于守護(hù)肉桂

的巨鷹的傳說，可見有些香料非常珍貴，讓商人通過傳說來嚇跑競爭對手。故畫線詞意思是“寶

貴的"。故選D。

【33題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"Whatistrulyamazingisjusthowwilyplantscanbeinusingtheirscents

forreproduction.Whiteflowersoftenemittheirscentatnighttoattractnocturnalpollinatorssuch

asmoths.Theyproduceadilutenectar（稀釋的花蜜）thatencouragesmothstokeepmoving,rather

thanlingeratasinglebloom-ailthebettertoincreasepollination.Otherflowerschangetheir

fragranceafterbeingsuccessfullypollinated,asasignalforinsectstogoelsewhere.（真正令人驚奇的

是植物在利用它們的氣味進(jìn)行繁殖時(shí)是多么的狡猾。白花通常在夜間散發(fā)氣味，以吸引夜間傳粉

者，如飛蛾。它們產(chǎn)生稀釋的花蜜，鼓勵(lì)飛蛾不斷移動，而不是停留在一個(gè)單一的花期，這更好

地增加授粉。其他花朵在成功授粉后會改變它們的香味，作為昆蟲轉(zhuǎn)移到其他地方的信號）”可知，

植物利用香味來吸引和趕走傳粉者。故選C

【34題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段aHumanshavelonggainedpleasurefromthesmellsofthenaturalworld.

Forthemostpart,though,humanbeingsarenottheirtargetmarket.Forplants,fragrancesarea

waytointeractwithinsectsandotheranimals.Theirattractionforpeoplehappenssimplyby

chance.（長期以來，人類一直從自然界的氣味中獲得快樂。不過，在大多數(shù)情況下，人類并不是它

們的目標(biāo)市場。對植物來說，香味是與昆蟲和其他動物互動的一種方式。它們對人的吸引力完全

是偶然發(fā)生的）”結(jié)合文章主要說明了植物是如何通過香味來保護(hù)自己以及繁殖的?？芍?，B選項(xiàng)

“香味背后的聰明機(jī)智”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。

遼寧省沈陽市重點(diǎn)高中聯(lián)盟2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中考試

Dogsmayappeartohaveselectivehearingwhenitcomestoordersbutresearchsuggeststheyare

payingattentiontohumanchitchat.

Researchers,whoan*angedforheadphone-wearingdogstolistentoexcerpts（節(jié)錄）fromthenovel

TheLittlePrince,revealedtheirbrainscantellthedifferencesbetweenspeechandnon-speechwhen

listeningtohumanvoices,andshowdifferentresponsestospeechinanunfamiliarlanguage.

Theresearchinvolved18dogsofvariousagesandbreeds（品種）thatweretrainedtolieinanMRI

scannerwithheadphoneson.Theywerethenplayedrecordingseitherofhumansreadingexcerptsfrom

TheLittlePrinceorthosesamerecordingscutupintosmallpiecesandputbacktogetherinadifferentorder

soitsoundedunnatural.

Theresults,publishedinthejournalNeuroImage,revealedthedogs'brainsshowedadifferentactivity

patternintheprimaryauditorycortex（聽覺皮層）forspeechcomparedwithnon-speech,withthefindings

similarregardlessofwhetherthelanguageused——HungarianorSpanish——wasfamiliar.Curiously,the

longerthedogs'headswere,thebettertheirbrainscoulddistinguishspeechfromnon-speech.

Theteamalsofoundtheactivitypatternwasstrongerfornon-speech.Inhumans,wetypicallysee

strongerresponsetospeech.

Theresearchalsorevealedfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguagesgaverisetodifferentresponsesinthe

secondaryauditorycortex—butonlyforspeech.Thatwasimportant,saidAndies,seniorauthorofthe

studyatLorandUniversityinHungary,asitsuggestedtheabilitytodistinguishbetweenlanguageswasnot

simplydowntothespeakersbeingdifferent.

Instead,theteamsaid,thedifferencesseenbetweenlanguagesfbrspeechai*eprobablydownto

exposuretothefamiliarlanguageandasensitivitytolanguage-specificregularities.

“Thisisalsosupportedbytheobservationthatolderdogsshowthestrongerdiscriminationbetween

thetwolanguages,saidAndies.

8.What'sthefunctionofParagraph1?

A.Tomakeacomparison.B.Tointroducethesubject.

C.Toprovidethebackground.D.Toproposeadefinition.

9.What'sParagraph3mainlyabout?

A.Theprocessoftheresearch.B.Thepurposeoftheresearch.

C.Thesubjectoftheresearch.D.Theoutcomeoftheresearch.

10.Onwhatbasisdidtheresearchersgettheirfindings?

A.Howoldandwhatbreedsthedogsare.

B.Howmanytimesthedogsreadthebook.

C.Howdogs'brainsreacttodifferentspeeches.

D.Howdogsgetfamiliarwiththelanguagesused.

11.Whycouldolderdogshavestrongerdiscrimination?

A.Theyhavemetmoredifferentspeakers.

B.Theyhavebeenexposedtostrictertraining.

C.Theypossessabettersenseofcommitment.

D.Theysharethespeakers9environmentlonger.

【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.D

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)狗狗可以識別出人的閑談，介紹了研究對

象、方法、過程和結(jié)果。

【8題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Dogsmayappeartohaveselectivehearingwhenitcomestoordersbut

researchsuggeststheyarepayingattentiontohumanchitchat.（狗在聽到命令時(shí)似乎有選擇性聽

力，但研究表明它們一直在關(guān)注人類的閑聊）”結(jié)合下文對這一現(xiàn)象的研究推知，該段用來引出狗

狗可以識別人的閑談這一主題。故選B。

【9題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Theresearchinvolved18dogsofvariousagesandbreeds（品種）that

weretrainedtolieinanMRIscannerwithheadphoneson.Theywerethenplayedrecordings

eitherofhumansreadingexcerptsfromTheLittlePrinceorthosesamerecordingscutupinto

smallpiecesandputbacktogetherinadifferentordersoitsoundeduniiaturaL（該研究涉及18只

不同年齡和品種的狗，這些狗被訓(xùn)練成戴著耳機(jī)躺在MRI掃描儀中，然后播放錄音。要么是人們

閱讀《小王子》的節(jié)選，要么是那些相同的錄音被分成幾部分，然后以不同的順序重新組合在一

起，因此聽起來不自然）”可知，本段介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)的對象，實(shí)驗(yàn)如何分組和實(shí)施。故該段講的是實(shí)

驗(yàn)的過程。故選A。

【10題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Theresults,publishedinthejournalNeuroImage,revealedthedogs'

brainsshowedadifferentactivitypatternintheprimaryauditorycortex（聽覺皮層）forspeech

comparedwithnon-speech,withthefindingssimilarregardlessofwhetherthelanguage

used-HungarianorSpanish-wasfamiliar.Curiously,thelongerthedogs'headswere,thebetter

theirbrainscoulddistinguishspeechfromnon-speech.（發(fā)表在《神經(jīng)圖像》雜志上的研究結(jié)果顯示，

與非語音相比，狗的大腦在主要的聽覺皮層中表現(xiàn)出不同的語言活動模式，無論使用的語言是匈

牙利語還是西班牙語，都是相似的。奇怪的是，狗的頭越長，它們的大腦就越能區(qū)分言語和非言

語），，可知，本研究是通過分析狗狗大腦對不同語言的反應(yīng)而得出結(jié)論的。故選C。

[11題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段“Instead,theteamsaid,thedifferencesseenbetweenlanguagesforspeech

areprobablydowntoexposuretothefamiliarlanguageandasensitivitytolanguage-specific

regularities.（相反，研究小組說，語言之間的語音差異可能歸結(jié)為熟悉的語言和對特定語言規(guī)律的

敏感性）”及最后一段“"Thisisalsosupportedbytheobservationthatolderdogsshowthestronger

discriminationbetweenthetwolanguages/9saidAndies.（Andies說：“這也得到了觀察的支持，即

老年狗在兩種語言之間表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的辨別力?？芍?，狗能區(qū)分語言之間的不同是由于狗接觸熟

悉的語言以及對特定語言常規(guī)模式的敏感。這是因?yàn)槟昙o(jì)大的狗狗對某種語言更加熟悉敏感。由

此推知，和說話者共處同一環(huán)境的時(shí)間更長讓年紀(jì)大的狗狗有更強(qiáng)的分辨能力。故選D。

【山東省濰坊市2022.2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中】

Electronicswoven（編織）intofabricspromisetoopenupallkindsofinterestingpossibilities,from

clothingthatmonitorsmuscleactivityandtracksbreathing,togarmentsthatcantalktooneanother.

Developingpliablepowersourcestogowiththemisanequallyimportantfieldofresearch,soscientistsat

theUniversityofBritishColumbiahaveputforwardaparticularlyimpressivesolutionthattheysaycould

bethefirsteverbatterythatisbothstretchableandwashable.

Todevelopabatterywithsuchcapabilities,thescientistsreimaginedthewaythesedevicesareput

together.Ratherthanformingalithium-ionbatterypackedwithhardenedmaterialsinsidearigidexterior,

theteamturnedtoanalternativechemistryinzinc-manganese（鋅鎰）dioxide,whichisappealingforits

lowcostandsafety.Thesematerialsweregrounddownintotinypiecesandinsetinapolymer（聚合物）to

formverythinandstretchablelayers.

“Wewentwithzinc-manganesebecausefordeviceswornnexttotheskin,it'sasaferchemistrythan

lithium-ionbatteries,whichcanproducedeadlycompoundswhentheybreak,saysNguyen.

Theresultingbatteryisflexibleandcanbestretchedtotwiceitsnormallength,hasaspecificcapacity

of160mAhg-1andkeeps75percentofitscapacityover500chargeanddischargecycles.Impressively,

theteamfoundthebatterytowithstand39washcyclessofar.

Theteamisnowworkingtoimprovethepoweroutputandlifetimeofthebattery,andsaysthecreation

hasalreadyattractedcommercialinterest,withthecostexpectedtobesimilartoastandardrechargeable

battery.Theyimagineitbeingputtouseinwatchesandpatchesthatmeasurevitalsigns,andinsmart

clothingthatdoesmuchthesamething.

8.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“pliable“inparagraph1?

A.Strong.B.Multiple.C.Reliable.D.Flexible.

9.Whatwasamajorconsiderationforintroducingzinc—manganesebattery?

A.Safety.B.Hardness.C.Comfortableness.D.Convenience.

10.Whichaspectofthenewbatteryimpressedtheresearchersinparagraph4?

A.Itswashability.B.Itsstretchlength.

C.Itsmassivecapacity.D.Itschargespeed.

11.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Electronicclothingiswellreceived.

B.Clothingfittedwithnewbatteryisontheway.

C.Clothing-friendlybatterycanbeputthroughwash.

D.Electronicswovenintofabricsopenuppossibilities.

【答案】8.D9.A10.A11.C

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一款即可拉伸又可以清洗的電池。

【8題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Developingpliablepowersourcestogowiththemisanequally

importantfieldofresearch,soscientistsattheUniversityofBritishColumbiahaveputforwarda

particularlyimpressivesolutionthattheysaycouldbethefirsteverbatterythatisbothstretchable

andwashable”開發(fā)與之配套的柔韌電源是一個(gè)同樣重要的研究領(lǐng)域，因此，英屬哥倫比亞大學(xué)的

科學(xué)家們提出了一個(gè)特別令人印象深刻的解決方案，他們說，這可能是有史以來第一個(gè)既可拉伸

又可洗滌的電池。）”以及文章第四段“Theresultingbatteryisflexibleandcanbestretchedtotwice

itsnormallength,（這種電池很靈活,可以拉伸到正常長度的兩倍,）”可以推測劃線詞的意思應(yīng)是“靈

活的故選D項(xiàng)。

【9題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Ratherthanformingalithium-ionbatterypackedwithhardened

materialsinsidearigidexterior,theteamturnedtoanalternativechemistryinzinc-manganese（鋅

鎰）dioxide,whichisappealingforitslowcostandsafety.（該團(tuán)隊(duì)沒有在堅(jiān)硬的外殼內(nèi)用硬化材料

填充鋰離子電池，而是轉(zhuǎn)向了zinc-manganese（鋅銃）dioxide中的一種替代化學(xué)物質(zhì)，這種化學(xué)物

質(zhì)因其低成本和安全而備受青睞。）”可知介紹鋅鎰電池的一個(gè)主要考慮因素是這款電池的安全性。

故選A項(xiàng)。

【10題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段"Impressively,theteamfoundthebatterytowithstand39washcycles

sofar.（令人印象深刻的是，該團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)該電池迄今為止可以承受39次洗滌循環(huán)。）”可知新電池給

研究人員留下了深刻印象的方面是它的可洗性。故選A項(xiàng)。

[11題詳解】

主旨大意題。文章第一段"Developingpliablepowersourcestogowiththemisanequallyimportant

fieldofresearch,soscientistsattheUniversityofBritishColumbiahaveputforwardaparticularly

impressivesolutionthattheysaycouldbethefirsteverbatterythatisbothstretchableand

washable4開發(fā)與之配套的柔韌電源是一個(gè)同樣重要的研究領(lǐng)域，因此，英屬哥倫比亞大學(xué)的科學(xué)

家們提出了一個(gè)特別令人印象深刻的解決方案，他們說，這可能是有史以來第一個(gè)既可拉伸又可

洗滌的電池。）”引出話題，文章二、三段主要講科學(xué)家們在研究這款電池方面所做出的努力，第

四、五段主要講這款電池的特點(diǎn)，最后一段講的是科學(xué)家們正在努力提高電池的功率輸出和使用

壽命以及它的使用前景，所以文章主要圍繞一款適合衣服使用的電池來展開。故選C項(xiàng)。

【山東省濰坊市2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中】

Thoughresearchershavelongknownthatadultsbuildunconscious（無意識的）preferencesovera

lifetimeofmakingchoicesbetweenthingsthatareessentiallythesame,thenewfindingthatevenbabies

engageinthisphenomenondemonstratesthatthiswayofjustifyingchoiceisintuitive（憑直覺的）and

somehowfundamentaltothehumanexperience.

“Theactofmakingachoicechangeshowwefeelaboutouroptions,"saidAlexSilver,aJohns

Hopkinsresearcher."Eveninfantswhoarereallyjustatthestartofmakingchoicesforthemselveshave

thispreference.

ThefindingsarepublishedtodayinthejournalPsychologicalScience.Peopleassumetheychoose

thingsthattheylike.Butresearchsuggeststhat'ssometimesbackwards:welikethingsbecausewechoose

them.And,wedislikethingsthatwedon'tchoose."Adultsmaketheseinferencesunconsciously,said

co-authorLisaFeigenson,aJohnsHopkinsscientistinchilddevelopment.44Wejustifyourchoiceafterthe

fact.”

Thismakessenseforadultsinaconsumerculturewhomustmakerandomchoiceseveryday,between

everythingfromtoothpastebrandstostylesofjeans.Thequestionwaswhenexactlypeoplestartdoingthis.

Sotheyturnedtobabies,whodon'tgetmanychoicesso,asFeigensonputsit,are"aperfectwindowinto

theoriginofthistendency/9

Theteambrought10-to20-month-oldbabiesintothelabandgavethemachoiceofobjectstoplay

with;twoequallybrightandcolorfulsoftblocks.Theysetthemfarapart,sothebabieshadtocrawltoone

ortheother一arandomchoice.Afterthebabychoseoneofthetoys,theresearcherstookitawayandcame

backwithanewoption.Thebabiescouldthenpickfromthetoytheydidn'tplaywiththefirsttime,ora

brandnewtoy.Theirchoicesshowedthey"dis-prefertheunchosenobject.^^

Tocontinuestudyingtheevolutionofchoiceinbabies,thelabwillnextlookattheideaof“choice

overload.^^Foradults,choiceisgood,buttoomanychoicescanbeaproblem,sothelabwilltryto

determineifthatisalsotrueforbabies.

12.Whatispeople'sassumptionabouttheactofmakingchoices?

A.Theylikewhattheychoose.

B.Theychoosewhattheylike.

C.Theybasechoicesonthefact.

D.Theymakechoicesthoughtfully.

13.Whywerebabiesselectedassubjectsforthestudy?

A.Tohelpthemmakebetterchoices.

B.Toguidethemtoperceivetheworld.

C.Totracktherootofmakingrandomchoices.

D.Todeepentheunderstandingofaconsumerculture.

14.Whatdoesthestudyonthebabiesshow?

A.Theylikenovelobjects.

B.Theirchoicesaremostlybasedoncolors.

C.Theirrandomchoicesbecomepreferences.

D.Theyareunabletomakechoicesforthemselves.

15.Whatwillthefollowingstudyfocuson?

A.Thelawof"choiceoverload”.

B.Theproblemofadults'manychoices.

C.Whytoomanychoicescaninfluenceadults.

D.Whetherbabiesaretroubledwithmanychoices.

【答案】12.B13.C14.C15.D

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了成年人在一生中在本質(zhì)上相同的事物之間做出選擇時(shí)會產(chǎn)

生無意識的偏好，科學(xué)家就“嬰兒在選擇的過程中會基于自己的喜好嗎”展開了研究。

[12題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段"Thoughresearchershavelongknownthatadultsbuildunconscious（無意識

的）preferencesoveralifetimeofmakingchoicesbetweenthingsthatareessentiallythesame,the

newfindingthatevenbabiesengageinthisphenomenondemonstratesthatthiswayofjustifying

choiceisintuitive（憑直覺的）andsomehowfundamentaltothehumanexperience.（盡管研究人員

早就知道，成年人在一生中在本質(zhì)上相同的事物之間做出選擇時(shí)會產(chǎn)生無意識的偏好，但即使是

嬰兒也會參與這一現(xiàn)象的新發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，這種證明選擇合理性的方式是憑直覺的，而且在某種程度

上是人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)）”和第三段中的“Peopleassumetheychoosethingsthattheylike.（人們認(rèn)為他

們選擇自己喜歡的東西）”可知，人們對選擇行為的假設(shè)就是人們選擇自己喜歡的。故選B項(xiàng)。

【13題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段中的“Sotheyturnedtobabies,whodon"getmanychoicesso,asFeigenson

putsit,are“aperfectwindowintotheoriginofthistendency."（因此，他們轉(zhuǎn)向了嬰兒，嬰兒沒有

太多選擇，所以，正如費(fèi)根森所說，這是“一個(gè)了解這種傾向起源的完美窗口”）”可知，選擇嬰兒

作為研究對象是因?yàn)閶雰菏亲粉欕S機(jī)選擇的根源。故選C項(xiàng)。

【14題詳解】

推理判斷題。由第五段“Theteambrought10-to20-month-oldbabiesintothelabandgavethema

choiceofobjectstoplaywith;twoequallybrightandcolorfulsoftblocks.Theysetthemfarapart,

sothebabieshadtocrawltooneortheother—arandomchoice.Afterthebabychoseoneofthe

toys,theresearcherstookitawayandcamebackwithanewoption.Thebabiescouldthenpick

fromthetoytheydidn'tplaywiththefirsttime,orabrandnewtoy.Theirchoicesshowedthey

wdis-prefertheunchosenobject”（研究小組將10到20個(gè)月大的嬰兒帶進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，讓他們選擇玩的

物品；兩塊同樣明亮多彩的軟塊。他們把它們隔開很遠(yuǎn)，所以嬰兒們不得不爬到其中一個(gè)或另一

個(gè)——隨機(jī)選擇。當(dāng)嬰兒選擇了其中一個(gè)玩具后，研究人員將其拿走，并帶著一個(gè)新的選擇回來。

然后，嬰兒們可以從他們第一次沒有玩過的玩具中挑選，或者挑選一個(gè)全新的玩具。他們的選擇

表明，他們“不喜歡未被選擇的對象"）“可知，嬰兒們不喜歡自己沒有選過的玩具，說明他們喜歡

自己選過的東西，可得出他們的隨機(jī)選擇變成了偏好。故選C項(xiàng)。

[15題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段中的"Foradults,choiceisgood,buttoomanychoicescanbeaproblem,so

thelabwilltrytodetermineifthatisalsotrueforbabies.（對于成年人來說，選擇是好的，但選擇

太多可能是一個(gè)問題，因此實(shí)驗(yàn)室將嘗試確定嬰兒是否也是如此）”可知，接下來實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究重點(diǎn)

是“嬰兒是否會被太多選擇困擾”。故選D項(xiàng)。

江蘇省連云港市2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中調(diào)研

AsMarkMeekan,atropicalfishbiologistattheAustralianInstituteofMarineScienceinPerth,

spottedagiantshadowyfiguremovingintheIndianOcean,hewasdivingtotakesamplesofawhale

shark'sskin.

Thesharks,averagingaround12meterslong,spendmostoftheirlivesinthedeepoceanwherethey

arehardtoobserve,soanalyzingthechemicalmakeupoftheirtissuescanhelpscientistslearnmoreabout

theirbiologyandbehavior,includingwhattheyeat.

TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,longthoughttobestrictmeateaters,

alsoeatanddigestalgae（海藻）.Thefindingsaddtoevidencethatwhalesharksintentionallyeatplants,

potentiallymakingthemthelargestomnivoresonEarth.

Althoughalgaehasturnedupinthestomachsofbeachedwhalesharksbefore,"everyonethoughtit

wasjustaccidentalingestion（攝?。㎝eekansays.

Tofindoutifthatassumptionheldup,Meekan'steamtooktissuesamplesfrom17whalesharks

feedingoffthecoastofWesternAustraliafrom2015to2017.Whalesharks5skinwasrichinarachidonic

acid（花生四烯酸）thatisfoundinbrownalgae,theanalysisshowed.

Thenewworksupportspreviousresearchbyadifferentgroupthatfoundalgae-relatednutrientsinthe

skinofwhalesharksnearJapan.Together,thefindingssuggestthatdigestinggreensiscommonpractice

forwhalesharks.

Butthatdoesn'tmeanwhalesharksaretrueomnivores,sayssharkbiologistRobertHueter.uThisisa

bitlikesayingthatcowsareomnivoresbecausetheyeatinsectswhilefeedingongrass.”

Meekanadmitsthatheisn'tsurewhetherwhalesharksseekoutalgae,buttheamounttheyeatisn't

incidental（附帶的）,"Theirtissuesholdaremarkablerecordofwhatthey'vebeenupto,“hesays."We're

nowlearninghowtoreadthislibrary.^^

28.WhydidMarkMeekantakesamplesofwhalesharks9skin?

A.Toobservethelivingconditionsofsealife.

B.Todiscovertheeatinghabitsofwhalesharks.

C.Toexplorethebiologyandbehaviorofsealife.

D.Toanalyzethefunctionofwhalesharks9tissues.

29.WhatcanwelearnaboutMarkMeekan'sfindings?

A.Ifscommonforwhalesharkstotakeinalgae.

B.Ifsthefirsttimetofindwhalesharkseatgreens.

C.Thereisabundantarachidonicacidinbrownalgae.

D.Therearealgae-relatednutrientsinwhalesharks'skin.

30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“omnivores“inparagraph3mean?

A.Meateaters.B.Animalslivinginthedeepocean.

C.Livingcreatures.D.Animalsfeedingonmeatandgreens.

31.WhatmessagedoesMarkMeekanconveyinthelastparagraph?

A.He'llfindoutwhetherwhalesharkseatplants.

B.He'llrecordwhatwhalesharkshavebeenupto.

C.He'llfigureoutwhywhalesharksdigestgreens.

D.He'llreadmoreaboutwhalesharksinthelibrary.

【答案】28.B29.A30.D31.C

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了生物學(xué)家MarkMeekan的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，長期以來被認(rèn)為是嚴(yán)

格肉食者的鯨鯊，也攝入綠色植物。

【28題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesharks,averagingaround12meterslong,spendmostoftheirlivesin

thedeepoceanwheretheyarehardtoobserve,soanalyzingthechemicalmakeupoftheirtissues

canhelpscientistslearnmoreabouttheirbiologyandbehavior,includingwhattheyeat?（鯊魚平均

身長約12米，它們大部分時(shí)間生活在深海中，很難被觀察到，因此分析它們組織的化學(xué)組成可以

幫助科學(xué)家更多地了解它們的生物學(xué)和行為，包括它們吃什么）”及第三段中“Theskinsamplesthat

Meekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,longthoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigest

algae（海藻）.（Meekan收集的皮膚樣本顯示，長期以來被認(rèn)為是嚴(yán)格肉食者的鯨鯊，也吃并消化海

藻）”可知，MarkMeekan采集鯨鯊皮膚樣本是為了探究鯨鯊的飲食習(xí)慣。故選B項(xiàng)。

[29題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,long

thoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigestalgae（海藻）.（Meekan收集的皮膚樣本顯示，長

期以來被認(rèn)為是嚴(yán)格肉食者的鯨鯊，也吃并消化藻類戶以及第六段中“Together,thefindings

suggestthatdigestinggreensiscommonpracticeforwhalesharks.（總之，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，消化綠

色食物是鯨鯊的常見習(xí)慣）”可知，從MarkMeekan的發(fā)現(xiàn)中我們了解到鯨鯊攝入藻類是很常見的。

故選A項(xiàng)。

[30題詳解】

詞句猜測題。劃線詞句前文“TheskinsamplesthatMeekancollectedrevealthatwhalesharks,long

thoughttobestrictmeateaters,alsoeatanddigestalgae（海藻）.（Meekan收集的皮膚樣本顯示，長

期以來被認(rèn)為是嚴(yán)格肉食者的鯨鯊，也吃并消化藻類）”說明鯨鯊除了吃肉也吃植物，是雜食動物，

從而推知?jiǎng)澗€詞句"Thefindingsaddtoevidencethatwhalesharksintentionallyeatplants,

potentiallymakingthemthelargestomnivoresonEarth.（這些發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步證明了鯨鯊有意識地吃

些植物，這可能使它們成為地球上最大的omnivores）”其中詞匯應(yīng)為“既吃肉也吃植物的雜食動

物”。故選D項(xiàng)。

[31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中Meekan所說“Theirtissuesholdaremarkablerecordofwhatthey've

beenupto.（它們的組織保存著它們所做事情的顯著記錄）”以及“We，renowlearninghowtoread

thislibrary.（我們現(xiàn)在正在學(xué)習(xí)如何閱讀這個(gè)資料庫）”等可以推知，Meekan表明他會弄明白為什

么鯨鯊會消化綠色植物的。故選C項(xiàng)。

遼寧省沈陽市2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中考試

Societytellsusweshouldsocialisetothefullest,andthatthosewhoaresurroundedbypeoplearethe

mostsuccessfulandthehappiest.Thesedays,we'realmostalwaysconnected,whetherinpersonorthrough

ourphonescreensandonlinesocialnetworks.Butthere'ssomethingtobesaidfbrsolitude（獨(dú)處），“Being

alonedoesn'tnecessarilymeanbeinglonely”.Infact,spendingtimebyyourselfisanessentialelementof

self-care.

Aroundtheglobedifferentcultureshavewide-rangingperspectivesonwhatitmeanstospendtime

alone.IfyouliveorhavespenttimeintheUnitedStates,you'reprobablyawarethatAmericanstendto

rejectsolitude.Formanyyoungerpeople,weekendsarepackedwithsocialactivities,rangingfrombrunch

withfriendstodinnerpartiestogamenightstodrinkingatbarsandeverythinginbetween.

TheUnitedStatesisn'ttheonlyplacewhereyou'llfindaheavyemphasisonsocialtime.Acrossthe

Atlantic,theUnitedKingdomisknownforbeinganextremelyextroverted（夕卜向型的）country.Asurveyof

Britsfoundthatmorethanhalfhadneverdoneandwouldbeunwillingtodoactivitieslikegoingtotheme

parksorseeinglivemusicalone.MostBritsspendalmosttwiceasmuchoftheirleisuretimesocialising

withothersastheydobeingalone.

Thehomecanbeaplaceofrest,relaxationandrecharge一thatis,ifyoulivebyyourselforhavethe

spacetobealoneinyourhome.ThecountryinwhichpeopleareleastlikelytolivealoneisIndia,atabout

4percentofthepopulation.Chinaisalsoquitefondofmultiple-personhouseholds,withonlyabout10

percentofpeoplelivingbythemselves.Inmorecollectivistcultureslikethese,manyaspectsoflifeare

relatedtocommunity.Thus,spendingtimealoneisn'tasingrained（根深蒂固的）asasocialconventionin

placeslikethese,andthegoodofthegrouptakespriorityovertheneedsofoneperson.

12.Whatca